Mangroves and the CircularEconomy

Mangroves and the Circular Economy

AquaCircular-Mangroves and the CircularEconomy

[Katharine N. Farrell]

07 October2020

1

where water meets water and what that implies

Katharine N. Farrell BA, MSc, MScEng, PhD

Associate Professor, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.katharine.farrell@urosario.edu.

co katharine.farrell@qub.ac.uk

Visiting Professor, SMART University Initiative, Universidad del

Magdalena, CO. Afiliated Researcher, (WINS) Berlin Workshop in

Institutional Analysis of Social Ecological Systems, Humboldt-

Universität zu Berlin, DE.

What is Water?

AquaCircular-Mangroves and the CircularEconomy

[Katharine N. Farrell]

07 October2020

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What is the CircularEconomy?

https://economiacircularverde.com/moda-

sostenible/

https://challenge.biomimicry.org/en/challeng

e

/global-design-challenge-2020

Haas, W., et al. (2015). "How

Circular is the Global Economy?"

Journal of Industrial Ecology 19(5):

765-777.

Cadillo-Benalcazar, J. J., et al. (2020). "Multi-scale

integrated evaluation of the sustainability of large-

scale use of alternative feeds in salmon

aquaculture." Journal of Cleaner Production 248:

119210.

Derived from the earlier works of Giampietro and

Mayumi (2000). Multiple-Scale Integrated

Assessment of Societal Metabolism: Introducing

the Approach.

Population and Environment 22(2): 109-153.

Skou Andersen, M.

(2007). "An introductory note on the

environmental economics of the circular

economy." Sustainability Science 2(1):

133-140.

AquaCircular-Mangroves and the CircularEconomy

[Katharine N. Farrell]

07 October2020

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this position was

developed in

collaboration with

Kozo Mayumi

AquaCircular-Mangroves and the CircularEconomy

[Katharine N. Farrell]

07 October2020

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Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen

proto-ecological economist;

originator of the concept of

bioeconomics; precursor of the

circular economy

Economics is about qualitative biological

changeGeorgescu-Roegen, N. 1971. The Entropy Law and the Economic Process.London: Harvard University Press, Distributed by Oxford University Press

(GR, 1971).

Wicksteed's production function [ P = f

(a,b,c,…) ]

“an acme of imprecision”Georgescu-Roegen, N. 1990. Production process and dynamic economics. In:

Baranzini, M.,Scazzieri, R. Ed. The Economic Theory of Structure and Change. Cambridge:

CambridgeUniversity Press: p. 205 (GR, 1990).

following on from his work at Harvard, in the 30s, on Consumption Theory andActivity Analysis, reflecting on his time in Romania duringWWII …

(1) “Romania’s institutions were not adapted to the Walrasian principleof

profit maximisation”Georgescu-Roegen, N. 1976. Energy and Economic

Myths: Institutional and Analytical Economic Essays. Oxford: Pergamon: xi (GR, 1976).

(2) “One certainly would not expect a society that cannot live according to the Walrasian distribution theory to commit suicide rather than adopt another system”

Georgescu-Roegen, N. 1966. Analytical Economics: issues and problems. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press: p. 339 (GR, 1966).

The Concept of economic Anschauung

AquaCircular-Mangroves and the CircularEconomy

[Katharine N. Farrell]

07 October2020

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“…an arithmomorphic model has no value unless there is a dialectical

reasoning

to be tested”Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, 1971. The Entropy Law and the Economic

Process. London: Harvard University Press, Distributed by Oxford University Press (GR71):341 emphasis original

• To explain the process of dialectical parameterisation, Georgescu-Roegen chose a very particular term, Anschauung, which might betranslated into English as, intuition, subjective observation orpurposive gaze

• The term is used by Immanuel Kant, in his Critique of PureReason, where he distinguishes between two forms of reason:

• Verstand or understanding, where what is, is observed through reference to itsowncharacteristics; pertaining to das Ding an sich

• Anschauung, or subjective comprehension, where what is, is experienced and interpreted by a subject; pertaining to intentionality with respect to which usefulness can be evaluated

economic Anschauung: space/time and process boundaries

• In GR71 the flow-fund theory employs three time categories• time t mechanical clock time (explicit) (delimits the time horizon)

• measured intervals : over which processes happen : flows change and funds

do not

• time T the endless flow of time (explicit) (the passage of time)• unmeasurable and irreversible temporal frame within which processes

happen• tim

e

Cuisine (implicit) – economic Anschauung (defines the time

horizon)• the complex of tradition, consciousness and abstraction through which

societies conceptualise the structure of time, either generally or for a specifically bounded process, thereby specifying the space/time boundaries of processes and on that basis their flow-fund element composition

