Martens Human Trafficking In Conflict

Trafficking in Trafficking in Persons in Persons in

Conflict ZonesConflict Zonesby

Jonathan MartensProgramme SpecialistMigration Management DepartmentGeneva, Switzerland

May 19, 2009 – Geneva

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

1.1. Overview of IOM.Overview of IOM.2.2. Introduction to Trafficking in Introduction to Trafficking in

PersonsPersons3.3. Trafficking in Persons in Conflict Trafficking in Persons in Conflict

ZonesZones4.4. IOM’s Approach to Countering IOM’s Approach to Countering

TraffickingTrafficking

OUTLINEOUTLINE

1OVERVIEW OF OVERVIEW OF IOM AND TIPIOM AND TIP

2 3 TIP IN TIP IN CONFLICT CONFLICT

ZONESZONES

4INTRO TO TIPINTRO TO TIP

IOM’S IOM’S APPROACHAPPROACH

5ENDEND

IOMIOM

IOM is…IOM is…THE MIGRATION AGENCYTHE MIGRATION AGENCY

The global, intergovernmental The global, intergovernmental organization dealing with the entire organization dealing with the entire range of migration issues.range of migration issues.

125 member states and 89 observer 125 member states and 89 observer statesstates

420 field locations in more than 120 420 field locations in more than 120 countriescountries

Approx. 6,000 staffApprox. 6,000 staff Approx. 2,000 programmes – Approx. 2,000 programmes – about about

1/5 of which have related to 1/5 of which have related to trafficking in personstrafficking in persons

1OVERVIEW OF OVERVIEW OF IOM AND TIPIOM AND TIP

2 3 TIP IN TIP IN CONFLICT CONFLICT

ZONESZONES

4INTRO TO TIPINTRO TO TIP

IOM’S IOM’S APPROACHAPPROACH

5ENDEND

WHAT IS HUMAN TRAFFICKING?WHAT IS HUMAN TRAFFICKING?

1OVERVIEW OF OVERVIEW OF IOM AND TIPIOM AND TIP

2 3 TIP IN TIP IN CONFLICT CONFLICT

ZONESZONES

4INTRO TO TIPINTRO TO TIP

IOM’S IOM’S APPROACHAPPROACH

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Human Trafficking is…Human Trafficking is… A ProcessA Process that is that is

commonly described commonly described by 3 steps:by 3 steps:

1.1. RecruitmentRecruitment

2.2. TransportationTransportation

3.3. ExploitationExploitation……of a personof a person..

An organized An organized crime;crime;

A violation of A violation of human rights;human rights;

A business which A business which earns organized earns organized criminal groups criminal groups approximately approximately $32bn/year;$32bn/year;

A problem which A problem which may affect may affect between 600,000 between 600,000 and 4 million and 4 million people annually.people annually.

Root Causes and Root Causes and Contributing FactorsContributing Factors

Push Factors – egs.Push Factors – egs. Relative disparityRelative disparity Socio-political Socio-political

instabilityinstability Discriminatory Discriminatory

cultural practices and cultural practices and attitudesattitudes

Environmental Environmental degradationdegradation

Pull Factors – eg.Pull Factors – eg.

Desire for better Desire for better opportunities – incl. opportunities – incl. education, education, employment and employment and personal freedomspersonal freedoms

Root Causes:

Profit motive

Demand for cheap labour and services, including sexual services

Q: Is human Q: Is human trafficking a new trafficking a new problem?problem?

NoNo!! Related Instruments Related Instruments

19041904 International Agreement for the Suppression of the International Agreement for the Suppression of the White Slave TrafficWhite Slave Traffic

19261926 Slavery Convention Slavery Convention19301930 C29 Forced Labour Convention C29 Forced Labour Convention19331933 International Convention for the Suppression of Traffic International Convention for the Suppression of Traffic

in Women of Full Agein Women of Full Age19491949 Convention for the Suppression of Traffic in Persons Convention for the Suppression of Traffic in Persons19561956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery,

the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to SlaverySlavery

1957 ILO Convention No.105 concerning the Abolition of 1957 ILO Convention No.105 concerning the Abolition of Forced LabourForced Labour

1973 ILO Convention No.138 concerning Minimum Age for 1973 ILO Convention No.138 concerning Minimum Age for Admission to EmploymentAdmission to Employment

19891989 Convention on the Rights of the Child Convention on the Rights of the Child19991999 C182 Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention C182 Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention2000 Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, 2000 Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime,

andand Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish

Trafficking in Persons (most recent)Trafficking in Persons (most recent)

TIP Protocol DefinitionTIP Protocol Definition

Art 3(a):Art 3(a): “Trafficking in persons” “Trafficking in persons” shall mean shall mean

……the recruitment, the recruitment, transportation, transfer, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of harbouring or receipt of personspersons

……by by meansmeans of force or other of force or other forms of coercion, of forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the benefits to achieve the consent of a person having consent of a person having control over another control over another person, person,

……for the for the purposepurpose of of exploitation.” exploitation.”

