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Materials and Processes of Contemporary Sculpture
Materials and Processes of Contemporary Sculpture
By
Mahmoud M. Farag
Materials and Processes of Contemporary Sculpture By Mahmoud M. Farag This book first published 2020 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2020 by Mahmoud M. Farag All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-4471-0 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-4471-0
To
Penelope, Sherif, Sophie, Eamon, Hisham, Nadia and Nadine
CONTENTS List of Figures............................................................................................ xi
List of Tables ........................................................................................ xxxii
Preface ................................................................................................. xxxiii
Introduction .......................................................................................... xxxv Chapter 1 .................................................................................................... 1 Interrelationship between Concept, Design, Materials and Processes
1.1 Introduction 1.2 The Changing Nature of Sculpture 1.3 Uses of Sculpture 1.4 The Role of the Sculptor 1.5 Design of Sculpture: Form 1.6 Design of Sculpture: Geometrical Aspects 1.7 Design of Sculpture: Materials and Processing Aspects 1.8 Appreciation and Appraisal of Modern Sculpture 1.9 Discussion and Reflection on the Kiss
Chapter 2 .................................................................................................. 22 Historical Overview: Dawn of History to Neoclassism
2.1 Introduction 2.2 Prehistoric Sculpture 2.3 Ancient Egypt 2.4 Ancient Near and Far East 2.5 Ancient Greece and Rome 2.6 India 2.7 China and Japan 2.8 Africa 2.9 The Americas 2.10 Islam 2.11 Early Christian, Byzantine and Gothic 2.12 Renaissance 2.13 Baroque and Rococo 2.14 Neoclassism
Contents
viii
Chapter 3 .................................................................................................. 68 Historical Overview: Nineteenth to Twenty First Centuries
3.1 Introduction 3.2 Nineteenth Century 3.3 First Half of the Twentieth Century: The Advent of Modernism 3.4 Cubism 3.5 Dadaism 3.6 Futurism 3.7 Constructivism 3.8 Surrealism 3.9 Abstraction 3.10 Post Second World War 1945–70 3.11 Pop-Art Sculpture 3.12 Minimalist Sculpture 3.13 Hyperrealism 3.14 Land Art: Environmental Sculpture 3.15 Late Twentieth and Early Twenty-First Centuries
Chapter 4 ................................................................................................ 104 Overview of Material Properties and Process Capabilities for Sculpture
4.1 Introduction 4.2 The Work of the Sculptor 4.3 Strength, Stiffness, Hardness and Toughness of Materials 4.4 General Characteristics of Metals and Their Processes 4.5 General Characteristics of Traditional Carving Materials: Stone
and Wood and Their Processes 4.6 General Characteristics of Traditional Modelling and Casting
Nonmetallic Materials: Clay, Plaster, Synthetic Stone, Ceramics and Glass and Their Processes
4.7 General Characteristics of Plastics and Composites 4.8 Finishing Processes 4.9 Economics of Materials and Processes 4.10 Recommended Combinations of Materials and Processes 4.11 Discussion and Reflection on the Sculpture of a Horse
Chapter 5 ................................................................................................ 133 Traditional Carving Materials: Hard Stone, Marble, Sandstone, Limestone, Wood
5.1 Introduction 5.2 Granite and Basalt 5.3 Marble
Materials and Processes of Contemporary Sculpture ix
5.4 Sandstone 5.5 Limestone 5.6 Alabaster 5.7 Stone Carving Techniques 5.8 Wood 5.9 Occupational Health and Safety in Carving 5.10 Economics of Stone and Wood Sculpture 5.11 Discussion and Reflection on Basalt and Wooden Sculptures
Chapter 6 ................................................................................................ 150 Traditional Modelling and Casting Materials: Plaster, Clay, Ceramic, Glass and Concrete
6.1 Introduction 6.2 Modelling and Casting Processes and Tools 6.3 Plaster 6.4 Clay and Ceramics 6.5 Glass 6.6 Cement and Concrete 6.7 Economics of Modelled and Cast Concrete Sculpture 6.8 Discussion and Reflection on a Concrete Sculpture
Chapter 7 ................................................................................................ 168 Steel Sculpture
7.1 Introduction 7.2 Grades of Steel 7.3 Shapes, Sizes and Finishing of Steel Products 7.4 Processing of Steel Sculpture 7.5 Economics of Steel Sculpture 7.6 Discussion and Reflection on a Stainless Steel Sculpture
Chapter 8 ................................................................................................ 183 Nonferrous Metals and Alloys
8.1 Introduction 8.2 Copper, Brass and Bronze 8.3 Aluminum and Magnesium and Their Alloys 8.4 Zinc, Lead and Tin and Their Alloys 8.5 Gold, Silver and Platinum 8.6 Economics of Nonferrous Sculpture 8.7 Discussion and Reflection on Sculptures of Reclining Figures
Contents
x
Chapter 9 ................................................................................................ 197 Plastics and Composite Materials
9.1 Introduction 9.2 Characteristics of Plastics 9.3 Characteristics of Composite Materials 9.4 Processing of Plastics and Composite Materials 9.5 Artworks in Plastics and Composites 9.6 Economics of Making Sculpture from Plastics and Composites 9.7 Discussion and Reflection on FRPC and Bronze Sculptures
Chapter 10 .............................................................................................. 218 Constructions, Installations, Combines and Assemblages
10.1 Introduction 10.2 Public Sculpture 10.3 Constructions and Assemblages 10.4 Combines 10.5 Installations 10.6 Light Art 10.7 Environmental Art 10.8 Discussion and Reflection on an Installation
Chapter 11 .............................................................................................. 238 New Materials and Processes
11.1 Introduction 11.2 Shape Memory Materials 11.3 Smart Materials 11.4 Eco-Friendly Materials 11.5 Ice Sculpture 11.6 Sand sculpture 11.7 Translucent Concrete 11.8 Metamaterials 11.9 CAD/CAM Systems 11.10 Additive Manufacturing 11.11 Virtual Reality in Sculpture
Bibliography and Further Reading ......................................................... 254 Glossary .................................................................................................. 260
LIST OF FIGURES
Chapter 1 Fig. 1-1 Auguste Rodin (1840–1917), The Kiss from different angles, original marble 1898, this bronze was cast in 1902, 182.9 cm, Jardin des Tuileries, Paris, France, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0, public domain, photos, left to right, by
1. Vassil, 2009, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6562779, 2. I, Yair Haklai, 2007, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4100534, 3. Vassil, 2009, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6562754
Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sculptures_in_the_Jardin_des_Tuileries#/media/File:Tuileries_Rodin_Le_Baiser_120409_4.jpg
Fig. 1-2 Louise Bourgeois (1911–2010), Maman, the mother, 1999, steel with white and grey marble in the egg sac beneath the head, 927 x 891 x 1024 cm (30 ft. high and 33 ft. wide), weight about 3660 kg., Creative Commons stock photo, license: CC 0, public domain, Dreamstime.com, Image ID 109921496.
