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Mangrove Structure amp Function+
Mangrove Goods amp Services
ONG JE
ltmangrovesyahoocomgt
ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
bull Geomorphic
bull Edaphic (Soil)
bull Climate
bull Vascular plants
bull Animals
15
48
56
5
(GPP=65)
(NPP=17)
5
Unit t C ha -1 y-1
GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
Edaphic (Soil)Fine Sediments
and Brackish Water
ClimatePrecipitationEvaporation
Temperature HumiditySunshine
Wind
Vascular Plants
Animals
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
bull Primary Producers (Vascular Plants)
bull Primary Producers (Algae)
bull Consumers (Herbivores amp Carnivores)
bull Decomposers
bull Detritivores
MANGROVE GOODSbull Timber (Wood)Firewood charcoal poles chipsbull Other Plant ProductsNipa thatchsugaralcoholhoneybull Animal Productsbull Fish (fin amp shell)
Timber (Wood)
Other Plant Products
eg Nipah alcohol
Animal Products
eg Honey
Fish
MANGROVE SERVICES
bull NurseryBreeding Groundsbull Bird SanctuaryMigratory Stopsbull Maintenance of Channel Depthbull Coastal protectionbull Carbon sequestrationbull Ecotourism
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
bull Geomorphic
bull Edaphic (Soil)
bull Climate
bull Vascular plants
bull Animals
15
48
56
5
(GPP=65)
(NPP=17)
5
Unit t C ha -1 y-1
GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
Edaphic (Soil)Fine Sediments
and Brackish Water
ClimatePrecipitationEvaporation
Temperature HumiditySunshine
Wind
Vascular Plants
Animals
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
bull Primary Producers (Vascular Plants)
bull Primary Producers (Algae)
bull Consumers (Herbivores amp Carnivores)
bull Decomposers
bull Detritivores
MANGROVE GOODSbull Timber (Wood)Firewood charcoal poles chipsbull Other Plant ProductsNipa thatchsugaralcoholhoneybull Animal Productsbull Fish (fin amp shell)
Timber (Wood)
Other Plant Products
eg Nipah alcohol
Animal Products
eg Honey
Fish
MANGROVE SERVICES
bull NurseryBreeding Groundsbull Bird SanctuaryMigratory Stopsbull Maintenance of Channel Depthbull Coastal protectionbull Carbon sequestrationbull Ecotourism
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
15
48
56
5
(GPP=65)
(NPP=17)
5
Unit t C ha -1 y-1
GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
Edaphic (Soil)Fine Sediments
and Brackish Water
ClimatePrecipitationEvaporation
Temperature HumiditySunshine
Wind
Vascular Plants
Animals
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
bull Primary Producers (Vascular Plants)
bull Primary Producers (Algae)
bull Consumers (Herbivores amp Carnivores)
bull Decomposers
bull Detritivores
MANGROVE GOODSbull Timber (Wood)Firewood charcoal poles chipsbull Other Plant ProductsNipa thatchsugaralcoholhoneybull Animal Productsbull Fish (fin amp shell)
Timber (Wood)
Other Plant Products
eg Nipah alcohol
Animal Products
eg Honey
Fish
MANGROVE SERVICES
bull NurseryBreeding Groundsbull Bird SanctuaryMigratory Stopsbull Maintenance of Channel Depthbull Coastal protectionbull Carbon sequestrationbull Ecotourism
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
Edaphic (Soil)Fine Sediments
and Brackish Water
ClimatePrecipitationEvaporation
Temperature HumiditySunshine
Wind
Vascular Plants
Animals
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
bull Primary Producers (Vascular Plants)
bull Primary Producers (Algae)
bull Consumers (Herbivores amp Carnivores)
bull Decomposers
bull Detritivores
MANGROVE GOODSbull Timber (Wood)Firewood charcoal poles chipsbull Other Plant ProductsNipa thatchsugaralcoholhoneybull Animal Productsbull Fish (fin amp shell)
Timber (Wood)
Other Plant Products
eg Nipah alcohol
Animal Products
eg Honey
Fish
MANGROVE SERVICES
bull NurseryBreeding Groundsbull Bird SanctuaryMigratory Stopsbull Maintenance of Channel Depthbull Coastal protectionbull Carbon sequestrationbull Ecotourism
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
Edaphic (Soil)Fine Sediments
and Brackish Water
ClimatePrecipitationEvaporation
Temperature HumiditySunshine
Wind
Vascular Plants
Animals
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
bull Primary Producers (Vascular Plants)
bull Primary Producers (Algae)
bull Consumers (Herbivores amp Carnivores)
bull Decomposers
bull Detritivores
MANGROVE GOODSbull Timber (Wood)Firewood charcoal poles chipsbull Other Plant ProductsNipa thatchsugaralcoholhoneybull Animal Productsbull Fish (fin amp shell)
Timber (Wood)
Other Plant Products
eg Nipah alcohol
Animal Products
eg Honey
Fish
MANGROVE SERVICES
bull NurseryBreeding Groundsbull Bird SanctuaryMigratory Stopsbull Maintenance of Channel Depthbull Coastal protectionbull Carbon sequestrationbull Ecotourism
