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May 13rd, 2013
Centre de Suivi Ecologique
Highlights on PPZS Activities – Results - Perspectives
Dakar Workshop CRP “PIM” - WB - PPZS
Scientific issues1. Is the evolution of the pastoral systems compatible with
sustainable NRM and ecosystems management?
2. How to secure and improve the production system and the livelihood of Sahelian pastoral societies?
1. What is the contribution of the pastoral livestock herding to the animal production and how to increase its technical and economical performances? What is its contribution to national economies?
2. What tools of analysis, management and decision support to build for the stakeholders?
« Animal Change» (2011-2014)
An Integration of Mitigation and Adaptation Options for Sustainable Livestock Production under Climate Change
Countries: many including Senegal
ILRI
« PROGEBE » (2012)
Study on marketing opportunities and constraints of endemic ruminant livestock in West Africa
Countries: Senegal, Mali, Guinea, Gambia
ILRI
The Economics of Resilience (2013)
Livestock sector for the African Drylands ESW
Countries: West and East African Drylands
ILRI – IFPRI - ICARDA
« Coraf Intensification» (2011-13)
Options for a Sustainable Intensification of Agropastoral Production Systems in West Africa
Countries: Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger
ILRI - CSIRO
PPZS and CGIARS partners
« E-ATLAS SAKSS » (2012-2013)
Mapping and geographical information systems on agriculture and food security.
Countries: Senegal, Burkina Faso, Kenya, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Ghana, Benin
IFPRI
« ANR IGLOOS» (2013-2014)
Locally held geographic knowledge and large scale decision support platforms. A case study in Senegal
Country: Senegal
IFPRI
PPZS at a glance (1)Training activities
15 Master’s students on average per year from North and South universities
PhD: 10 students with close collaboration between North and South universities
6 students from the South universities
Doctorate Es Science (Post-doctoral degree): 1 researcher from a South university
Co-publications main ratios
Global publication ratio: 2,44 per researcher
Reviews: 0,56 per researcher Book chapters: 0,56 per researcher International conferences: 0,81 per researcher Technical reports: 0,19 per researcher Scientific flyers: 0,31 per researcher
Collective publications
Training modules on « Pastoralism in the Sahel » for professionnals, research institutions, NGOs, producers
Complete module > 400 slides
Atlas on « The evolutions of the pastoral systems in the Sahel - 1970-2012 »
Senegal, Mali, Niger and Chad
Collective book on « Pastoral Mobilities and Development: motivations, constraints, effects and regulations »
Manuscript: 2nd semester 2013
Superieur education – 2011-2013
Beyond full-time teachers from UCAD, others researchers offer courses in:
Economics of pastoralism: 34 hours (UCAD-FST, EISMV)Geomatic: 42 hours (UCAD-FST, UCAD-ESP, EISMV, UGB)Project appraisal: 10 hours (UCAD-FST, EISMV)Socioeconomics: 27 hours (UCAD-FST, University of Valencia, university of Montpellier 2, University of Paris 11)Pastoralism, Society and Territories: 2 weeks (university of Montpellier 2)Cowbanks tools: 12 hours (UCAD-ISE)Water management in pastoral systems: 3 hours (EISMV)Durability of pastoral systems: 15 hours (UCAD-FST)
• most of all .. an approach– primary data collection and global trends analysis
• deeper knowledge of the areas in question, partnership implementation and multidisciplinarity
– quantitative and qualitative information – multiscale– multistakeholders– participatory
• collective results: scientific papers, Atlas on evolutions of Sahelian pastoral systems, E-Atlas, Training modules …
PPZS at a glance (2)
Debate on the role of pastoralism
… a gradual recognition of
– longevity of African pastoralism (6-7 000 years): adaptation to arid environments (Nicoll, 2004)
– minor role in environmental degradation and desertification
– contribution of pastoralism to food and nutrition security in the Sahel and West African countries
– pastoralism: production system and livelihood of 20 million people with effects on millions more
… but – late recognition of the role of pastoralism in valorizing rural land
and natural resources ... after a long period of stigmatization
Economic30 % Agr GDP in the Sahel; cash income; savings; salary employment growing
Provide coastal markets
Not enough to respond regional demand growth (trade deficit)
EcologicalPositive impacts: soil fertility; biodiversity; water cycle; C sequestration
Some concerns (Livestock’s Long Shadow, FAO 2006): GHG
Main functions (1)
Social•Traditional common resources use and regulations•Society organisation on herd/pasture/water •Collective risk management; •Social Reproduction
Food security•Pastoral: food; savings; income •Agropastoral: decreasing revenue from agriculture and land pressure > rural exodus•Public authorities: low support to local production (export prices; low import taxes; services)
Main functions (2)
13