Link: https://www.dreamstime.com/brown-wooden-spider-formed-statue-photography-public-domain-image-free-109921496
Fig. 1-3 Ganymede feeding the eagle, Roman relief, 1st Century BCE, after a Greek original, marble, 58 x 44 cm (c. 23 x 17 in.) the State Hermitage Museum, Inv. No. A.195, Saint Petersburg, photo by Chatsam, 2015. Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_reliefs_of_Ganymede#/media/File:Ermitage_Relief_of_Ganymede_and_the_eagle.JPG
Fig. 1-4 Sunken relief, ancient Egypt, 1400 BCE, Luxor, Egypt, Dreamstime® Free Stock Photos, public domain,
Link: https://www.dreamstime.com/relief-sculpture-ancient-history-art-public-domain-image-free-114296706
List of Figures
xii
Fig. 1-5 Barbara Hepworth, St. Ives, Cornwall, photo by Malivsey, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 2.0
Link: https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/e0fd1eed-fcc1-44fe-9fc1-60605ed8347b
Fig. 1-6 Edgar Degas (1834–1917), Dancer Looking at the Sole of Her Right Foot (Fourth State), bronze, modelled before ca. 1895–1900, cast 1920, 46.4 x 24.4 x 17.1 cm (18-1/4 x 9-5/8 x 6-3/4 in.), Metropolitan Museum of Art, H.O. Havemeyer Collection, Bequest of Mrs. H.O. Havemeyer, 1929, Accession Number:29.100.377, public domain,
Link: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/196446?&searchField=All&sortBy=Relevance&ft=open+access+sculpture+degas&offset=0&rpp=20&pos=13
Fig. 1-7 Alfred Gilbert (1854–1934), Eros, cast aluminum alloy, Piccadilly Circus, London, England, UK, photo by Diego Delso, 2014, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0
Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fuente_Eros,_Piccadilly_Circus,_Londres,_Inglaterra,_2014-08-11,_DD_159.JPG
Fig. 1-8 Aristide Maillol (1861–1944), The Three Graces, 1930, lead, in Jardins du Carrousel, Paris, France, photo by Coyau, 2015, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0
Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sculptures_in_the_Jardins_du_Carrousel#/media/File:Les_Trois_Gr%C3%A2ces_by_Aristide_Maillol_(Tuileries)_01.jpg
Fig. 1-9 Ossip Zadkine, The Destroyed City,1953, bronze, height 6.5 m (21 ft.), photo by Rogier Bos at Dutch Wikipedia, 2005, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0
Link: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Zadkine_rb_I.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sculptures_in_the_Jardins_du_Carrousel#/media/File:Les_Trois_Gr%C3%A2ces_by_Aristide_Maillol_(Tuileries)_01.jpg
Fig. 1-10 Anish Kapoor, Cloud gate, 2006, stainless steel, 10 × 13 × 20 m (33 × 42 × 66 ft.), Millennium Park, Chicago, Illinoi, USA. Creative Commons, license: CC0, public domain
Link: https://www.dreamstime.com/cloud-gate-public-domain-image-free-117689040
Materials and Processes of Contemporary Sculpture xiii
Fig. 1-11 Jordi Raga, The Kiss, limestone, 80 x 40 x 40 cm., Salazar Spain, 2004, photo by J Raga Frances, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 2.0
Link: https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/c822b337-0774-416c-9ef2-1187d807a136
Chapter 2 Fig. 2-1: Venus of Willendorf, 11.1 cm, limestone, found in Austria and dates back to 28,000–25,000 BCE, Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria, photo by Matthias Kabel, 2007, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 2.5
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_of_Willendorf#/media/File:Venus_von_Willendorf_01.jpg
Fig. 2-2 “Sleeping Lady” of Hal Saflieni, 3100 BCE, terracotta, National Museum of Archaeology of Malta, photo by Hamelin de Guettelet, 2008, Creative Commons, license: CC-BY-SA-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0
Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sleeping_Lady_Hal_Saflieni.jpg
Fig. 2-3 Great Sphinx of Giza, Egypt, c. 2558–2532 BCE, reclining mythical figure with the body of a lion and the head of a human facing from west to east, cut from the limestone bedrock, length 73 m (240 ft.), width 19 m (62 ft.), height 20.2 m (66.3 ft.), Creative Commons, license: CC 0
Link: https://www.dreamstime.com/great-sphinx-giza-public-domain-image-free-95109088
Fig. 2-4 Portraits of the Pharaoh Rameses II, 19th Dynasty, 1257 BCE, Abu Simbel, Egypt, each of the portraits is 20 m (66 ft.) high, photo from Dreamstime.com, ID 134765336, © Publicdomainphotos, Creative Commons, license: CC 0
Link: https://www.dreamstime.com/historic-site-mortuary-temple-egyptian-temple-ancient-history-public-domain-image-free-134765336
Fig. 2-5 Bust of Queen Nefertiti, c. 1345 BCE, lime stone and stucco, height: 48 cm (19 in), The Egyptian Museum of Berlin, Germany, Photo by Zserghei, public domain
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefertiti_Bust#/media/File:Nefertiti_berlin.jpg
Fig. 2-6 Seated scribe, from Saqqara, Egypt, Fourth Dynasty, ca. 2500 BCE. Painted limestone, Height: 53.7 cm (21.1 in.); Width: 44 cm (17.3 in.); Thickness: 35 cm (13.7 in.), Musée du Louvre, Paris, accession no. E 3023, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 3.0.