Farrell, K.N. and K. Mayumi. 2009. Time horizons and electricity futures: an application of Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen’sgeneral theory of economic production. Energy 34(3):301-

307. Silva-Macher, JC and K.N. Farrell. 2014. The flow/fund model of Conga: exploring the anatomy of environmental conflicts at theAndes–Amazon

commodity frontier. Environment, Development and Sustainability 16(3)747-768.AquaCircular-Mangroves and the Circular

Economy

[Katharine N. Farrell]

07 October2020

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Defining Flows and Funds

AquaCircular-Mangroves and the CircularEconomy

[Katharine N. Farrell]

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‘‘Flows are elements that enter but do not leave the process or, conversely, elements that exit without having entered the process. Funds ([typically] capital, people and Ricardian land2) are elements that enter and exit the process unchanged,transforming input into outputflows’’

Mayumi, K. 1999. “Embodied energy analysis, Sraffa’s analysis, Georgescu-Roegen’s flow-fund modeland viability of solar technology.” In: Mayumi, K. and Gowdy J., Eds. Bioeconomics and

sustainability: essays in honor of Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen. Cheltenham: EdwardElgar:173-193 (p.191).

2 Mayumi includes here, the following note:‘‘in this representation, outflows of any kind are represented by positive coordinates, inflows bynegative

coordinates’’

Grannies Cookies / an All United Statesian

Cuisine

} list of

ingredients

mixinginstructions

Cuisine

Wicksteed's production

function

Farrell, K.N. and K. Mayumi 2006. ‘Time and Tradition in the Works of Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen.’ Presented at the BiennialInternational Workshop: Advances in Energy Studies "Perspectives on Energy Future" | Porto Venere, Italy 12-16 Sept., 2006; published in 2009 as Farrell, K.N. andK. Mayumi.

2009. Time horizons and electricity futures: an application of Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen’s general theory of economic production. Energy 34(3):301-307.

AquaCircular-Mangroves and the CircularEconomy

[Katharine N. Farrell]

07 October2020

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P = f

(a,b,c,…)

Kenneth Boulding‘s

critique

Grannies Cookies / an All United StatesianCuisine

mixinginstructions

Cuisine

} list of ingredients

Wicksteed's productionfunction

P = f (a,b,c,…)

Kenneth Boulding‘s

critique

eating the seed corn: economic activity - producing food | resource - seed corn

time (perspective on time)

Cuisine

time T (context)

mixing instructions

immediate infinite

a

b

c

d

ordinary daily life

business as usual

agricultural production

starvation

resource management

food production

husbandry

must eat NOW

store

fund

meta-fund

flow n/a n/a

time t (horizon)

ingredient status

ordinary

Farrell, K.N. and K. Mayumi 2006. ‘Time and Tradition in the Works of Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen.’ Presented at the BiennialInternational Workshop: Advances in Energy Studies "Perspectives on Energy Future" | Porto Venere, Italy 12-16 Sept., 2006; published in 2009 as Farrell, K.N. andK. Mayumi.

2009. Time horizons and electricity futures: an application of Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen’s general theory of economic production. Energy 34(3):301-307.

AquaCircular-Mangroves and the CircularEconomy

[Katharine N. Farrell]

07 October2020

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One Cherry Tree – two Cuisines

Produced or Producing?

Product or Capital?

Flow or Fund?

to the farmer – the tree is a producer of fruit(fund)

to the carpenter – it’s a supply of wood

(flow)

to the bee – a producer of nectar

(fund)

to the aphid – a direct source of

food (flow)

Adapted from Silva-Macher, JC and K.N. Farrell. 2014. The flow/fund model of Conga: exploring the anatomy ofenvironmentalconflicts at the Andes–Amazon commodity frontier. Environment, Development and Sustainability16(3)747-768.

AquaCircular-Mangroves and the CircularEconomy

[Katharine N. Farrell]

07 October2020

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where water meetswater

Source: Map generated by Dr. Guiying Li, Center for Global Change

and Earth Observation, Michigan State University; repoduced in Torres-

Guevara L, Lopez M, Schlüter A. 2016. Understanding Artisanal Fishers’

Behaviors: The Case of Ciénaga

Grande de Santa Marta, Colombia. Sustainability 8:

549.AquaCircular-Mangroves and the CircularEconomy

[Katharine N. Farrell]

07 October2020

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• The Great Swamp of Santa Marta• Biosphere Reserve

