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The Middle Ages500-1500
When the empire fell, the Germanic people that had previously been hovering on the borders moved in to settled land formerly
ruled by Rome...
They brought their CULTURE and VALUES.
Angles
Saxons
The Angles were a Germanic tribe from modern day northern Germany. They travelled to and
conquered lands in the modern day United Kingdom.
The Saxons were a Germanic tribe from modern day northwestern Germany. They travelled to and conquered lands in the modern day United
Kingdom.
Franks
The Franks were a Germanic tribe from modern day southwestern Germany. They travelled to and conquered lands in modern day France, and their descendants became the kingdom of the French.
MagyarsThe Magyars were a tribe from western Asia,
probably modern day Mongolia/Kazakhstan.. They travelled to and conquered lands in modern day Hungary/Romania, and their descendants
became the kingdom of Hungary.
Vikings
Normans
The Vikings were Norse, a people from Scandanavia, in modern day Norway/Sweden. They travelled to and conquered lands all over Europe, but eventually some of them settled in
Normandy (as Normans) in modern day France.
Normans
The Vikings were Norse, a people from Scandanavia, in modern day Norway/Sweden. They travelled to and conquered lands all over Europe, but eventually some of them settled in
Normandy in modern day France.
The Normans were a people of Norse descent that settled in France and adopted French
culture. They travelled to and conquered lands in modern day United Kingdom in 1066, becoming the
reigning monarchs of England.
The Vikings were Norse, a people from Scandanavia, in modern day Norway/Sweden. They travelled to and conquered lands all over Europe, but eventually some of them settled in
Normandy (as Normans) in modern day France.
Normans
The Normans were a people of Norse descent that settled in France and adopted French culture. They travelled to and
conquered lands in modern day United Kingdom in 1066, becoming the reigning monarchs of England.
The Vikings were Norse, a people from Scandanavia, in modern day Norway/Sweden. They travelled to and conquered lands all over Europe, but eventually some of them settled in
Normandy (as Normans) in modern day France.
Vikings
Magyars
The Magyars were a tribe from western Asia, probably
modern day Mongolia/Kazakhstan.. They travelled
to and conquered lands in modern day Hungary/
Romania, and their descendants became the
kingdom of Hungary.
Franks
The Franks were a Germanic tribe from modern day
southeastern Germany. They travelled to and conquered lands in modern day France, and their descendants became the kingdom
of the French.
Angles
Saxons
The Angles were a Germanic tribe from modern day northern
Germany. They travelled to and conquered lands in the modern
day United Kingdom.
The Saxons were a Germanic tribe from modern day
northwestern Germany. They travelled to and conquered lands
in the modern day United Kingdom.
The Middle AgesThe Major Points
•the major structure/government (ROME) that had been around for a long time has just fallen...
•there are no distinct countries...
•there are lots of different groups of people vying for power...
When talking about the Early Middle Ages, it is important to remember a few things:
The Middle Ages period refers to
500-1500AD.1
From: the fall of the Western
Roman Empire in 476AD To: the fall of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire in 1453AD.
Normans
Vikings
Magyars
Franks
Angles
Saxons
Lots of tribes were moving around Europe, trying to get
power.2
Franks FROM southeastern Germany. WENT TO/CONQUERED FRANCE.
Angles
Saxons
FROM northern Germany. WENT TO/CONQUERED the UK.
FROM northwestern Germany. WENT TO/CONQUERED the UK.
Where in Europe did the Germanic tribes come from?
N
Franks
Angles
Saxons
Q: When any group moves, what does the group bring
with it?
A: They bring theirCulture & VALUES
Warriors would gladly die for someone they
knew and respected, they wouldn’t obey a king they hadn’t
even met.
The Germanic tribes very highly valued personal ties.3
During the Roman Empire, all power came from one centralized place.
Centralized Government: A government which controls all aspect from one central location.
during Rome, personal ties was not the first priority.
VALUE OF PERSONAL TIES + SIZE OF EUROPE
=
CENTRALIZED GOV’T WON’T WORK
Because of the value of personal ties, centralized government
would no longer work in Europe.4
A new government system had to be established: FEUDALISM.
The Feudal system was the social, economic & political government
system of the Middle Ages.5
&In the Middle Ages,
there were two types of people with power:
Leaders in the ChurchWarriors with military strength
Warriors became Kings in name through agreements with and appointments by the Church.
Warriors conquered lands using their military strength.
“If you name me king, then my armies will protect you/
conquer lands in your name/go on crusade/etc”
“Sounds good.”
“I solemnly make you KING of [insert territory]
in the name of GOD.”
“I swear to protect you.”
“K.”
Warriors or Kings took control of lands
using strength.
But then they had to rule them.
Remember personal ties?
They were still important.
Feudalism was a system of government that developed over time as a result of:
1. Vast Territory to Rule
2. Value of Personal Ties
1. Political
Feudalism was:
2. Social
3. Economic
What did it look like?
is named king of his territories.
Say a warrior,
through agreements with the church,
Say this is his territory.
Vast territory.
Would it be possible for a King to know everyone in this territory personally?
How do you rule that vast a territory if you value
personal ties?