3 key elements:

→ Action…Action…

→ Means…Means…

→ Purpose…Purpose…

TIP Protocol TIP Protocol Definition: Definition:

ExploitationExploitation ……Exploitation shall Exploitation shall

include, include, at a at a minimumminimum, the , the exploitation of the exploitation of the prostitution of prostitution of others, or other others, or other forms of sexual forms of sexual exploitation, exploitation, forcedforced labourlabour or services, or services, slaveryslavery or or practicespractices similar to slaverysimilar to slavery, , servitude or the servitude or the removal of organs...removal of organs...

TIP in conflict zones TIP in conflict zones have have similar similar characteristicscharacteristics as as elsewhere.elsewhere.

But, conflicts can…But, conflicts can…

Amplify pressure of Amplify pressure of push factors in push factors in particularparticular

Undermine traditional Undermine traditional support structuressupport structures

Encourage high risk Encourage high risk migrationmigration

Create favourable Create favourable conditions for organized conditions for organized criminal groups to criminal groups to expandexpand

Create new markets for Create new markets for traffickers (eg. traffickers (eg. Peacekeepers)Peacekeepers)

Increase challenge of Increase challenge of identifying and identifying and protecting victimsprotecting victims

1OVERVIEW OF OVERVIEW OF IOM AND TIPIOM AND TIP

2 3 TIP IN TIP IN CONFLICT CONFLICT

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the Challenge of the Challenge of IdentificationIdentification

How do you think you How do you think you would feel if you would feel if you were:were:

1.1. Relocated to an environment Relocated to an environment where you didn’t understand where you didn’t understand the language, customs ?the language, customs ?

2.2. Deprived of all your Deprived of all your identification documents ?identification documents ?

3.3. Debt bonded for $100,000 ?Debt bonded for $100,000 ?

4.4. Confined to one room or one Confined to one room or one house for 6 months ?house for 6 months ?

5.5. Beaten and otherwise Beaten and otherwise assaulted ?assaulted ?

6.6. Knew that the safety of your Knew that the safety of your family depended on your family depended on your cooperation ?cooperation ?

7.7. Saw your abuser’s best Saw your abuser’s best friends wearing police friends wearing police uniforms ?uniforms ?

? How likely would you be to seek assistance?

? Would you cooperate with law enforcement officials?

Identifying Victims is Identifying Victims is Not EasyNot Easy

Trafficked persons…Trafficked persons…2.2. May not speak local May not speak local

languagelanguage3.3. May not see themselves May not see themselves

as victimsas victims4.4. May feel responsible for a May feel responsible for a

family debt family debt 5.5. May not trust policeMay not trust police6.6. Fear their traffickersFear their traffickers7.7. May suffer “Stockholm May suffer “Stockholm

Syndrome”Syndrome”8.8. May have PTSD & Memory May have PTSD & Memory

loss loss 9.9. May be in transit, or May be in transit, or

confused with migrant confused with migrant smuggling…smuggling…

Desire to please; easily influenced; inability to assert self or personal preferences; regular complaining; reluctance to accept assistance or advice

Dependence, Subservience or Defensiveness

Sadness, depression, disengagement from others and activities, lethargy; self-absorbed; believing no one can understand

Isolation, Loneliness

Unwillingness to respond or answer questions; altering past events; Inability to recall details or entire passages of time

Memory Lapses; Dissociation

Hostility towards support personnel; self-inflicted physical harm; overreacting; unwillingness to participate

Anger

Difficulty in expressing oneself; reluctance to undergo physical exams or participate in group therapy

Self-blame, Guilt, Shame

Passivity; difficulty trusting one’s decisions or planning for future; hyper-sensitivity to outside influences

Mistrust of Self; low self esteem

Reluctance to disclose information; giving false information

Mistrust of Others

Reluctance to meet people, to go outside, to be alone; trembling or heart racing, insomnia or nightmares

Fear, Insecurity, Anxiety

How Reactions may be ManifestCommon Reactions in Service Setting

IOM’s Approach IOM’s Approach to Counter Traffickingto Counter Trafficking

IOMIOM has been working has been working actively to counter actively to counter trafficking since trafficking since 1996/7.1996/7.

Implemented approx. Implemented approx. 500 projects in 85 500 projects in 85 countriescountries

Provided direct Provided direct assistance to approx. assistance to approx. 20,000 trafficked 20,000 trafficked personspersons

Pursue a Pursue a comprehensive comprehensive approachapproach to trafficking to trafficking in persons within a in persons within a broader context of broader context of managing migration.managing migration.

Consists of…:Consists of…:

Research and Data Research and Data CollectionCollection

PreventionPrevention

Institutional Capacity Institutional Capacity BuildingBuilding

Victim Protection and Victim Protection and AssistanceAssistance

1OVERVIEW OF OVERVIEW OF IOM AND TIPIOM AND TIP

2 3 TIP IN TIP IN CONFLICT CONFLICT

ZONESZONES

4INTRO TO TIPINTRO TO TIP

IOM’S IOM’S APPROACHAPPROACH

5ENDEND

Thank You!Thank You!For more information, please For more information, please

contact:contact:

Jonathan MartensJonathan MartensIOM GenevaIOM Geneva

jmartens@iom.intjmartens@iom.intavrctmms@iom.intavrctmms@iom.int

International Organization for International Organization for Migration (IOM)Migration (IOM)

17 Route des Morillons17 Route des MorillonsCH-1211 Geneva 19 – SwitzerlandCH-1211 Geneva 19 – Switzerland

www.iom.intwww.iom.int