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Management of DiabetesNational Guidelines
Dept of HealthSEMDSASep 2005
CLASSIFICATION
• TYPE 1 Bcell destruction• TYPE 2 Insulin Resistance• IMPAIRED GLUCOSE REGULATION{impaired fasting glucose, impaired tolerance}• GESTATIONAL• OTHER
DIAGNOSIS DIABETES
• SYMPTOMS PLUS random gluc >11.1 mmol/lOR fasting glucose > 7.0 mmol/l
{ polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, pruritis}OR
• Fasting gluc > 7.0 mmol/l• 2 hr gluc > 11.1 mmol/l{on two separate occasions, if asymptomatic }{ venous plasma samples }
Impaired glucose handling
• Impaired Fasting Glucose6.1- 6.9 mmol/l
• Impaired Glucose Tolerance7.8-11.0 mmol/l
Indications for hospital level careInpatient referral• Diabetic keto-acidosis• Hyperosmolar states• Hypoglycemia with neuroglycopenia• Recurrent or persistent poor glycemic
control• Severe chronic complications of diabetes• Initiation of intensive insulin regimens
Indications for hospital level care
Hospital OPD referrals• All type 1 diabetics• Chronic complications for review• Persistent hyperglycemia• All newly diagnosed diabetics• All diabetic patients for annual review
General Management
• Lifestyle : diet and exercise• Glycemic control• Treat hypertension• Treat Lipids
TARGETS
• Fasting gluc :4-6• Postprandial gluc : 6-8• HbA1c < 7 BP < 130/80• TC < 5 BMI < 25-30• LDL < 2.6 5-10% wt reduction• TG < 1.5• HDL > 1.2
MANAGEMENT
• Diabetes education essentialPLEASE LIAISE WITH YOUR DM NURSE
• Self monitoringType 1 : when adjusting doses – 4X/d
maintenance –2X/d Type 2 : As above?
DRUGS AND INSULIN
• ALGORITHMS PP 11-15 IN HANDBOOK
Insulin Regimens
• Once daily insulin:Protaphane nocte + OAA’s0.1 u/kg
• Twice daily insulin: 2/3 1/3Actraphane B.D
• Basal Bolus: 20 20 20 40 %Actrapid at mealtimes Protaphane at 22H00
Total daily dose of insulin
• Type 1 : 0.4-0.6U/kg/d
• Type 2 : 0.2-0.3U/kg/d
Oral Hypoglycemic drugs
• Gliclazide 40 bd to 160mg bd
• Metformin 500 bd to 1g tds[ obese pts, no major complications and creat< 150]
Insulin in type 2 diabetes
• Poor control with oral drugs• Severe infections, major surgery and any
hyperglycemic emergency• Consider early use for thin patients with
very poor control• Severe complications, Creat > 150
HYPO’S• Symptoms : sweating, headache, confusion
etc• Gluc < 3mmol/l• Causes : missed meal, exercise, liver disease, renal
impairment, adrenal, dose• Use sugar plus slow release carbs, 50 ml 50%
dextrose, IVI 5% dextrose, glucagon• Admit for obs. SU needs longer obs period• If poor response to therapy, look for other cause of
mental state
HYPERLIPIDEMIA
• Restrict fats to < 30 % /d• As low monosat fat as possible• Chol < 300 mg/d• Wt loss 5-10 %• Exercise 30 min X 5d per week• High fibre, mod alcohol• Control Diabetes
• Statin [ LDL> 2.6 after lifestyle mod, or established atherosclerotic disease]
• Fibrate for TG elevation after gluc controlled• Exclude secondary causes : hypothyroidism,
nephrotic syndrome and alcohol
HYPERTENSION
• BP 130/80• Lifestyle first, except if bp> 180/110, end-
organ damage[ then start drugs immed]• Drugs
HCTZ[ Lasix,if creat>150], AceI[espnephropathy], CCB2ND line : a blocker, b blocker[IHD]
ASPIRIN
• All patients for secondary prevention• Consider if other risk factors for heart
disease, age > 30• Age < 21 possibility of Reyes Syndrome• 75-300 mg• Check contra indications
DKA
• Gluc > 20• U-dipstix 2+ Ketones• pH < 7.35 SB < 15• Underlying cause? Urine,CXR,ECG• U & E
Fluid
• IVI n/saline 2-3 l over 4 hrs2l over next 8 hrsthen 1l every 8 hrs
• Colloid if systolic < 100• ½ n/saline if Na > 155• Change to dextrose saline when gluc <14
Insulin
• 100 u/100ml n/saline infusion• +/- 5u/hr• When gluc < 14, halve rate [2.5u/hr], start