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
ClimatePrecipitationEvaporation
Temperature HumiditySunshine
Wind
Vascular Plants
Animals
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
bull Primary Producers (Vascular Plants)
bull Primary Producers (Algae)
bull Consumers (Herbivores amp Carnivores)
bull Decomposers
bull Detritivores
MANGROVE GOODSbull Timber (Wood)Firewood charcoal poles chipsbull Other Plant ProductsNipa thatchsugaralcoholhoneybull Animal Productsbull Fish (fin amp shell)
Timber (Wood)
Other Plant Products
eg Nipah alcohol
Animal Products
eg Honey
Fish
MANGROVE SERVICES
bull NurseryBreeding Groundsbull Bird SanctuaryMigratory Stopsbull Maintenance of Channel Depthbull Coastal protectionbull Carbon sequestrationbull Ecotourism
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
Vascular Plants
Animals
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
bull Primary Producers (Vascular Plants)
bull Primary Producers (Algae)
bull Consumers (Herbivores amp Carnivores)
bull Decomposers
bull Detritivores
MANGROVE GOODSbull Timber (Wood)Firewood charcoal poles chipsbull Other Plant ProductsNipa thatchsugaralcoholhoneybull Animal Productsbull Fish (fin amp shell)
Timber (Wood)
Other Plant Products
eg Nipah alcohol
Animal Products
eg Honey
Fish
MANGROVE SERVICES
bull NurseryBreeding Groundsbull Bird SanctuaryMigratory Stopsbull Maintenance of Channel Depthbull Coastal protectionbull Carbon sequestrationbull Ecotourism
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
Animals
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
bull Primary Producers (Vascular Plants)
bull Primary Producers (Algae)
bull Consumers (Herbivores amp Carnivores)
bull Decomposers
bull Detritivores
MANGROVE GOODSbull Timber (Wood)Firewood charcoal poles chipsbull Other Plant ProductsNipa thatchsugaralcoholhoneybull Animal Productsbull Fish (fin amp shell)
Timber (Wood)
Other Plant Products
eg Nipah alcohol
Animal Products
eg Honey
Fish
MANGROVE SERVICES
bull NurseryBreeding Groundsbull Bird SanctuaryMigratory Stopsbull Maintenance of Channel Depthbull Coastal protectionbull Carbon sequestrationbull Ecotourism
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
bull Primary Producers (Vascular Plants)
bull Primary Producers (Algae)
bull Consumers (Herbivores amp Carnivores)
bull Decomposers
bull Detritivores
MANGROVE GOODSbull Timber (Wood)Firewood charcoal poles chipsbull Other Plant ProductsNipa thatchsugaralcoholhoneybull Animal Productsbull Fish (fin amp shell)
Timber (Wood)
Other Plant Products
eg Nipah alcohol
Animal Products
eg Honey
Fish
MANGROVE SERVICES
bull NurseryBreeding Groundsbull Bird SanctuaryMigratory Stopsbull Maintenance of Channel Depthbull Coastal protectionbull Carbon sequestrationbull Ecotourism
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
MANGROVE GOODSbull Timber (Wood)Firewood charcoal poles chipsbull Other Plant ProductsNipa thatchsugaralcoholhoneybull Animal Productsbull Fish (fin amp shell)
Timber (Wood)
Other Plant Products
eg Nipah alcohol
Animal Products
eg Honey
Fish
MANGROVE SERVICES
bull NurseryBreeding Groundsbull Bird SanctuaryMigratory Stopsbull Maintenance of Channel Depthbull Coastal protectionbull Carbon sequestrationbull Ecotourism
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
Timber (Wood)
Other Plant Products
eg Nipah alcohol
Animal Products
eg Honey
Fish
MANGROVE SERVICES
bull NurseryBreeding Groundsbull Bird SanctuaryMigratory Stopsbull Maintenance of Channel Depthbull Coastal protectionbull Carbon sequestrationbull Ecotourism
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
Other Plant Products
eg Nipah alcohol
Animal Products
eg Honey
Fish
MANGROVE SERVICES
bull NurseryBreeding Groundsbull Bird SanctuaryMigratory Stopsbull Maintenance of Channel Depthbull Coastal protectionbull Carbon sequestrationbull Ecotourism
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
Animal Products
eg Honey
Fish
MANGROVE SERVICES
bull NurseryBreeding Groundsbull Bird SanctuaryMigratory Stopsbull Maintenance of Channel Depthbull Coastal protectionbull Carbon sequestrationbull Ecotourism
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
Fish
MANGROVE SERVICES
bull NurseryBreeding Groundsbull Bird SanctuaryMigratory Stopsbull Maintenance of Channel Depthbull Coastal protectionbull Carbon sequestrationbull Ecotourism
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
MANGROVE SERVICES
bull NurseryBreeding Groundsbull Bird SanctuaryMigratory Stopsbull Maintenance of Channel Depthbull Coastal protectionbull Carbon sequestrationbull Ecotourism
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
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