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seated_Scribe#/media/File:The_seated_scribe-E_3023-IMG_4267-gradient-contrast.jpg
List of Figures
xiv
Fig. 2-7 Osiris offered by the Astronomer of the House of Amun, Ibeb, Dynasty 21–24, ca. 1070–712 BCE, Leaded bronze; precious-metal leaf; inlays of other materials; wood base with ink or black paint inscription, dimensions without base H. 35 cm (13 3/4 in); W 12.2 cm (4 13/16 in); D 9 cm (3 9/16 in); Base H. 9.5 cm (3 3/4 in); W 13.4 cm (5 1/4 in); D 26.2 cm (10 5/16 in), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, Gift of Egypt Exploration Fund, 1903, Accession Number:03.4.11a–d, public domain,
Link: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/547898?&searchField=All&sortBy=Relevance&ft=sculpture%252C+public+domain&offset=80&rpp=20&pos=87
Fig. 2-8 The funerary mask of Tutankhamun, c. 1341–1323 BCE, 54 cm (21 in) tall, 39.3 cm (15.5 in) wide and 49 cm (19 in) deep, made from two layers of gold, a lighter 18.4 karat shade for the face and neck, and 22.5 karat gold for the rest of the mask gold decorated with semi-precious stones, thickness varying from 1.5–3 mm (0.059–0.118 in), weight 10.23 kg (22.6 lb), The Egyptian Museum in Cairo, ID Carter no. 256a, photo by Roland Unger, 2016, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mask_of_Tutankhamun#/media/File:CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg
Fig. 2-9 Bull’s head from ceremonial lyre (c. 2600 BCE), The bull’s head is covered with gold and the eyes are lapis lazuli. Found in the tomb of queen Pu-Abi, the Royal Cemetery at Ur, Southern Mesopotamia, Iraq. The British Museum, London, photo by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), 2014, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0. The photo was changed to B&W in reproduction.
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyres_of_Ur#/media/File:Bull's_head_of_the_Queen's_lyre_from_Puabi's_grave_PG_800,_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur,_Southern_Mesopotamia,Iraq. The_British_Museum,_London..JPG
Fig. 2-10 Human-headed winged lion (lamassu), Gypsum alabaster, ca. 883–859 BCE, Assyrian, Mesopotamia, excavated at Kalhu (modern Nimrud) from the entrance into king Nimrud’s North-West Palace, height 3.1 m (10 ft. 2 1/2 in.), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, Gift of John D. Rockefeller Jr., 1932, Accession Number:32.143.2, public domain.
Link: https://www.metmuseum.org/en/art/collection/search/322609
Fig. 2-11 The Kneeling Bull with Vessel (c.3000 BCE) is one of the oldest works of metal sculpture in silver, 16.3 cm (6 3/8 in), from Mesopotamia, has the head and hooves of a bull with the lower half decorated with abstract incised patterns. Metropolitan Museum of Art, MET DT848, Creative Commons, license: CC 0, public domain.
Materials and Processes of Contemporary Sculpture xv
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneeling_Bull_with_Vessel#/media/File:Kneeling_bull_holding_a_spouted_vessel_MET_DT848.jpg
Fig. 2-12 The Kroisos Kouros, 530 BCE, 185 cm (6ft 1in), Parian marble, found in Anavyssos (Greece), the National Archaeological Museum of Athens, photo by Mountain, Creative Commons, license: CC 0, public domain.
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouros#/media/File:Kouros_anavissos.jpg
Fig. 2-13 Discobolus in the National Roman Museum in Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, c. 140 AD, marble, After Myron 450 BCE, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=38682321
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discobolus#/media/File:Discobolus_in_National_Roman_Museum_Palazzo_Massimo_alle_Terme.JPG
Figure 2-14 The Hindu God Shiva Nataraja, Lord of the Dance, Chola period, (c. 1100–1200) CE, copper alloy, 112 cm. (44 in.). Dimensions: H. 68.3 cm (26 7/8 in.); D. 56.5 cm (22 1/4 in.), Southern India, Creative Commons, license: CC0, CC1.0
Link: https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/5a88e632-f765-4d96-a6a1-a7b86c25b932
Fig. 2-15 Celestial dancer (Devata), mid-11th century, sandstone, life-size, Central India, Madhya Pradesh, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, public domain.
Link: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/38153?&searchField=All&sortBy=Relevance&ft=public+domain+sculpture&offset=0&rpp=20&pos=17
Fig. 2-16 Buddha Shakyamuni, 552 AD, Northern Qi Bodhisattva, Changzi-xian, Shanxi, China, photo by Per Honor et Gloria at English Wikipedia – Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Premeditated Chaos using CommonsHelper., public domain, CC 0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17823496
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Qi#/media/File:NorthernQiBuddha.JPG
Fig. 2-17 Chinese Terracotta worriers (c. 246–208 BCE), photo by Peter Morgan from Nomadic – detail, Terracotta Warriors, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2909770
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracotta_Army#/media/File:Terracotta_pmorgan.jpg
List of Figures
xvi
Fig. 2-18 Shang dynasty tripode bronze ding vessel, (c. 1600–1046 BCE), photo by: Dinastia shang, 2013, Creative Commons, license CC BY-SA 3.0
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty#/media/File:Dinastia_shang,_tipode_ding_biansato,_xiii-xii_sec._ac.JPG
Fig. 2-19 Haniwa horse statuette, complete with saddle and stirrups, 6th century, fired clay, París, Musée Guimet, photo by: Miguel Hermoso Cuest, 2014, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haniwa#/media/File:Caballo_Haniwa_Guimet_01.JPG
Fig. 2-20 Tamonten, also called Bishamonten, one of the four heavenly kings, guardian at Todai-ji temple in Nara, Japan, 733 AD, life-size, painted clay, photo by Gilles Desjardins , 2016, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0
Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tamonten-Bishamonten_-_temple_Todai-ji_-_Nara.jpg
Fig, 2-21 Wooden African Sculpture from Mali. Seated Female Figure (15th–19th century), wood, 102.9 × 22.2 × 27.3 cm (40 1/2 × 8 3/4 × 10 3/4 in.), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, The Michael C. Rockefeller Memorial Collection, Gift of Nelson A. Rockefeller, 1965, Accession Number:1978.412.338, public domain
Link: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/310780
Fig. 2-22 Portrait of Queen Mother Idia, 16th Century, Benin, ivory, iron and copper; Height 23.8 cm (9 3/8 in), width 12.7 cm (5 in) depth 8.3 cm (3 ¼ in), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, public domain
Link: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/318622?&searchField=All&sortBy=Relevance&ft=commercial+use%2c+sculpture&offset=0&rpp=20&pos=3
Fig. 2-23 Nok sculpture, (c. 500 AD), Character with chin resting on his knee., Nigeria, terracotta, Height: 38 cm (14.9″); Width: 13 cm (5.1″); Depth: 19 cm (7.4″), Collection of the Louvre Museum, accession number: 70.1998.11.1, public domain
Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg
Fig. 2-24 Colossal head labeled as number 1 in the Xalapa’s museum of Anthropology. It is also known as the King. Found in San Lorenzo, Mexico, 1200 to 900 years BCE, 2.9 m high and 2.1 m wide, sandstone, photo by Utilisateur: Olmec, 2006, Creative Commons, license CC BY-SA 3.0.