You cut it up...
and delegate power of each piece to a vassal in return for taxes and military service...
Each lord, in turn...
cuts up his land & distributes a piece to a knight(vassal) in return for service & taxes...
Who is strongest?
Each knight has to fight...
so he needs to get people to work the land. Enter peasants and serfs, who live on and work the land in exchange for protection from the knight and basic human needs.
Lord Knight PeasantKingin
exchange for...
Taxes &
Knights
Taxes &
Service
Place to Live & Work
Place to Rule
Place to bankroll
Taxes &
Labor
Land Land Land
$$ & work$$ & work$$ & work
Feudalism was a system of exchanges...
in exchange
for...
in exchange
for...
Though kings were gaining land, wealth & influence during the Middle Ages,
Christianity became the major power in Europe.6
Powerful People Proselytism Education
Christianity spread in three major ways:
His wife Clothilde was Christian.
Clovis was polytheistic (like most of the Franks).
Clovis was a Frankish leader. Powerful People
What happened?
What happened?
He and 3,000 of his men were baptized shortly after.
papacy: the authority/office of the popesecular: no religious basis/connection
proselytize: getting other people to believe what you believe
Proselytism
Missionaries. People traveled the empire spreading the word and trying to convert others to the new religion.
Monasteries & Convents. The homes of monks and nuns, these religious communities became Europe’s most educated communities. Monks opened schools, maintained libraries, and copied books.
Education
And also, life was lacking for many.
Christianity is about COMPASSION.
Life was hard. People needed something to put faith in. The idea that this world wasn’t it... that there was something after this life to look forward to...
in short, people loved the idea.
Add to this, the lack of learning at the time:
Most people couldn’t read or write. Priests did the interpreting of religion for them, explaining exactly what they had to do to be saved. People wanted salvation. This opened up opportunities for the Church to become rich and powerful.
People began to think of the new European nations as a Christian Empire.
Though kings were gaining land, wealth & influence during the Middle Ages,
Christianity became the major power in Europe...7
732 AD: Battle of Tours Charles the Hammer defeats a Muslim raiding party from Spain.
The new Christian Empire fought with other religious empires.8
751 AD: Battle of Talas As the territory of Islam had been growing east, for some time, the Tang Empire of
China had steadily been expanding west. The two empires came to blows at the Talas River in modern day Kyrgyzstan.
other religions, meanwhile, were
spreading to a variety of places.
Islam
Buddhism
Hinduism
✡Conservative
✝
✝
✝
Eastern Orthodox
Roman Catholic
1054CE
32CE Jesus Christ
1800BCE Abraham
1300BCE Moses
IsaacIshmael
✡
✡
☪Mohammed 640CE
Sunni
☪
✝Protestant
1517CE
Shi’a
☪ ✡Orthodox
✡Reform
1850sCE
early 1800sCE
let’s consider some history...
A bit about Islam...
Mecca
Medina
• Mohammad received his first revelation from the angel Gabriel in the Cave of Hira in 610 AD.
• 622 AD :Mohammed flees Mecca for Medina.
• Mohammad’s revelations were compiled into the Qur’an after his death.
Islam grew & spread quickly. Like Christianity, Islam had a many things that people liked:
•Easy to learn and practice•No priesthood - personal relationship with God•Taught equality•Easily portable - easy for nomads and those on the trade routes to practice
Also like Christianity:
•followers of Islam practice proselytism
A few more things about Islam... An Abrahamic tradition, it has many similarities:
•Strict monotheists•Believe in the Judeo-Christian God, who they call Allah•Believe that the Torah and the Bible are also the word of God, and that Jesus and Moses were also prophets... But that the Qu’ran is the truest form of the word of God and Mohammed his true prophet
In Europe, the Church gradually became the
political body that appointed kings.
Charles the Hammer wasn’t a king, but his son PEPIN wanted to be.
Power in Europe became a give and take between the Church and Kings.
So he made a deal.
...and the pope named Pepin king.
He agreed to go to war with his army in the name of the
church, fighting against their enemies...
Middle Ages KEY POINT #4
IN THE MIDDLE AGES, POWER WAS SHARED (AND OFTEN FOUGHT OVER) BY SECULAR
KINGS AND THE RELIGIOUS CHURCH.
KINGS HAD A LOT OF POWER, BUT AFTER ALL, THE CHURCH WAS THE ONE THAT
MADE THEM KINGS IN THE FIRST PLACE.
When Pepin died, he left a strengthened kingdom to his two sons, Carloman and Charles.
Rome
The Byzantine Empire
Carloman died, Charles took the kingdom.
We know him today as CHARLEMAGNE or Charles the Great.
Frankish Kingdom
Rome
The Byzantine Empire
Charlemagne’s Kingdom
Charlemagne impressed the church even more than his father...
HE...
fought the Muslims in Spain
conquered new lands to the east and south
expanded the Empire to the point that it was larger than the Byzantine empire
united Western Europe for the first time since the Roman Empire
AND SPREAD CHRISTIANITY THROUGHOUT.
Rome
The Byzantine Empire
Charlemagne’s Kingdom
And so the Church appointed him HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR,..
Effectively uniting the political and religious rule of Europe.
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