5% dextrose/saline• Continue until ketones negative
K
• Omit, initially, if s-K > 6• 20mmol/l• Re-check K levels 2hrly
Bicarb
• For pH< 7, K>4
• 100mls 8%bicarb with 20mmol KCl over ½hour
• Rpt pH after 30 min• Problems with Na load, K shifts,
intracerebral acidosis
Other
• CVP• Antibiotics• Convert to regular insulin when ketone free
and eating normally
Hyperosmolar state
• Gluc very high [often >50]• S-osm > 320• Profound dehydration• Mild ketosis, normal pH, older patient
Management
• As for DKA• Will need more fluid• CVP monitoring very important
Elective surgery
• Type 1• Admit patient at least1day prior to surgery-
bloods, CXR, ECG, correct K• Schedule for first on slate in morning• Postpone surgery if >8 [major surg]
>15[minor surg]
• Omit breakfast and morning insulin• Start GKI infusion at 100ml/hr• 500 ml 10%Dextrose water + 15U actrapid
+10 mmol KCl• Check glucose hrly in op, 2 hrly post op• Aim for gluc 6-11mmol/l • Check gluc and U & E in recovery room
• If gluc> 11, then mix new bag with 20u actrapidplus K in 10% d/w
• If gluc<6, then 10u actrapid in new bag
• If K >5.5, then drop KCl from bag• If K< 4, then add 20mmol KCl to new bag
• Continue infusion till patient eating normally• If infusion lasts for several days, then use dextrose
saline and ½ insulin dose plus KCL.
• Diet control: if fasting gluc< 7: treat as for non-diabetic, if gluc>7: use GKI
• Oral drugs: stop metformin 3d prior to surgery and withold for 3d after,esp if contrast given. If fasting gluc<7treat as non-diab for minor surgery. The rest: GKI
• Emergency surg: try to delay if ketosis present for 4-6 hrs[see DKA management above], then GKI
Sick Days
• Don’t stop usual insulin• Drink plenty of fluids• Gluc 10-14 : add 10% TDD before meal• Gluc 14.1-22: add 20% TDD before meal• Gluc >22 : add 30% TDD before meal• If nauseous, use unsweetened and small
amount of sweetened drinks
• Consult doc urgently if:Gluc over 22mmol/lGluc not coming downVomiting/unable to eat for any reasonKetonuria
Diabetic foot• Assess vascular, neuropathy and skin/arch• Risk categories0 No sensory neuropathy1 Sensory neuropathy2 SN plus deformities/features of PVD3 Previous ulceration or amputation
• Re-vascularization may save the foot from amputation
• Annexure 5, page 50 for general measures
Retinopathy
Risk groups• Uncontrolled DM• Type 1 from early age, puberty• Long duration of diabetes• Pregnancy with pre-existing diabetes• Associated hypertension
Normal retina
Macula
Optic disc
Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Hard exudates
Severe non-proliferativeretinopathy
Haemorrhage
Cotton wool spot
Proliferative retinopathy
New vessels
Pre-retinal haemorrhage
Advanced proliferativeretinopathy
Scar tissue
Early macular oedema
ReferralsUrgent• All neovascularization• Decrease in visual acuity- mod-severe• Preretinal haemorrhageSoon• Mod-severe non-prolif retinopathy• Maculopathy• Hard exudates within the vascular arcades Routine• All new diabetics
Nephropathy
• Incipient nephropathymicroalbuminuria [2/3 in 3 months],HPT
• Overt nephropathypersistent dipstix proteinuria, HPT
• Renal failureRaised creat, decreased clearance
microalbuminuria
• 30-300 mg/24hr• Spot urinary Alb-creat ratio:3-30mg/mmol• Micral urine dipstix• Spot urinary alb conc : >20mg/l
Management
• Treat lipids• Glycemic control
Change to insulin if GFR<30 or creat>150• BP< 125/75• Ace I: If MAlb, even if BP normal• Restrict prot to<0.8g/kg/d• Calcium management• Dialysis/transplant
Neuropathy
Diffuse Peripheral polyneuropathyProximal AmyotrophyAutonomic neuropathy
Focal Entrapmentmononeuritis/multiplex
Therapy: tricyclics, tegretol, gabapentin
THEENDOF
THESTORY
!
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