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Malaria in Children. Presented by Amanda Larson Masters of Public Health Student Public Health 6165 Walden University January 20, 2013. Order of Presentation. Introduction of Malaria Mode of Transmission Geographical Distribution Risk Factors Signs & Symptoms Disease Burden - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Malaria in ChildrenPresented by Amanda LarsonMasters of Public Health Student
Public Health 6165Walden UniversityJanuary 20, 2013
Order of PresentationIntroduction of MalariaMode of TransmissionGeographical Distribution Risk Factors Signs & SymptomsDisease BurdenTreatmentMethods of Control & Prevention
INTRODUCTION OF MALARIAThe Centers for Disease Control
Definition
(CDC, 2012)
Mode of TransmissionInfection from
bite of mosquito Only Anopheles
mosquitoes
Danger = dusk to the early morning
Not spread by causal contact
Found in RBCs
Only spread when blood is exchanged
(APHA, 2004) & (CDC, 2012)
Geographical Distribution
(CDC, 2012)
Risk Factors for Malarial Infection
Every 30 seconds, a child somewhere dies of
malaria. Photo Courtesy of The Ifakara Health Research & Development Centre and the Rufiji District Council Health Management Team, Tanzania
(MFI, 2013)
Mortality Risk by Age Group
Figures: Courtesy of World Health Organization. (2003). The African Malaria Report 2003.
Signs & Symptoms
Incubation Period Early Signs & Symptoms
≈ 8 days to 4 weeks
Rarely 8 to 10 months
Figure: Courtesy of Travel Health Matters (APHA, 2004)
Classification Malaria is diagnosed as severe when any of the following
criteria are present, otherwise it is considered uncomplicated:◦ Decreased consciousness◦ Significant weakness such that the person is unable to walk◦ Inability to feed◦ Two or more convulsions◦ Low blood pressure◦ Breathing problems◦ Circulatory shock◦ Kidney failure or blood in the urine◦ Bleeding problems,◦ Pulmonary edema◦ Low blood glucose level◦ Acidosis or high lactate levels◦ A high parasite level in the bloodWorld Health Organization. (2003). The African Malaria Report 2003.
TreatmentThe treatment of malaria
depends on the severity of the disease. ◦Uncomplicated malaria may be
treated with oral antimalarial medications.
◦Severe malaria requires the intravenous administration of antimalarial drugs.
World Health Organization. (2012). World Malaria Report 2012. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_2012/wmr2012_full_report.pdf
Disease Burden
Local Burden International BurdenMalaria:
◦ Increases school absenteeism
◦ Decreases tourism◦ Inhibits foreign
investment◦ Affects crop production◦ Increases hospital
expenditurea
Despite the advances of the past decade, malaria is still one of the five leading causes of child under-five mortality worldwide.b
100 countries report cases of malaria in 2005.
54 countries reported deaths caused by malaria in 2005.
a: World Health Organization. (2012). World Malaria Report 2012. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_2012/wmr2012_full_report.pdf
b: Hartman, A. F. (2013, January 15). World Malaria Report: Are We in Danger of Replicating History? Retrieved from http://blog.msh.org/2013/01/15/world-malaria-report-in-danger-of-replicating-history/
Methods of Control & PreventionLocal community methods:
◦Insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs)
◦Indoor residual spraying with insecticides (IRS)
◦Vector control by eliminating mosquito breeding sites
◦Intermittent preventative treatment with full dose of antimalarial drug for pregnant women
◦Blood donors should be questioned for history of malaria
American Public Health Association. (2004). Control of Communicable Diseases Manuel (18th ed.). (D. L. Heymann, Ed.).
Methods of Control & Prevention cont.
Personal Protective Measures◦Avoid going out between dusk and
dawn◦Apply insect repellent to exposed
skin◦Use screens over doors and
windows, or close them at night◦Seek medical help if malaria is
suspectedAmerican Public Health Association. (2004). Control of Communicable Diseases Manuel (18th ed.). (D. L. Heymann, Ed.).
Review Learning ObjectivesWhat is Malaria?Mode of TransmissionGeographical Distribution & Risk
FactorsSigns & SymptomsDisease Burden: Internationally &
LocallyTreatmentMethods of Control & Prevention
ADDITIONAL READING SUGGESTIONSThe Malaria Journal
◦http://www.malariajournal.com/Malaria Elimination Group
◦http://www.malariaeliminationgroup.org/index.phpThe American Journal of Tropical Medicine &
Hygiene◦http://www.ajtmh.org/
Understanding Malaria: Fighting an Ancient Scourge◦US Department of Health & Human Services◦ http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/malaria/documents/malaria.pdf
References American Public Health Association. (2004). Control of Communicable
Diseases Manuel (18th ed.). (D. L. Heymann, Ed.). Centers for Disease Control. (2012). Malaria: Frequently Asked
Questions. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html Centers for Disease Control. (2012). Malaria: Where Malaria Occurs.
Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html. Hartman, A. F. (2013, January 15). World Malaria Report: Are We in
Danger of Replicating History? Retrieved from http://blog.msh.org/2013/01/15/world-malaria-report-in-danger-of-replicating-history/
Malaria Foundation International. (2013). About Malaria. Retrieved from Malaria Foundation International: http://www.malaria.org/index.php?Itemid=32&id=8&option=com_content&task=section
World Health Organization. (2003). The African Malaria Report 2003. World Health Organization. (2012). World Malaria Report 2012. Retrieved
from http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_2012/wmr2012_full_report.pdf
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