Managers are people who do things right. Leaders are people who do the right things

”Managers are people who do things right. Leaders are people

who do the right things”

LEAD

LISTENING

ENTHUSIASME

ARGUMENTING

DIRECTING

Why do we need leaders?

• Incomplete organisational structure

• External change

• Internal change

• Motivate, inspire and influence

Leadership roles• Policy issues, strategic decision making & structural change [Origination = top managers on system level]

• Interpret strategic decisions and design method of implementation [Interpolation = intermediate-level managers on subsystem level]

• Implement policies and procedures efficiently [Administration = lower-level managers with know-how]

Approaches to leadership [100 years]

• traits approach

• Behavioural approach

• Situational approach

Early theories of leadership: Traits theories or Great-Man

theories

Trait theories are about "Who is a leader?” The theories identify certain personality types and concern well-known personalities who possess distinguished innate characteristic, or just were at the right place at the right time. Examples: Ghandi, Churchill etc.

The Great Man Theory

• Traits: Physical traits, intelligence, personality traits

• Stogdill (1948): revised 124 studies of leadership & found only 3 attributes for most leaders:– Height– Intelligence– Initiative

Who is your leader?

• Lord et al (1984) found that group ascribed to leaders 3 attributes:– Intelligence

– Dominance

– Masculinity

Changes between 1948 and 1984

• McCare, Robert R. (2000): “Trait Pychology and the Revival of Personality and Culture Studies”

• What are these “changes” based on? PEAK

Leaders behaviours

• Stogdill & Coons (1957) identified 9 dimensions of behaviour:1. Initiation2. Membership3. Representation4. Integration5. Organization6. Domination7. Communication8. Recognition9. Production

Factor analysis of the 9 dimensions gave 2 large factors

• Consideration– Helping subordinates– Doing favours– Explaining

• Initiating Structure – Getting subordinates to

follow rules– Setting performance

standards– Making roles explicit

Behavioural theories [styles]: What the leader does

rather than who the leader is

The way someone performs the task:

• Charismatic Theory

• Authoritarian

• Democratic

• Laissez-Faire

• Task vs Relationship (Blake & Mouton)

Autoritarian styles

• Strong control

• Dominance

• Orders to be followed

• Directions are commands

• Criticism is common

Democratic style

• Participative and less controlling• Control is shared by the group• Stimulation and quidance instead of commands• Group responsiblity for the outcomes is based on:

– Active participation

– Responsibility for oneself and for the welfare of the group

– Concern and consideration for each group member

Laissez-Faire

• inactive, passive, nondirectional

• Lack of limits

• Control is left to the group

• Independent non-co-ordinated activities– Highly self-directed, motivated and selv-

organised groups could here become highly creative and productive

Task vs. relationship[Blake & Mouton]

Task oriented leader:– Get the work done and encourage group productivity.

Relationship oriented Leader – Secure interpersonal relationships through activities that

meet the needs of group members

The task and relationship orientations are bipolar. The leader can be high in one scale and low on another. It is also possible to balance between task and relation.

Tannenbaum & Schmidt