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Maximizing Ambulatory Potential in Spina Bifida – Samuel Rosenfeld, MD
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38th SBA National ConferenceSamuel R. Rosenfeld, M.D.CHOC Childrens Hospital
Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center
University of California, Irvine 28 June 2011
Disclosure
Consultant, Zimmer Spine
I have no potential conflicts with this presentation
What problems are unique to the child with Spina Bifida?
What is the most significant physical impairment leading to the inability to maintain ambulatory status?
What is the most significant physical impairment leading to the inability to maintain independent sitting activities?
Define Neurologic Levels
ThoracicHigh LumbarLow LumbarSacral
Ambulators WheelchairStraight spineLevel pelvisExtended hips / knees
Straight spineLevel pelvis Mobile hipsKnee flexionShoeable feet
Criteria for ambulationPower
Antigravity muscles Hip extensor > G+Knee extensor > F+Tricep surae > F+
Criteria for ambulationRange of motionHip flexion contracture < 30 degreesKnee flexion contracture < 20 degreesBraceable hindfoot
Criteria for ambulationCrutchable upper extremities
Shoulder depressors > G+
Good gripFull elbow extension
Teres majorPectoralis majorLatissimus dorsi
Priority for ambulation
Energy efficiency
SafetySpeedAppearance
Significant physical impairments leading to the inability to maintain ambulatory status
Gluteus medius lurch, lateral trunk leanCrouched gaitKnee valgus (internal knee adductor moment)Knee flexion contractureTibial torsionAnkle calcaneal deformity
Etiologic factors resulting in crouched gait
Anatomic (structural)Neurologic (paralytic)Spinal cord pathology (fluctuating level,
spasticity)
Anatomical (structural)
Hip flexion contracture / lumbar kyphosisKnee flexion contractureShort fibulaAnkle calcaneal deformityRotational malalignment
Neurologic (paralytic)
Absence of hip abductionMaintenance of hip flexor and quadricep
strength with loss of hip extension and tricep surae power
Neuropathic joint, absence of proprioception
Spinal cord pathology
HydromyeliaSyringomyeliaDiastematomyeliaArnold-Chiari malformationSpinal cord tetheringLeptomyelolipoma Arachnoid cyst
Knee functional consequensesLack of plantar flexion strength
excess knee flexionIncreased pelvic transverse motion
increased transverse knee motion rotatory instability medial laxity
Orthotic managementRigid ankle to prevent dorsiflexionPrevent foot pronation, ankle eversionPosition ankle in mild plantarflexionGround (floor) reaction tibia
posteriorExtend to toes with metatarsal pad to prevent
toe clawing and protect insensate skinRear walker assistance
Knee flexion contracture
Consider surgical intervention > 20 degrees hamstring lengthening iliotibial band lengthening posterior knee capsulotomy guided growth with anterior hemi-epiphysiodesis
Gradual orthotic correction with adjustable locked articulated ground reaction ankle foot orthotic system
Anterior hemi-epiphysiodesis
Hip flexion contracture
Consider abandoning ambulatory programSurgical intervention > 30 degrees
tendon lengthening hip capsulotomy reduction unilateral hip dislocation augment muscle power
Proning programHKAFO, RGO, parapodium, standing frame
Significant physical impairment leading to inability to maintain independent sitting activities
Lumbar kyphosisPelvic obliquityHip contractures
Spinal orthotic management
Suspension TLSOWheelchair seating systems
Prevention of deformity and loss of functional skillsEarly aggressive managementOrthotic management coincidental with
initiation of ambulatory skillsProtect insensate skinRoutine thorough neurologic re-evaluationInterdisciplinary careSurgery only to facilitate orthotic
management
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