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Marie-Michelle Monéreau-MerryMS, MPhil, CCC-SLP
Loraine K. Obler, Ph.DMaria Polinsky, Ph.D
Martin Gitterman, Ph.D
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Incomplete Acquisition in a LanguageLate language learnersEarly learnersHeritage Speakers a) Broad definition b) Narrow definition
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Developmental Path of the Heritage Language Among U.S. Born Heritage Speakers
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Continuum Among Heritage Speakers(Polinsky & Kagan, 2007)
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Baseline
Sudden Language Interruption (Pallier et al.,2008)
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Problematic Areas in the Heritage Language
Semi-literate or illiterate in the heritage language (Montrul, 2008)
Limited vocabulary skillsReduced speech rate when compared to
native speakers (Polinsky, 2008)Difficulty with gender inflection
(Anderson, 2001; Silva-Corvalán, 2003; Polinsky, 2008)
Poor control of morphology (Sekerina, 2005; Montrul, 2008)
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Section II:Heritage language of study Haitian-
CreoleGenesis of Haitian-Creole
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Haitian-CreoleBona fide language in par with French
(DeGraff, 2000)Developed on the island of Haiti (Saint-
Domingue)Haitian-Creole is a combination of a 17th and
18th century French variety and West African languages.
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Genesis of Haitian-CreoleLanguage bioprogram hypothesis (Bickerton,
1984) Basilectilization process (Chaudenson, 1992)Relexification hypothesis (Lefebvre, 1999)
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Post-Nominal DeterminersA hallmark of French Creoles around the
world is post-nominal determiners.Post-nominal determiners in Haitian-Creole
may be evidence of first language interference by adult Africans who were attempting to acquire the French variety (LeFebvre,1996).
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Comparative SyntaxHaitian-Creole
Fongbe
M manje krab la. I eat crab (Det)
Translation“I ate the crab.” (in
question/that we know of).
N du ason o. I eat crab (Det)
Translation“I ate the crab.” (in
question/that we know of)
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Comparative SyntaxHaitian-Creole Standard French pwason anfish the (det) Translation “the fish”
le poissonthe (det) fish
Translation “the fish”
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Section IIIDefinite articles in Haitian-Creole
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Definite Article RulesIf a word ends in a nasal consonant the
definite article is nan or *lan.If a word ends with a nasal vowel or if the
final vowel is preceded by a nasal consonant, the definite article is an.
If the word ends in a non-nasal vowel, than the definite article is *a or in some regions it is *an
Otherwise la/lan is utilized.
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If the final position of the word is a nasal consonant, the correct phonological form of the definite article becomes nan:
Kann nan *Kann lan
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An•If the final position of the word is an oral vowel and is preceded by a nasal consonant, the correct phonological form of the definite article becomes an:
Fami an
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An•If the final position of the word is a nasal vowel, the phonological form of the definite article becomes an:
Chyen an
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AIf the last sound of
the word is an oral vowel and is preceded by an oral consonant, the correct phonological form of the definite article becomes a: Krapo a
*Krapo an
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If the last sound of the word is a consonant and is preceded by an oral vowel, it becomes la:
*Chat laChat lan
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Section III:Purpose of the studyResearch questionsPredictions
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Research Question I Are there differences in the production of
the morphophonological form of the definite articles during a translation task comparing two groups of early learners of Haitian-Creole?
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Prediction I The responses of the heritage speakers
during the definite article translation task, will differ from the responses of the native speakers.
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Prediction I cont….Heritage speakers will reanalyze the
definite articles as characterized by omission and substitution differences, and native speakers will perform at ceiling or near ceiling level.
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Research Question IIAre there differences in the definite article
recognition task, between the two groups of early learners of HC, whereby the participants will be required to select the definite articles that correspond with the same forty-four nouns as in the translation task?
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Prediction II In the definite article recognition task, the
heritage speakers, as a group, will perform significantly better than they did on the translation task, however not at ceiling.
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Prediction II cont….Their correct responses will not be
characterized with automaticity. By contrast, the native speakers’ responses will be accurate and immediate.
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Research Question III Are there differences in the frequency of
definite articles produced, between the two groups of early learners of HC, during a narrative discourse task?
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Prediction III There will be significant differences
between heritage speakers and native speakers in the production of definite articles during the narrative discourse task. Heritage speakers will produce fewer definite articles than native speakers, and demonstrate deletion and substitution errors.
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Summary The heritage speakers will deviate from
the native controls in the following categories:Translation of sentences with definite
articlesSelecting the definite articles that
correspond with the nounsProducing and employing definite articles
correctly during narrative discourse
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Section IVParticipantsResearch Design
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Participants5 Heritage Speakers of HCBilinguals
2 Native Speakers of HCTrilingual
Age (29-35) M = 30.0 (SD =1.0) M = 32.0 (SD =4.2)
Sex M: 2 / F: 3 F: 2
Education High: 4 / Medium: 1College education and graduate school for those with high education. Three years of college for the participant with medium education.
