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Maltreatment of ChildrenMaltreatment of Children
An interactive lectureAn interactive lecture
maltreatmentmaltreatment
The common term is child abuse, The common term is child abuse, however, developmentalist’s however, developmentalist’s increasingly refer to the term increasingly refer to the term maltreatment.maltreatment.
What are some types of What are some types of maltreatment?maltreatment?
Types of MaltreatmentTypes of Maltreatment
Physical abusePhysical abuse Sexual abuseSexual abuse Fostering delinquencyFostering delinquency Lack of appropriate supervisionLack of appropriate supervision Medical/dental neglectMedical/dental neglect Educational neglectEducational neglect Nutritional neglectNutritional neglect Drug and alcohol abuseDrug and alcohol abuse
Developmental Developmental consequences of consequences of maltreatment maltreatment
Poor emotional regulationPoor emotional regulation Attachment problemsAttachment problems Problems in peer relationsProblems in peer relations Difficulty in adapting at schoolDifficulty in adapting at school Other psychological problems Other psychological problems
including age inappropriate behaviour including age inappropriate behaviour and responsibility; guilt, shame.and responsibility; guilt, shame.
Messed up boundaries Messed up boundaries
ProfilingProfiling
What are some of the What are some of the characteristics you believe or are characteristics you believe or are led (socially) to believe, to be of a led (socially) to believe, to be of a person who abuses or maltreats person who abuses or maltreats children?children?
whowho
Not all parents who abuse children were Not all parents who abuse children were themselves abused.themselves abused.
Parenting styles and values are Parenting styles and values are influenced from one generation to the influenced from one generation to the next.next.
Indicator to prevent abuse from Indicator to prevent abuse from generation to generation: having at least generation to generation: having at least one significant influence (teacher, one significant influence (teacher, parent, aunt etc) of warmth and caring in parent, aunt etc) of warmth and caring in childhood, and in their lives as a parent.childhood, and in their lives as a parent.
Your Text according to Your Text according to Health Canada (1997)Health Canada (1997)
““Family economic factors such as Family economic factors such as poverty and unemployment also can poverty and unemployment also can increase the risk of child maltreatment in increase the risk of child maltreatment in families. (health Canada, 1997).” cited families. (health Canada, 1997).” cited in text page 214in text page 214
What is problematic with this statement?What is problematic with this statement?
Risk vs PredictionRisk vs Prediction
Less resources to self educate, purchase Less resources to self educate, purchase books, etc.,books, etc.,
Less likely to seek out and be able to access Less likely to seek out and be able to access resources to help or be able to pay for resources to help or be able to pay for resources to help.resources to help.
Less able to “take a break”. Less able to “take a break”. People on social assistance or in poverty are People on social assistance or in poverty are
less likely to call police for help. less likely to call police for help. Are watched and scrutinized by institutions Are watched and scrutinized by institutions
more closely (SA; EI;).more closely (SA; EI;).
PredictionPrediction
What factors can be used as What factors can be used as potential predictors of potential predictors of maltreatment, that transcend maltreatment, that transcend (bypass) economics and the (bypass) economics and the cultural bias against those living in cultural bias against those living in poverty or struggle under social poverty or struggle under social assistance?assistance?
factors to consider that factors to consider that transcend economicstranscend economics
Limited knowledge of child rearingLimited knowledge of child rearing lower tolerance for common infant lower tolerance for common infant
behavioursbehaviours children with less predictable routineschildren with less predictable routines children who have feeding problemschildren who have feeding problems misinterpretations of a child’s reason misinterpretations of a child’s reason
for cryingfor crying
more factors that more factors that transcend transcend economicseconomics
Parent who is less likely to reason Parent who is less likely to reason with a childwith a child
parental drug parental drug misusemisuse (alcohol, (alcohol, designer or street drugs, designer or street drugs, prescription drugs)prescription drugs)
presence of a deformity in childpresence of a deformity in child parent perceiving a child as uglyparent perceiving a child as ugly
SpankingSpanking
Is spanking ok?Is spanking ok? What constitutes a spank?What constitutes a spank? Is spanking legal in Ontario?Is spanking legal in Ontario?
Sexual abuseSexual abuse
Likely most traumatic, because of Likely most traumatic, because of social stigma and damage to social stigma and damage to boundary developmentboundary development
People who sexually abuse are People who sexually abuse are likely close to and known to the likely close to and known to the childchild
BoundariesBoundaries
Invisible constructs that delineate Invisible constructs that delineate individuals and subsystems and define individuals and subsystems and define the amount and type of contact the amount and type of contact allowable between members of a group allowable between members of a group or family.or family.
Help us know what is in and what is outHelp us know what is in and what is out Are not visible and so are inferred by Are not visible and so are inferred by
the repeating patterns of behaviour in a the repeating patterns of behaviour in a given systemgiven system
Boundaries…Boundaries…
Imply rules or preferred relationships Imply rules or preferred relationships between subsystems in a family or between subsystems in a family or groupgroup
A systems rules are what distinguish it A systems rules are what distinguish it from other system rules, therefore set from other system rules, therefore set the boundaries of that system.the boundaries of that system.
Imply a notion of hierarchy with in Imply a notion of hierarchy with in system or subsystem (consider the system or subsystem (consider the hierarchy in your own family)hierarchy in your own family)
Open vs Closed SystemsOpen vs Closed Systems
All living systems are open to some All living systems are open to some extentextent
Healthy system is one that has Healthy system is one that has balance between openness and balance between openness and closedness.closedness.
A healthy system is open to some A healthy system is open to some ideas and closed to othersideas and closed to others
A healthy system is one that is A healthy system is one that is flexible, adaptable.flexible, adaptable.
Clear BoundariesClear Boundaries
Imply engagement are predictableImply engagement are predictable Firm yet flexibleFirm yet flexible Consistent yet changeable (evolving)Consistent yet changeable (evolving) Are open, not secretiveAre open, not secretive Having meaning, intent, purpose, Having meaning, intent, purpose,
reasonreason Age appropriateAge appropriate
Clear boundaries….Clear boundaries….
Members are nurtured and supported Members are nurtured and supported in understanding and working with in understanding and working with the boundaries that existthe boundaries that exist
Members are given some degree of Members are given some degree of autonomy - developmentally autonomy - developmentally increasing.increasing.
Some freedom to experiment and Some freedom to experiment and test the boundaries, or push them test the boundaries, or push them without repercussionwithout repercussion
Rigid BoundariesRigid Boundaries Imply disengagement, are not predictableImply disengagement, are not predictable Inflexible, unreasonable, “cold”Inflexible, unreasonable, “cold” Under-responsibility, blocking warmthUnder-responsibility, blocking warmth Isololating, rigid boundaries often belong Isololating, rigid boundaries often belong
to systems that are autonomous and to systems that are autonomous and segregatedsegregated
Likely delayed social developmentLikely delayed social development Members seek support and nurturance Members seek support and nurturance
elsewhere (handle it yourself, don’t bother elsewhere (handle it yourself, don’t bother me) me)
Diffuse (blurred) Diffuse (blurred) BoundariesBoundaries
Enmeshment, polar opposite of rigidEnmeshment, polar opposite of rigid Everyone is into everyone’s businessEveryone is into everyone’s business Over responsibilityOver responsibility Providing support when not needed, Providing support when not needed,
blocking autonomyblocking autonomy Parents are too accessible, too much Parents are too accessible, too much
negotiation and accommodationnegotiation and accommodation Cost to child is loss of experimentation, Cost to child is loss of experimentation,
autonomy, independence, autonomy, independence, Delayed emotional developmentDelayed emotional development
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