Materials and Processes of Contemporary Sculpture xvii
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmec_colossal_heads#/media/File:Cabeza_Colosal_n%C2%BA1_del_Museo_Xalapa.jpg
Fig. 2-25 Toltec warriors, c. 750 AD, sandstone, Tula, Mexico, photo by Luidger, 2004, Creative Commons, license CC BY-SA 3.0.
Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Telamones_Tula.jpg
Fig. 2-26 Moai sculptures, ar Rano Raraku, Easter Island, Chile, basalt, photo by Aurbina, 2004, Creative Commons, license: Public Domain,
Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=133096
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moai#/media/File:Moai_Rano_raraku.jpg
Fig. 2-2 7 Mosque Lamp of Amir Qawsun, fourteenth-century Mamluk Cairo, ca. 1329–3, glass gilded and enamelled inscriptions, H 35.9 cm (14 1/8 in.), Diameter 25.6 cm (10 1/16 in.), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New Your City, Gift of J. Pierpont Morgan, 1917, Accession Number:17.190.991, public domain
Link: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/447006?&searchField=All&sortBy=Relevance&ft=sculpture%252C+public+domain&offset=140&rpp=20&pos=157
Fig. 2-28 Icon with the Virgin and Child, Byzantine style, mid-10th–mid-11th century, ivory, made probably in Constantinople, 23.4 x 7 x 1.3cm (9 3/16 x 2 3/4 x 1/2in.), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, Gift of J. Pierpont Morgan, 1917, Accession Number:17.190.103, public domain
Link: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/463984
Figure 2-29 Gothic sculpture, adoration of the Magi, 14th Century, sculpture by Jacques de Landshut, the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Strasbourg, executed during the years 1494-1505, photo by Rebecca Kennison, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1565173
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_art#/media/File:France_Strasbourg_Magi.jpg
Figure 2-30 Donatello, David, ca. 1440, Bronze,158 cm., Museo del Bargello, Florenz, photo by Rufus46, Creative Commons, license CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35346488
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_(Donatello)#/media/File:David,_Donatello,_ca._1440,_Bargello_Florenz-02.jpg
List of Figures
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Fig. 2-31 Michelangelo, David (1501–4), marble, 515 x 199 cm (17 x 6.5 ft.), Galleria dell’ Accademia, Florence, Italy, photo by Jörg Bittner Unna, 2016, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 3.0
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)#/media/File:'David'_by_Michelangelo_Fir_JBU002.jpg
Fig. 2-32 Gian Lorenzo Bernini, David, 1623–24, marble, 170 cm (67 in.), Galleria Borghese, Rome, photo by Burkhard Mücke, 2017, Creative Commons, license CC BY-SA 4.0
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_(Bernini)#/media/File:Galleria_Borghese_42.jpg
Fig. 2-33 Edme Bouchardon, Cupid carving darts of love from the club of Hercules, c.1744, Marble, 74.3 × 35.56 × 31.75 cm (29 1/4 × 14 × 12 1/2 in.), National Gallery of Art, accession number: 1952.5.93, Samuel H. Kress Collection, open access, Creative Commons, license CC 0.
Link: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19753087#/media/File:Edme_Bouchardon,_Cupid,_1744,_NGA_41708.jpg
Fig. 2-34 François Joseph Bosio, “Hercules fighting Achelous metamorphosed into a snake” (1824), Bronze, H. 2.6 m (8 ft. 6 ¼ in.), W. 2.1 m (6 ft. 10 ½ in.), D. 95 cm (3 ft. 1 ¼ in.), Louvre Museum, France, photo by Urban, 2004, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0
Link: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Hercule_Bosio_Louvre_LL325-1.jpg
Fig. 2-35 Antonio Canova, Psyche Revived by Cupid’s Kiss (1759), Italian, marble, 155 cm × 168 cm (61 in × 66 in), The Louvre Paris, photo by Kimberly Vardeman from Lubbock, TX, USA, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=52697014
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyche_Revived_by_Cupid%27s_Kiss#/media/File:Psyche_revived_by_cupid's_kiss,_Paris_2_October_2011_002.jpg
Chapter 3 Figure 3-1 Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, Statue of Liberty, New York, Copper sheets on a steel frame built by Gustave Eiffel, 46 meters (about 150 feet) and 93 meters (305 feet) with the base, dedicated in 1886, photo by Elcobbola, 2010, public domain
Materials and Processes of Contemporary Sculpture xix
Link: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Statue_of_Liberty_7.jpg
Fig. 3-2 Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux, The Dance, 1865–9, marble, 420x298x145 cm, Façade de l’Opera Garnier, Paris, photo by Benh, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1872759
Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sculptures_in_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay#/media/File:AllegorieDanse.jpg
Fig. 3-3 Auguste Rodin, The Age of Bronze, modelled in 1876 cast in bronze c.1906, life-size 178 x 59 x 61 cm, Brooklyn Museum, USA, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 3.0
Link: https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/caed3dd2-a0ac-449a-8d1b-21f3db95fb87
Fig. 3-4 Aristide Maillol, The Night, bronze, modelled in 1902, 104.8 x 57.2 x 108 cm (41 1/4 x 22 1/2 x 42 1/2 in.) Stuttgart, photo by Rufus46, 2006, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0
Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aristide_Maillol_la_nuit_1902-1.jpg
Fig. 3-5 Edgar Degas, Little Dancer Aged Fourteen, 1881, wax body (cast in bronze in 1922) with real ballet slippers, muslin and silk for costume and ribbon, and strands of horse hair for the hair, 97.8 x 43.8 x 36.5 cm, (38 1/2 x 17 1/4 x 14 3/8 in.), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, H. O. Havemeyer Collection, Bequest of Mrs. H. O. Havemeyer, 1929, Accession Number:29.100.370, public domain
Link: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/196439?&searchField=All&sortBy=Relevance&ft=sculpture%2c+public+domain&offset=60&rpp=20&pos=68
Fig. 3-6 Constantin Brancusi, Male Torso, 1917, polished brass, without base: 63.8 x 30.5 x 19.1 cm (25 1/8 x 12 x 7 1/2 in.), Cleveland Museum of Art, Hinman B. Hurlbut Collection 3205.1937, photo by Tim Evanson from Cleveland Heights, Ohio, USA, 2014, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 2.0
Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Male_Torso_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_2014-11-26_(17840571301).jpg
Fig. 3-7 Otto Gutfreund, Cello Player, bronze, 1912–1913, photo by Ablakok, 2017, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=59076490
Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cubist_sculpture#/media/File:Otto_Gutfreund_-_Cello_Player.jpg
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Fig. 3-8 Joseph Csaky, Tête (Cubist portrait), bronze, 38.5 cm, 1914, photo by Szilas in the Virág Judit Gallery, Budapest (modified by Coldcreation), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=67150191
Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cubist_sculpture#/media/File:Joseph_Csaky,_1914,_T%C3%AAte_(Cubist_portrait),_bronze,_38.5_cm.jpg
Fig. 3-9 Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917, photograph by Alfred Stieglitz at 291 (art gallery) following the 1917 Society of Independent Artists exhibit, with entry tag visible. NPR arthistory.about.com, public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=74693078
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)#/media/File:Marcel_Duchamp,_1917,_Fountain,_photograph_by_Alfred_Stieglitz.jpg
Fig. 3-10 Umberto Boccioni, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, 1913, cast in bronze 1950, 121.9 x 39.4 x 91.4 cm (48 x 15 1/2 x 36 in.) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, Bequest of Lydia Winston Malbin, 1989, Accession Number:1990.38.3, public domain.
Link: https://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/ma/original/DT6411.jpg
Fig. 3-11 Vladimir Tatlin and an assistant in front of the model for the Third International, (1919–1920), the monument was intended to be 400 m (1,300 ft.) high, but was never built, Wikipedia, public domain
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatlin%27s_Tower
Fig. 3-12 Naum Gabo, Head No. 2, 1916, enlarged version 1966, CorTen steel, 175.3 x 134 x 122 cm (69 x 52 3/4 x 48 in.), Tate Liverpool, England. photo by Rept0n1x, Creative Commons, license CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19489624
Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Naum_Gabo#/media/File:Head_No._2_by_Naum_Gabo,_Tate_Liverpool.jpg
Fig. 3-13 Salvador Dali, Lobster Telephone (1936), materials (steel, plaster, resin, rubber and paper), 178 x 330 x 178 mm, photo by Nasch92, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=77785554
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobster_Telephone#/media/File:Lobster_Telephone_Photo.jpg
Fig. 3-14 Henry Moore, reclining figure, bronze, 1957, Yorkshire Sculpture Park, photo by: malivsey, 2006 Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 2.0
http://www.flickr.com/photos/110500004@N07/14199971096"
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Link: https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/2b8b0e80-5def-4ccc-aac2-4f48aca40b74
Fig. 3-15 Bert Flugelman, cones, stainless steel, 1982, the National Museum of Australia , Canberra photo by John O’Neill 2006, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=799323
Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sculpture_Garden_of_the_National_Gallery_of_Australia#/media/File:Cones_-_Bert_Flugelman.jpg
Fig. 3-16 David Smith, Cubi VI, stainless steel, 1963, 285 x 75 x 55.5 cm, Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Gift of Meshulam Riklis and Judith Stern-Riklis, accession number: B73.0165, photo by Talmoryair (talk), 1965–1906 , public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=706508
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Smith_(sculptor)#/media/File:SMITH_CUBI_VI.JPG
3-17 Anthony Caro, promenade, painted steel, Yorkshire Sculpture Park/U.K., Photo by Daniel Milner from Pauillac, France, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8834522
Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anthony_Caro_at_Yorkshire_Sculpture_Park#/media/File:Promenade-_Anthony_Caro.jpg
Fig. 3-18 Louise Bourgeois (1911–2010), Maman, the mother, 1999, steel with white and grey marble in the egg sac beneath the head, 927 x 891 x 1024 cm (30 x 29 x 33 ft.) weight about 3660 kg., Creative Commons stock photo, license: CC 0 Dreamstime.com, Image ID 109921496, public domain
Link: https://www.dreamstime.com/brown-wooden-spider-formed-statue-photography-public-domain-image-free-109921496
Fig. 3-19 Louise Nevelson, Dawn’s landscape, painted wood, 1975, photo by smallcurio from Austin, TX, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=68144215
Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Louise_Nevelson#/media/File:Dawn's_Landscape._(23589575130).jpg
Fig. 3-20 Jean Tinguely, Heureka, 1963, steel, rubber and machine parts, Zürichhorn in Zürich-Seefeld, photo by Roland zh, 2010, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11704339
Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Heureka_(Jean_Tinguely)#/media/File:Jean_Tingueley's_Heureka_2010-10-05_17-23-02.JPG
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Fig. 3-21 Jeff Koons, balloon dog, 1994–2000, Stainless steel with 5 different transparent color coatings (Blue, Magenta, Orange, Red, Yellow), 307.3 × 363.2 × 114.3 cm (121 × 143 × 45 in.), photo by mibuchat, Flickr, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 2.0
Link: https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/c68e652d-77e8-45e0-8dc3-416138966c95
Fig. 3-22 Robert Indiana, LOVE, painted steel, 1970, 3.66 x 3.66 x 1.83 m, on the corner of 6th Avenue and 55th Street in Manhattan, NY, reproduced in a series of over 50 editions varying in scale and color starting in 1970 and continuing for several decades in sites around the world, Creative Commons, license: CC0, public domain
Link: https://www.dreamstime.com/love-sculpture-public-domain-image-free-87780567
Fig. 3-23 Sol LeWitt, Tower, 1984, Figge Art Museum, Davenport, Iowa, USA, public domain
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_LeWitt#/media/File:Tower_1984.jpg
Fig. 3-24 Carl Andre, sculpture 43 Roaring forty, 1968, photo by Gerardus, 2008, at KMM in Otterlo/The Netherlands, public domain
Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carl_Andre#/media/File:KMM_Andre.JPG
Fig. 3-25 Eva Hesse, Repetition nineteen III, fiberglass and polyester resin,1965, 19 units each 48 to 51 cm height and 27.8 to 32.2 cm diameter (19 to 20 ¼ and 11 to 12 ¾ in.), Museum of Modern Art, New York, photo by Source (WP:NFCC#4), 2014, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 2.0, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=42071683,
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Hesse#/media/File:Eva_Hesse_-_Repetition_Nineteen_III.jpg
Fig. 3-26 Seward Johnson, a man asleep on a bench, 1983, painted bronze, life-size, Grounds for Sculpture in Hamilton Township, New Jersey, photo by Ihad Zajdawicz, 2015, Creative Commons, license: CC0, public domain.
