MALARIA IN CAMEROON – WEST AFRICA Presented by Florence Angu PhD Student in Public Health...

MALARIA IN CAMEROON – WEST AFRICAPresented by Florence AnguPhD Student in Public Health –EpidemiologyWalden UniversityProfessor : Dr. Denise FedaSummer, 2012

Microsoft Corporation. (2012)PowerPoint templates.

Order of presentation (cont.)PathophysiologyClinical presentationEpidemiologyMalaria burden in CameroonTreatmentPrevention and control

Order of presentation (cont.)

DiscussionQuestions and personal thoughtsAdditional resourcesReferences

Introduction of TopicFacts about malaria!

Purpose of presentationBuild more awareness of the severity of malariaDevelop strategic planning and funding decisionsDevelop more efficient methods of eliminating the vector.Implement more reliable diagnostic testing, disease surveillance and health informationDevelop better policies and decision making

Learning outcomesBy the end of this presentation, participants would be able to:

Verbalize some malaria parasites. Name the causes of malaria.Verbalize the signs and symptoms of malaria.Identify some mosquitoes breeding sites.Identify methods of prevention and control.

History

Important dates and figures2700 BC Characteristic symptoms of malaria first described in the Chinese Canon of Medicine.By the 4th century BCE, extensively recognized in Greece.1880-Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran discovered the malaria parasite (CDC, 2010).

History (cont.)1890-1897 Naming of the malaria plasmodium.1897-1898 Ronald Ross demonstrated that mosquitoes transmit malaria parasites.1898-1899 Italian investigators proved the transmission of the human malaria parasites plasmodium (CDC, 2010).

History (cont.)4000-5000 Advent of agriculture in Africa.Before 1500 Malaria present in Cameroon.1870 European settlementAfter 1870 anthropophilic index of the vectors of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa21st century malaria and Cameroon (Kakkilaya, 2011).

Malaria outbreaks :Nepal - 1999 1162 casesSri Lanka – 2000 72 deaths Bangladesh – 2000 16000 clinical cases, 177 deaths; In 2004, 8526 cases; In 2005 1087 cases and 14 deathsIndonesia 2004-2005 18,812 cases, 87 deathsJamaica – 2006-2007 370 casesUnited States- 2008 Almost 1000 cases reported (WHO, 2012).

Malaria transmission locations

Malaria Outbreaks :

Microsoft Corporation. (2012)PowerPoint templates.(CDC, 2012).

The organism I will feast on your

blood!!!

Microsoft Corporation. (2012)PowerPoint templates.Source: news.softpedia.com

What it is !Anopheles mosquitoesFemaleSingle-celled microscopic parasitesGroup- plasmodium (Atangana et al., 2009).Veritable friend to the red blood cells (RBC)

Pathophysiology

How this mosquito infects human beings.

Transmission

Clinical Presentation

Source: http://www.digherbs.com/malaria-treatment.html

Epidemiology

Prevalence- Affect 300-500 million people yearlyIncidence -At least 41% of total population/ yearMortality - 1.5 to 2.5 million death yearly ( Atangana, et al., 2009; Ndo et al., 2011).Morbidity- 40-45%

Nsagha et al., ( 2011) ; Ndo et al., ( 2011)

Malaria burden in Cameroon

45-50% consultations,23% of hospitalisation in children <5 years40% of all death in children <5 years26% of job absenteeism65% of school absenteeism40% of the annual health budget

(Cameroon Coalition Against Malaria [CCAM], 2007, Kimbi et al., 2010).

Malaria burden in Cameroon

Malaria in pregnancy60% of pregnant women suffer from malariaIt is 4 times more likely to strike pregnant women than other adultsIt has implications for both mother and child accounting for maternal and under-5 deaths

(Cameroon Coalition Against Malaria [CCAM], 2007).

TreatmentsAntimalarial

QuinineChloroquineArtemisininPyrimethamineMefloquineSulphadoxine

(Mbacham et al., 2010); Nsagha et al., (2011).