Sahelian pastoralism: production system and livelihood in the context of risks, uncertainties and opportunities
Climate Risks / Uncertainties
Social Risks / Uncertainties / Opportunities
Economic Risks / Uncertainties / opportunities
Political Risks / Uncertainties / Opportunities
TatkiAverage income: 3,373,167
Gini index: 55.4
RewaneAverage income: 1,682,157
Gini index: 58.8
MbameAverage income: 3,690,958
Gini index: 42.4
ThielAverage income: 2,235,909
Gini index: 45.8
BoulalAverage income: 2,217,928
Gini index: 47.7
Wealth creation…but income inequalities linked to ecological disparities
Climate challenge
• High spatial variability (20-30 km)
• Major crisis when 2 successive dry years : stocks run short
• Local differences > global trends; extreme events)
• Adaptation to this environment: mobility; species; herd size; crop areas; diversification
Economics challenge
• Little information about animal feed and effect on animal feed market
• Heterogeneous national contexts (import taxes; production; exchange rate)
• Effect of « terms of trade » variations mainly correlated to harvest and rainfall
• Exacerbation with speculation and price volatility
• Strong growth of demand of meat and milk in 2020
MENAKA
-
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
juille
t
août
sept
embr
e
octo
bre
nove
mbr
e
déce
mbr
e
janv
ier
févrie
r
mar
s
avril mai
juin
2002-2003 (mauvaise) 2007-2008 (bonne) 2009-2010
Social challenge
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
80 000
Years
(x 1
00
0)
Cultivated area (ha)
Human population
Total TLU
• Rapid growth: human and livestock population (high demography : 2.5%/year)
• Strong tension on land and resources with land tenure risks (cultivated land growing: mobility
constrained, conflicts; decentralisation policies not really applied)
• Sanitary risks increased when the State withdrew (animal diseases control and vaccination declined ;
important production losses: infectious diseases, parasites)
• Young people increasingly moving toward wage-labor
Political challenge progressive recognition of
the role and function of Livestock
need to harmonize legal texts at the regional level
no shared vision
disparities of legal texts, pastoral codes and regulation modes
difficulties in implementing legal texts
(+
Survival threshold ‘1994-2000’ 41,300 fcfa
‘2000-2008’ 53,500 fcfa
‘2008-2010’ 95,000 fcfa
Interrelation poverty and economic vulnerability (1)
Interrelation poverty and economic vulnerability
Survival tresholdv f ff p v …….p
•f t h y q a e s g q g y ……
Galo
Jarga
Petit jarga
Secured
Precarious
Miskino
Basdo
Level of Economics vulnérability
Weak Average Strong
Self-sufficients
Poorest
Wealthy
Socioeconomic categories
Social reproduction threshold
Vulnerability model around two categories of indicators:• Biophysical indicators (endowments) : resources and assets available• Socio-Economic Indicators (entitlements) : Ability to mobilize and access
Framework after A. Sen and J. Swift
•Herd•Labor•Savings•Facilities•Attics
Stock / Flows
•Local activities•Mobility•Diet•Recruitment•Marketing•Resource Sharing
Strategies
•Credit •Loans•Mutual•Access to decision-marking•Capturing external resources
Recours
•Rights & land uses•Basic services
•Access
•Vegetation•Watter•Terre•Infrastructure developpment
Resource availability
EndowmentsEndowments Entitlements
Main strategies to deal with change
• Mobility is a main adaptation strategy: Pastoralists less exposed to external shocks than export agricultural
sector (HLPE 2011)
• Pastoralists have a « deliberately cautious» approach to the market
• Agreements for access to natural resources: reciprocity among herders
Options to enhance adaptation strategies• Integrated policies:Capacitiy to access to resources and services at
different scales
• Land tenure options to secure mobility
• Other policy options: Need of multi-level governance
• Technical options:• increase agroecological intensification for FS and sustainable
development • system innovation to promote sustainable CLPS at territorial level• financial innovations (micro credit, micro insurance), • mobile educational system, • information tools to enhance anticipation and reduction of
asymmetric informations by consolidation and development of early warning and information system
- Land policies/Public policies- prospective, participative, and operational approach - ex-ante assessment: 1 PhD CIRAD-PPZS- close collaboration with ISRA-BAME
- Change and Innovation- Vulnerability and resilience - Crop-Livestock: Innovation platforms and Value Chain- Social change- ex-ante assessment in close collaboration with ISRA-BAME: 2 PhD
- Markets - poverty/vulnerability reduction through more income, more
guarantees (microcredit and micro-insurance)- more equitable distribution of costs and benefits- exploration of new markets: improving value add on livestock
products, milk markets, Carbone finance …
… towards more impact analysis/assessment
… towards integration of heterogeneous knowledge including local views
Multiscale
Multistakeholders
Participatory
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