Link: https://www.dreamstime.com/snoozin-public-domain-image-free-84923001
Fig. 3-27 Robert Smithson, Spiral Jetty, 1970, dimensions 4.6 × 460 m (15 × 1500 ft.), consists of about 6500 tons of basalt, earth and salt, photo taken from the top of Rozel Point, in 2005 by Soren.harward aten.wikipedia – Transferred from en.wikipedia to Creative Commons, public domain.
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_Jetty#/media/File:Spiral-jetty-from-rozel-point.png
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Fig. 3-28 Christo and Jeanne-Claude, The floating Piers, 2016. The project consisted of a series of floating pontoons in high density polyethylene anchored to the bottom of the lake, connected two islands in Lake Iseo, Italy, took 2 years to complete, was 4.5 kilometers long and 16 meters wide, and used more than 100,000 square meters of yellow fabric. It was open to the public between 18 June and 3 July 2016, photo by NewtonCourt, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=50238213
Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:The_Floating_Piers#/media/File:The_Floating_Piers_from_Rocca_di_Monte_Isola_-_P1000799.jpg
Fig. 3-29 Richard Serra, “The Matter of Time”, installation 2005, COR-TEN steel, photo by “Seasickness Enducing Art”, Big Richard C, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 2.0
Link: https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/5f05a6cd-9f57-4177-b20b-585a6a0e7547
Fig. 3-30 Antony Gormley, Angel of the North, 1998, near Gateshead, Tyne & Wear, England, 20 m (66 ft.) tall, with wings measuring 54 m (177 ft.) across, the body weighs 100 tonnes and the wings 50 tonnes each and are made of welded COR-TEN steel on concrete foundations, photo by Picnicin, 2014, Creative Commons, license: CC0, public domain
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_of_the_North#/media/File:Angel_of_the_North_2-10-14.png
Chapter 4 Fig. 4-1 Types of welded joints: 1, butt; 2, lap; 3, corner; 4, edge; 5, tee
Fig. 4-2 Edgar Degas, walking horse, modeled in wax before 1885, cast in bronze 1920, 22.5 x 22.2 x 9.2 cm (8-7/8 x 8-3/4 x 3-5/8 in.), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, H.O. Havemeyer Collection, Bequest of Mrs. H.O. Havemeyer, 1929, Accession Number:29.100.432, public domain
Link: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/196501?&searchField=Description&sortBy=Relevance&ft=bronze+sculpture&offset=0&rpp=80&pos=71
Chapter 5 Fig. 5-1 Granite head of Amunhotep II, showing the grains of the different minerals, 18th Dynasty (c. 1420 BCE), Luxor, Egypt, in Brooklyn Museum, Creative Commons, license CC BY 3.0
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Link: https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/c4bd4ed9-7830-4f5c-b67b-5860d02d1b8f
Fig. 5-2 Basalt statue of Aphrodite, late 1st–early 2nd century A.D., Roman, 42.2 cm (16 5/8in.), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Fletcher Fund, 1928, Accession Number:28.57.6, public domain,
Link: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/252958
Fig. 5-3 Jean Antoine Houdon (1741–1828), bust of a child, white marble, 27.3 x 22.5 x 14.9 cm (10 3/4 x 8 7/8 x 5 7/8 in.), 1788, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, Bequest of Mary Stillman Harkness, 1950, Accession Number:50.145.66, public domain
Link: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/200668?&searchField=All&sortBy=Relevance&ft=marble+sculpture&offset=60&rpp=20&pos=65
Fig. 5-4 Multi-colored sandstone, rock-cut tombs (Kokh) in Petra, Jordan, photo by Etan J. Tal, 2010, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12310208
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone#/media/File:PetraSandStoneRock-cut_tombs.jpg
Fig. 5-5 Mahmoud Farag, The conversation, white limestone, 2010, 40 x 20 x 15 cm (16 x 8 x 6 in.), photo by Mahmoud Farag 2019.
