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Matter & Energy. Chapter 2. Enter. What are Matter and Energy?. Joule. 4.184 joules = 1 calorie. matter – is material such as rocks, water, air with mass and occupying space. energy – is what makes matter move! Energy is measured in many different units. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Matter & EnergyChapter 2
Enter
matter – is material such as rocks, water, air with mass and occupying space.
energy – is what makes matter move!Energy is measured in many different units.The metric unit of energy used by scientists is:
What are Matter and Energy?
4.184 joules = 1 calorie
What is Matter? Matter is anything that
has mass and takes up space.
Objects made of matter have physical properties.
Physical properties are characteristics of a substance that can be seen or measured. Color, hardness, and taste are examples of physical properties.
The physical properties of this orange are that it’s round, orange, and soft.
Partner Activity
Take a moment with your partner to name the physical properties of the pictured object.
Check your answers.
Triangular Purple Shiny Hard
Heavy
Pyramid Physical Properties
Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
Mass is measured using a balance in grams.
Mass of an object is always the same.
Measuring Mass
balance
Weight is a measure of the pull of gravity on an object.
Weight of an object can change. Example:
A car that weighs about 2,698 lbs on earth weighs about 450 lbs on the moon due the difference in the force of gravity.
What is Weight?
Measuring Mass by Volume
Volume is the amount of space that an object takes up.
Liquids can be measured using a graduated cylinder (see photo).
Solids can be measured by using a calculation. Length x width x height
Volume
What if the object is an odd shape?
Volume of irregular shapes can be found by placing them in water.
Then, measure the amount of water that is displaced.
Click to watch and learn.
Density is the amount of matter in a certain volume.
The density of an object always stays the same.
Density = mass / volume
Density
Click to watch and learn.
There are 3 states of matter that you are familiar with. Solid Liquid Gas
Visit BBC’s website on the 3 states of mater.
3 States of Matter
Phases of Matter
the phases solid liquid gas plasma
depend on how tightly bound the atoms and/or molecules are
As temperature increases, these bonds are loosened:
Temperature vs. Heat
Temperature is the average kinetic energy.
Heat (thermal energy) is the total kinetic energy.
lower T higher T
same T
less heat more heat
Temperature Scales
Solid Has a shape and a
definite volume. Feels firm when
you touch it. The particles are
packed closely together.
Examples
rock
helmet
candy
Liquid
Has a definite volume but no definite shape.
The particles of a liquid move more freely.
Can change shape. Examples
ocean
soup
soda
Gas
Gas does not have a definite shape or volume.
The particles are freer to move around and move the fastest.
Gas flows and takes the shape of the container.
Changes Between States of Matter
All substances can change states.
Liquids can freeze. Freezing changes a liquid to a solid.
Changes Between States of Matter
Melting changes a solid to a liquid.
Boiling changes a substance from a liquid to a gas.
What is a Solution?
A solution is a mixture in which different kind of matter mixed even with each other.
Example: Adding sugar to water A solution can only be made when one
substance dissolves. Click to visit the mixture lab.
Physical Changes Physical changes occur when matter
changes its property but not its chemical nature.
Physical property changes are any change in size, shape or state of a substance. Sugar can undergo many
physical changes. Even though each form is different, they are still sugar.
Physical Change
Chemical Changes
Burning is an example of a chemical change.
Light and warmth are released. Smoke, ash, and hot gases are produced.
Chemical changes are changes matter undergoes when it becomes new or different matter.
To identify a chemical change look for signs such as color change, bubbling and fizzing, light production, smoke, and presence of heat.
Chemical Changes
What is Energy?
Energy is the ability to do work.
Energy is the ability to cause changes in matter.
Light, sound, heat, and electricity are forms of energy.
Three categories of energy are:1. Kinetic Energy2.Potential Energy3.Radiant Energy
kinetic energy of motion
potential stored energy
radiant energy transported by light
Energy can change from one form to another.
Three Basic Types of Energy
Amount of kinetic energy of a moving object= 1/2 mv2
[if mass (m) is in kg & velocity (v) is in m/s, energy is in joules]
On the microscopic level the average kinetic energy of the particles
within a substance is called the temperature. it is dominated by the velocities of the particles.
Kinetic Energy
energy is stored in matter itself this mass-energy is what would be released if
an amount of mass, m, were converted into energy
Potential Energy
E = mcE = mc22
[ c = 3 x 108 m/s is the speed of light; m is in kg, then E is in joules]
gravitational potential energy is the energy which an object stores due to its ability to fall
It depends on: the object’s mass (m) the strength of gravity (g) the distance which it falls (d)
Potential Energy
m
d
g
Energy can be neither created nor destroyed. It merely changes its form or is exchanged
between objects. This principle (or law) is fundamental to science. The total energy content of the Universe was
determined in the Big Bang and remains the same today.
Conservation of Energy
Energy Sources
It comes from many different sources. Solar Chemical Water Nuclear Wind Natural Gas Fossil Fuels
Solar Energy
This is energy that comes from the sun.
All living things depend on this energy.
Does not damage the environment.
Can be used for heat and electricity.
Click to watch and learn.
Chemical Energy
Energy stored in a substance and released during a chemical reaction such as burning wood, coal, or oil.
Hydroelectric (Water) Energy Energy the comes
from moving water. Dams are built to
store water and generate electricity.
Hydroelectric power is produced as water passes through a dam, and into a river below. The more water that passes through a dam, the more energy is produced.
Nuclear Energy Energy that
comes from splitting atoms of radioactive materials, such as uranium
Used to produce electricity.
Wind Energy Wind is air moving
around. Wind is used to
generate electricity.
Windmills are used to create this electricity.
Safe for the environment.
Fossil Fuels
Fuels (coal, oil, natural gas, etc.) that result from the compression of ancient plant and animal life formed over millions of years.
Fossil fuels are oil, coal, natural gas, and uranium.
This means that this type of energy cannot be made again.
An energy source that we are using up and cannot recreate in a short period of time.
Nonrenewable Energy Sources: nuclear oil coal natural gas
Nonrenewable Energy
This type of energy can be replenished. An energy source that we can use over and
over again. Renewable Energy Sources:
solar wind water
Renewable Energy
Electric Energy
Electric energy is the energy produced by the movement of electrons.
When an object gains or loses electrons, it has an electric charge.
When an object has a charge, it attracts objects with the opposite charge.
This is called an electrical force. An electric current is the flow of electrons
from negatively charged objects to positively charged objects.
Electric Energy
An electric current is the flow of electrons. To light a light bulb or run a computer, you
need a continuous electric current. A battery or generator can be the source of
electrons.
Electric Current
Electric Energy
Conductors of electricity are materials that carry electrons easily from one terminal to another.
A conductor is used in the wire that makes an electric circuit. An electric circuit is any path in which electrons can flow.
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