2 : High educationFrench Medium Elementary and High SchoolCollege and Professional School in the U.S.
Length of residency in the U.S.
U.S. born (dominant in English)
12 years AOA to U.S.: 18
(i) Socio-economic status during childhood and adulthood
(ii) Attending church services during childhood and adulthood conducted in ethnic languages
(iii) Age of arrival of parents
to the U.S
(iv) Residing with a non-English speaking grandparent during childhood
(v)Experiences with translation
(vi) Attitude towards the heritage language
(vii) Residing in a community with a significant population of Haitian-Americans during childhood and adulthood
(viii) Proficiency in Haitian-Creole and French
(ix) Educational attainment of the participants
(x) Personal ethnic identity
(xi) Literacy in the heritage languages 40
Social Language DataPilot data collected from the social language
questionnaire form indicated that 80% of the heritage speakers reported that they were literate in the heritage language, and during their childhood they attended religious services conducted in the ethnic language.
In addition, they also indicated that they resided with non-English speaking grandparents during their childhood.
All participants indicated they had experience with translation.
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Translated responses were analyzed as: (i) correct/incorrect (ii) types of reanalysis (e.g., omissions and
substitutions) (iii) form distribution of reanalysis
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Task 2Participants were instructed to select the
definite articles that corresponded with the same forty-four nouns as in the first task.
Five trial items of the definite articles were presented with each noun (e.g., a, an, nan, la, lan).
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Task 2: cont…“The Cat”Chat aChat anChat nanChat laChat lan
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Task 2: ScoringResponses were measured in the following
categories: (i) immediately correct (ii) correct after a short pause (5 sec) (iii) correct after a longer pause (more than 5 sec) (iv) incorrect
(v) uncertain
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Narrative Discourse
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Narrative Discourse
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Section V:Results
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TargetDefiniteArticles
la/lan a an nan
la/lan 1 1
a 3
an 1
nan 13 (la)
Substitution choices
Summary of Translation TaskHeritage speakers produce reanalysis on
definite articles Deletions Substitutions Nan was more vulnerable to reanalysis La/lan were less susceptible to reanalysis
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(Z= -1.95, p= 0.051)
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Heritage Speakers Native Speakers
Averag
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Speaker
Native vs. Heritage: Average Definite Article Judgement Score
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Patterns of Substitution
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Target Definite Articles
La/lan a an nan
La/lan
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an 5 (la) 1 2
nan 11 (la) 3
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Translation vs. Recognition Task(Z= -1.84, p= 0.066)
SummaryHeritage speakers reanalyzed the definite
articles that corresponded to the nouns.The definite articles a and nan were more
vulnerable to reanalysis than la/lan.Heritage speakers performed more
comparable to the natives on the recognition task than on the translation task.
However they required multiple repetitions and demonstrated greater processing time in selecting the definite articles.
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Task III: Narrative Discourse
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Reanalysis of Definite Articles
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(z = -2.02, p = 0.04)
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Participants Words Produced During Narrative Discourse
Words Produced During the First Minute
HS1 629 91
HS2 576 65
HS3 827 86
HS4 197 87
HS5 278 72
NS 1 940 102
NS2 943 101
Section VI
DiscussionClinical Implications
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DiscussionConsistent with the review of the
literature on heritage speakers, the results of this study suggest that heritage speakers have poor control of morphology.
Despite exposure to Haitian-Creole during their childhood, heritage speakers from this cohort, differed in the production of the definite articles.
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DiscussionSome definite articles were more
vulnerable to reanalysis than others (eg., a, nan).
Substitution choice among the heritage speakers were the definite articles la/lan.
Incomplete acquisition or language attrition?
Emergence of a new variety among New York second Haitian-Americans?
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ConclusionImportant to study the pediatric population of
this ethnolinguistic group to gain clarity on the developmental path of the heritage language.
These findings will permit educators to provide appropriate services to:
i) school age immigrant children ii) U.S. born school age heritage speakers
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AcknowledgementsDr. Loraine K.Obler Dr. Maria PolinskyDr. Robert MathesisDr. Irina SekerinaDr. Martin GittermanDr. Gail SmithE. Vincent Merry Esq.Isaiah and Pierre MerryMarie-Lourdes Neree MonéreauCarolyne Monereau-St. LouisYoungmi ParkParticipants
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Mesi anpil!Merci beaucoup!
Thank you very much!
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Heritage Speakers Native Speakers
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Native vs. Heritage: Lexical Borrowing from the English Language
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HSP1 HSP2 HSP3 HSP4 HSP5 NSP6 NSP7
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Lexical Borrowing Using English Language
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