• Ramsar Site

• Mega biodiverse region, in combination with the Sierra Nevada to its east

• The Plantations: 1950 United Fruit

Company• Industrial global scale banana production

• Reduced and slowed river flow due to

irrigation

• The Road; end of the 1960s• construction of a road across the coastal

barrier

• mangrove forest excavated

• salt/fresh water exchange system blocked

• Massive ecological collapse: 1970s and

1980s• 1990s interventions began

• attempts to replant mangrove

• eventually channels to increase circulation

• Channels in the west now also

• to increase freshwater inflow from the River Magdalena

• which is substantially diminished in flow due to upland irrigation

economic Anschauung of the mestizo artisanal fishing communities established in

the Great Swamp of SantaMarta• Daily subsistence production

• Marginalised socio-economic situation / neither colonised nor colonizer – least rights inColombia

• Loose gender disaggregation of fishing (male) and sale of fishing product (female)

• Fishing identity symbolizes

economicand social independence in an unstable context of armedconflict

Ciénaga Fotos: Vilardy, S., y González, J.A. (Eds.). 2011.

Repensando la Ciénaga. Universidad del Magdalena y

Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Santa Marta, Colombia: p.36.

AquaCircular-Mangroves and the CircularEconomy

[Katharine N. Farrell]

07 October2020

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economic Anschauung of the agriculturalsector at the base of the Sierra Nevada of SantaMarta

• Maximise short term profits

• Colonial elite, some small holders, transnational corporations (as buyers), and marginalized mestizo employees

• Major source of income for the region and for thecountry

• Heavily dependent on irrigation

AquaCircular-Mangroves and the CircularEconomy

[Katharine N. Farrell]

07 October2020

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economic Anschauung of the tourismsectoralong the coast of SantaMarta

• Maximise short term profits

• Colonial elite, local and from the interior of country (as clients and owners of second homes), international clients, marginalized service sectorproviders

• Major source of income for the region and for thecountry

• Diverting substantial amounts of water from its natural riverflow

AquaCircular-Mangroves and the CircularEconomy

[Katharine N. Farrell]

07 October2020

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Secretaria de la Convención Ramsar Informe

(2017) Misión Ramsar de Asesoramiento No. 82,

Sitio Ramsar Sistema Delta Estuarino del Rio

Magdalena Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta.

P.20

Magdalena / Barranquilla

side

AquaCircular-Mangroves and the CircularEconomy

[Katharine N. Farrell]

07 October2020

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- physical destruction of

mangroves; timbering

and coast road

construction

- reduced water flow,

heavy metal and

biological contamination

due to upstream

urbanisation and

agriculture

- gateway for

international tourism

pressure

Sierra / Santa Marta

side- physical destruction of

mangroves; agriculture

and coast road

construction

- reduced water flow and

biological contamination due

to

upstream urbanisation

andagricultur

e- gateway for national

tourismpressur

e

Juxtaposing flow-fund Logics

across conflicting Actors

AquaCircular-Mangroves and the CircularEconomy

[Katharine N. Farrell]

07 October2020

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• Gold Mining / Milk Production Conflict in Northern Peru

• Silva-Macher, J.C. and K.N. Farrell. 2014. The flow/fund model of Conga: exploring the anatomy of environmental conflicts at the Andes–Amazon commodity frontier. Environment, Development and Sustainability16(3)747-768.

AquaCircular-Mangroves and the CircularEconomy

[Katharine N. Farrell]

07 October2020

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[Katharine N.

Farrell]1807 October 202A0quaCircular-Mangroves and the Circular

Economy

Representing Purposive Complexity as Parameters for ProcessElements

Silva-Macher, J.C. and K.N. Farrell. 2014. The flow/fund model of Conga: exploring the anatomy of environmental conflicts at the Andes–Amazon commodity frontier. Environment, Development and Sustainability16(3)747-768.

Based on Giampietro, M. & K. Mayumi. 2004. Impredicative loop analysis: Dealing with the representation of chicken-egg processes. In M. Giampietro, Multi-scale integrated analysis of agroecosystems Boca Raton: CRC Press: 171–230.

AquaCircular-Mangroves and the CircularEconomy

[Katharine N. Farrell]

07 October2020

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Exploring the Anatomy of theConflict

rivers

feedin

gthe Great

Swamp

area of the Great

Swamp

Anschauung - mestizo

artisanalfishing

communities

ocean

currents

feeding the

Great

Swamp

Anschauung - agricultural sector (bananas and African

Palm Oil)

Anschauung - the tourism sector (mainly along the

coast)

fund

fund

flowfun

d

flo

w

fun

d

AquaCircular-Mangroves and the CircularEconomy

[Katharine N. Farrell]

07 October2020

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Photo: Cienága Grande de Santa Marta

with the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in the

background June 2020, taken by Jose Bermudez, Fisherman

and Antropologist

¡ Thank you for your attention !

katharine.farrell@urosario.edu.co katharine.farrell@qub.ac.uk