Treatments (cont.)Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (Fansidar) (SP)Atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone)Amodiaquine (AQ)Combination of SP & AQ Anagelsics : panadol and paracetamolStreet drugsNative drugs and medicinal plants.

(Mbacham et al., 2010); Nsagha et al., (2011).

Prevention and controlDiagnosis and treatment of clinical cases (Ndo et al., 2011).Promotion of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs)Insecticide spray/ mosquito coils.Environmental sanitation.Netting of doors and windows (Ndo et al., 2011).

Prevention and Control (cont.)

Malaria support initiatives:CCAMRoll Back MalariaGovernment initiativesGlobal Fund Initiatives

Questions and personal thoughts

Questions?Personal thoughts ?Contributions?

Additional Resources :http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/mosquitoes/map.htmlhttp://nursewriter.com/2008/10/infection-malaria_28.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/malariahttp://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/enhttp://www.who.int/topics/malaria/enhttp://www.netsforlifeafrica.org/malaria/malaria-statistics ( Malaria Statistics)

ReferencesCDC, (2010). Frequently asked questions (FAQs). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs/htmlMicrosoft Corporation. (2012). PowerPoint templates. Retrieved from http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/templates/results.aspx?qu=presentations&av=zpp&queryid=5f994999%2D1175%2D4045%2D9e4a%2D02269d88e5ed#pg:2| Microsoft Corporation.

(2012)PowerPoint templates.

References (cont.)CDC, (2010). About malaria. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/Kakkilaya, B.S. (2011). Malaria site: History of malaria parasite and its global spread. Retrieved from http://www.malariasite.com/malaria/history_parasite.htmhttp://www.news.softpedia.comMicrosoft Corporation.

References (cont.)Mbacham, W., Evehe, M., Netongo, P., Ateh, I., Miniche, P., Ajua, A., & …Greenwood, B. (2010). Efficacy of amodiaquine, sulphadioxine-pyrimethamine and their combination for the treatment of uncomplicated plasmodium falciparum malaria in children in Cameroon at the time of policy change to artemisinin-based combination therapy. Malaria Journal, 934Microsoft Corporation.

References (cont.)Ndo, C., Menze-Djantio, B. & Antonio-Nkondjlo, C. (2011). Awareness, attitudes and prevention of malaria in the cities of Douala and Yaounde (Cameroon). Parasites and Vectors, 4181

Nsagha, D., Nsagha, S., Shey, C., Njunda, A., Kamga, H., & Njamnshi, A. (2011). Knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to malaria in a semi-urban area of Cameroon: choices and sources of antimalrials, self treatment and resistance. East African Journal of Public Health, 8(2), 98-102 Microsoft Corporation.

References (cont.)Cameroon Coalition Against Malaria [CCAM], (2007). Fact Files: Malaria burden in Cameroon. Retrieved from http://www.cameroon-coalition-malaria.org/pages/fact_files.htmlBigaga, J.D., Manga, L., Titanji, V.P.K., Coetzee, M., & Leke, R.G.F. (2007). Malaria vectors and transmission dynamics in coastal south- western Cameroon. Malaria journal doi:10.1186/1475-6-5Microsoft Corporation.

References (cont.)Atangana, J., Fondjo, E., Fomena, A., Tamesse, J.L., Patchoke, S., Ndjemai, H. N.M., & Ndong, P.A.B (2009). Seasonal variations of malaria transmission in Western Cameroon highlands: Entomological, parasitological and clinical investigations. Journal of Cell and Animal Biology 3(3) p. 033-038 Retrieved from http://www.academicjournals.org/JCABKimbi, K.H., Nyabeyen N.H., Ajeageh,U.H., Keka, C.F., Asaah, G.H. & Ngouadrjio, N.C. (2010). Overwhelming malaria prevalence in Cameroonian school children. Retrieved from http://www.ured-douala.com/download/overwhelming_malaria_prevalence_in_Cameroonian_schoolchildren.pdf

MALARIA IN CAMEROON – WEST AFRICA Presented by Florence Angu PhD Student in Public Health...

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