Fig. 5-6 Ancient Egyptian Canopic jars, alabaster, c. 1000 BCE, in the Museo archeologico nazionale (Florence), photo by Sailko, 2015, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 3.0
Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Canopic_jars#/media/File:Epoca_tarda_o_tolemaica,_oggetti_funerari_da_el_hibeh,_664-30_ac_ca._02_canopi.JPG
Fig, 5-7 Heiltsuk (Bella Bella). House Post, from a Set of Four, 19th century. Cedar wood, 248.9 x 89.5 x 44.5cm (98 x 35 1/4 x 17 1/2in.), Waglisla (Bella Bella), British Columbia, Canada, Brooklyn Museum, Museum Expedition 1911, Museum Collection Fund, 11.700.1. Photo: Brooklyn Museum, 11.700.1_installation_SL1.jpg, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 3.0
Link: https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/9306ef6a-5658-4764-9333-7593606bbecc
Fig. 5-8 Mbembe peoples, Seated Female and Child,15th–17th century, Wood, pigment, resin, nails, 108 × 33 × 24.1cm (42 1/2 ×13 × 9 1/2 in.), Nigeria, The Metropolitan Museum Of Art, New Your City, Accession Number:2010.256, public domain
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Link: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/320599?&searchField=Description&sortBy=Relevance&ft=wood+sculpture&offset=0&rpp=80&pos=55
Chapter 6 Fig. 6-1 George Segal, from the “Gay Liberation Monument”, 1992, made of plaster gauze, life-size, Greenwich Village, Manhattan, NY, photo by Polka0505, 2014, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62966701
Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gay_Liberation_Monument#/media/File:Greenwich_Village,_NY_(2).jpg
Fig. 6-2 Seger cones after use, photo by Tinux,2006, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1163404
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrometric_cone#/media/File:Segerkegel.jpg
Fig. 6-3 Duk-Kyu Ryang, Body and Soul, glass, 2015, in front of the office building of the LVM, Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, photo by Dietmar Rabich, 2016, Creative Common, license: CC BY-SA 4.0
Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?sort=relevance&search=File%3AGlass+Sculpture.JPG&title=Special:Search&profile=advanced&fulltext=1&advancedSearch-current=%7B%7D&ns0=1&ns6=1&ns12=1&ns14=1&ns100=1&ns106=1#/media/File:M%C3%BCnster,_LVM,_Skulptur_-K%C3%B6rper_und_Seele-_--_2016_--_0820.jpg
Fig. 6-4 Dale Chihuly, A complex hanging glass sculpture at Chihuly glass museum, blown glass, photo by Adithyavr, 2017, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0
Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?sort=relevance&search=File%3AGlass+Sculpture.JPG&title=Special:Search&profile=advanced&fulltext=1&advancedSearch-current=%7B%7D&ns0=1&ns6=1&ns12=1&ns14=1&ns100=1&ns106=1#/media/File:Inverterd_glass_sculpture.jpg
Fig. 6-5 Paul Landowski, sculptor, and Heitor da Silva Costa, designer, Christ the Redeemer, detail from a monumental concrete sculpture, commissioned in 1920 and completed 1931, 32 m (98 ft.) tall, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Creative Commons, license: CC0, public domain.
Link: https://www.dreamstime.com/statue-sky-monument-sculpture-public-domain-image-free-135105497
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Fig. 6-6 Sumgayit Vagif Nazirov and architect A. Guliyev, Peace Dove, Concrete, 1978, Sumgayit, Azerbaijan, photo by Qolcomaq, 2017, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=57705921
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Dove_(Sumgayit)
Fig. 6-7 Henry Moore sculpture “Reclining Woman”, Green Hornton stone, 1930, exhibited at the National Gallery of Canada, photo by Gbuchana, 2015, Creative Commons, license: CC 0, public domain
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Moore#/media/File:Moore_Reclining_Woman_Ottawa_2015.JPG
Fig. 6-8 John Bridgeman (1916–2004), fish-like sculpture, concrete, 1960, Curtis Gardens, Fox Hollies, Birmingham, UK, photo by Elliott Brown, 2010, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 2.0
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bridgeman_play_sculpture,_Birmingham#/media/File:Curtis_Gardens_-_Fox_Hollies_-_Fish-like_sculpture_(4237271598).jpg
Chapter 7 Fig. 7-1 Alexander Calder, three discs (Trois disques), steel plates and structural sections assembled by welding, bolting, riveting and painted, 1967, 21.3 x 22 x 16.25 m, Montreal, Canada, photo by Idej Elixe, 2011, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Calder#/media/File:Oeuvre_de_Calder.jpg
Fig. 7-2 Detail from Alexander Calder, three discs, Fig. 7-1
Fig 7-3 Bernard Kirschenbaum, Way Four, Stainless steel, 1976, 250 × 220 × 24 cm (100 × 86 × 9.6 in), Lynden Sculpture Garden, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, photo by Gabrielle DuCharme, 2012, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 2.0
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way_Four#/media/File:WayFour1976.jpg
Chapter 8 Fig. 8-1 Tim Tolkien, Sentinel, anodized aluminum alloy, Spitfire Island, Castle Bromwich, Birmingham, UK, photo by Sisaphus, 2010, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 2.0, https://www.flickr.com/photos/sisaphus/4497757311/ https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10132907
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Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_(sculpture)#/media/File:Sentinel_sculpture_TimTolkien_02.jpg
Fig. 8-2 Gustav Haug, Spirit of commerce, cast zinc, 1881, height 4.6 m (15 ft.), Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, photo by Ilona Gonzalez, 2012, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=21610313
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_Commerce#/media/File:SpiritofCommerce1881.jpg
Fig. 8-3 Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, Fontaine Bartholdi, 1892, lead, Lyon, France, photo by Tim069, 2018, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=69854173
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontaine_Bartholdi#/media/File:Fontaine-bartholdi-restauree.jpg
Fig. 8-4 Fernando Botero (b. 1932), woman with fruit, bronze, c. 1990, Bamberg, Germany, photo by JoachimKohlerBremen, 2013, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Botero#/media/File:%22Liegende_mit_Frucht%22_Skulptur_von_Fernando_Botero_in_Bamberg_-_Deutschland.jpg
Chapter 9 Fig. 9-1 Frederick Hart, Elegy, 1990, acrylic, photo by NotTheRealShaneFontaine, 2018, Creative Commons, license CC BY-SA 4.0
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Hart_(sculptor)#/media/File:Elegy_1990.jpg
Fig. 9-2 John Dubuffet, Monument Au Fantome “Monument to the Phantom”, painted fiberglass, 1983, Discovery Green Park, Houston, Texas, photo by Carol M. Highsmith – Library of Congress, Catalog: http://lccn.loc.gov/2015630415 , image download: https://cdn.loc.gov/master/pnp/highsm/30100/30179a.tif Original url: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/highsm.30179, public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=51847917
