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::Maria Kusalasari::EMMIR, IOM Intern
Conceptual Framework (Black, et.al., 2011)
- Climate change-induced migration cannot be disentangled from other factors (social, political, economy, etc.)
- Environmental factor will be part of the impetus of the existing migration patternsexisting migration patterns
- Climate change-induced migration will always be related to complex push and pull factors, causal dynamics, level of vulnerabilities, and triggering events
- Climate change gives different impact to different unit of analysis
- Every household/individual decides differently, depends on the influencing factorsdepends on the influencing factors
- It is often missed that poorer people usually have higher vulnerability that limits their option to move
� IPCC assessments of Southeast Asia suggest that:“Southeast Asia is one of the world’s most vulnerable regions, to sea-level rise, radically altered precipitation patterns and extreme weather events; and that “consequentmigrations” are to be expected.” (Fourth Assessment migrations” are to be expected.” (Fourth Assessment Report, 2007)
� Increasing natural disasters and extreme weather events might become main impetuses for increasing migration
� Internal migration (urbanization)� Intra-regional and international labor migrationImportant aspects:- Important role of network- Important role of network- Feminization of migration- Migration and poverty- Migration to encourage development- Migration as adaptation/as a tool to cope with change
Case Study: Indonesia- One of the biggest migrant-
sending countries in the region- One of the most exposed
country towards natural disasters and climate change impacts (e.g. tsunami 2004)
- Geographically Indonesia is located a highly vulnerable area
- Geographically Indonesia is located a highly vulnerable area to both natural disasters and climate change impacts
- 4 biggest disasters from 1815-2012: flood (banjir), landslide (tanah longsor), twister (puting beliung), and drought (kekeringan)
Source: National Bureau of Disaster Managementhttp://dibi.bnpb.go.id/DesInventar/dashboard.jsp?countrycode=id&continue=y&lang=ID
Record of Natural Disaster in Indonesia up to 2012 (per Municipality)
Source: National Bureau of Disaster Management http://dibi.bnpb.go.id/DesInventar/dashboard.jsp?countrycode=id&continue=y&lang=ID
Java Island
Case study: Indonesia (contd.)
- Case study: Jakarta and Semarang in Java Island (2 main important cities that are located in the low-coastal area with high degree of vulnerabilities).
- Most affected group: poor and working class, in this case: fishermen and workers at portsTwo cities on the same island with different solution: - Two cities on the same island with different solution: adaptation vs resettlement
- Main problem: Poor knowledge within the society and government
- Migration is not considered as the main solution for climate change due to economic attachment to the place
Conclusion
- Southeast Asians in general and Indonesians in particular still consider migration not as a permanent solution to climate change-induced migration
- The importance of adaptation and mitigation to enable society to re-develop their life in their homeIncreasing concern from different levels including the - Increasing concern from different levels including the government, NGOs, researchers, and academicians in seeing environmentally-induced migration as national and regional issue
- Thank you! ☺
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