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_au_Fant%C3%B4me#/media/File:John_Dubuffet's_%22Monument_Au_Fantome%22_sculpture_in_Houston,_Texas's_Discovery_Green_Park._Its_title_means_%22Monument_to_the_Phantom%22_or_imaginary_city,_in_French_LCCN2015630415.tif
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Fig. 9-3 Katharina Fritsch, Cock, fiberglass composite colored bright blue, height 4.72 m (15.5 ft), created 2010, unveiled 2013 in Trafalgar Square, London, UK, photo by Rick Ligthelm from Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 2014, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 2.0
Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hahn/Cock#/media/File:London,_England_(15615977478).jpg
Fig. 9-4 Lawrence Argent, Blue Bear “I See What You Mean”, 2005, 12.2 m (42 ft.), painted fiberglass composite, in front of Colorado Convention Center, photo by: By Carol M. Highsmith – Library of Congress Catalog: http://lccn.loc.gov/2015633445 Image download: https://cdn.loc.gov/master/pnp/highsm/33400/33430a.tif Original url: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/highsm.33430, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=51981360
Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?sort=relevance&search=Big+blue+bear+sculpture&title=Special:Search&profile=advanced&fulltext=1&advancedSearch-current=%7B%7D&ns0=1&ns6=1&ns12=1&ns14=1&ns100=1&ns106=1#/media/File:Sculptor_Lawrence_Argent's_big_blue_bear_peers_into_the_Denver,_Colorado,_convention_center_in_a_presentation_that_Argent_calls_%22I_See_What_You_Mean%22_LCCN2015633445.tif
Fig. 9-5 Niki de Saint Phalle (1930–2002), black nana, fiberglass-reinforced polyester, 1999, larger than life-size, photo by Kamahele, 2009, Creative Commons, license CC BY-SA 3.0
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niki_de_Saint_Phalle#/media/File:St-Phalle_Chur-114.jpg
Fig. 9-6 Edgar Degas (1834–1917), Arabesque Devant, modeled probably before 1890, cast in bronze 1920, 57.2 × 35.2 × 32.4 cm (22 1/2 × 13 7/8 × 12 3/4 in.), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, H.O. Havemeyer Collection, Bequest of Mrs. H.O. Havemeyer, 1929, Accession Number:29.100.385, public domain
Link: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/196454?&searchField=Description&sortBy=Relevance&ft=bronze+sculpture&offset=0&rpp=80&pos=40
Chapter 10 Fig. 10-1 Detail of Anish Kapoor’s Cloud Gate, shown in Fig. 1-10.
Fig. 10-2 Marco Cianfanelli, Nelson Mandela, made of 50 painted steel columns of height between 6.5 and 9 m (21.5 and 29.7 ft.) anchored to the concrete foundation,
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2012, located near Howick, South Africa, photo by Pat Cullen, 2014, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35109699
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Cianfanelli#/media/File:Nelson_Mandela_Capture_Site.jpg
Fig. 10-3 Mario Merz Mario Merz, Igloo di pietra, natural slate,1982, in KMM sculpture park, The Netherlands, photo by Gerardus, 2008, public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4145439
Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Igloo_di_pietra_(1982)_by_Mario_Merz#/media/File:KMM_Merz_01.JPG
Fig. 10-4 David Mach, Out of Order, made of 12 old red telephone booths, 1989, commissioned by the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, stands in Old London Road, London, photo by Walter Koscielniak, 2008, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=13808395
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mach#/media/File:'Out_Of_Order'_by_David_Mach_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1102588.jpg
Fig. 10-5 Bjørn Krogstad, Buksa mi (My pants), combine with a pair of pants on a painted background, 1968, 115 × 105 cm (45.2 × 41.3 in), photo by Bjørn Krogstad in his studio, NAPkjersti, 1968, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18033141
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_painting#/media/File:Bj%C3%B8rn_Krogstad_Buksa_mi.jpg
Fig. 10-6 Phyllida Barlow, Dock, at Tate Britain in 2014, photo by BettyLondon, 2014, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=32920694
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllida_Barlow#/media/File:%22dock%22_(2014)_by_Phyllida_Barlow_at_Tate_Britain.jpg
Fig. 10-7 Rachel Whiteread, Embankment, installation consisting of 14,000 casts of the inside of different boxes, Turbine Hall, The Tate Modern, Bankside, London, 2005, photo by Fin Fahey, 2005, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 2.5.
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Installation_art#/media/File:Whiteread_tate_1.jpg
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Fig. 10-8 Cornelia Parker, Cold Dark Matter: An Exploded View, 1991, first shown at the Chisenhale Gallery in Bow, East London, UK, photo by Caroliney76, 1991,Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelia_Parker#/media/File:Cold_Dark_Matter_.jpg
Fig. 10-9 Maurizio Bolognini, An interactive installation where the viewers can modify the lights by using cell phones, 2008, Art Palace, Cairo, Egypt, photo by V.fanis1, 2010, Creative Commons, license CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11630824
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurizio_Bolognini#/media/File:CAIROG.JPG
Fig. 10-10 Willy Tasso and unknown artists of Vanuatu, Wooden sculptures, c. 1970, Sculpture Garden of the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra, photo by Bertie Mabootoo from Canberra, Australia, 2007, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7171362
Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sculpture_Garden_of_the_National_Gallery_of_Australia#/media/File:NGA_Sculpture_Garden_(429172281).jpg
Fig. 10-11 An art installation, Mad crab, created with waste plastics and similar non-biodegradable wastes at Fort Kochi, photo by Augustus Binu : flickr, 2015, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Installation_art#/media/File:Mad_Crab.jpg
Fig. 10-12 Bruce Nauman (b. 1941), “Truncated Pyramid Room”, concrete, 6 x 6 x 6 m, 1982/1998, Lörrach, Germany, photo by Wladyslaw, 2005, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1233221
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Nauman#/media/File:Truncated_Pyramid_Room.jpg`
Chapter 11 Fig. 11-1 Edith Meusnier, Artefact, Bois de Belle Rivière, Québec, 2010, Photo by Edith Meusnier, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18196084
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_art#/media/File:Edith_Meusnier_-_Artefact_-_Bois_de_Belle_Rivi%C3%A8re_-_Qu%C3%A9bec_-_%C3%A9t%C3%A9_2010.jpg
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