View
220
Download
4
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
Main
Characteristics of
AnthropologyAncient Middle America
–archaeology
–physical or biological anthropology(bioanthropology)
–socio / cultural anthropology
–linguistic anthropology
The Fields of General Anthropology
The Fields of General Anthropology
–archaeology
–physical or biological anthropology(bioanthropology)
–socio / cultural anthropology
–linguistic anthropology
http://www.tamu.edu/anthropology/news.html
123
4
The main fieldsof general anthropology
• culture as a primary concept
• comparative methods as major approaches to the study of human behavior development and structure
• holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary goal of anthropology
Main Characteristics
• culture as a primary concept
• comparative methods as major approaches to the study of human behavior development and structure
• holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary goal of anthropology
Main Characteristics
• “culture”
– learned– shared– transmitted from generation to
generation– based on symbols– integrated
Main Characteristics
• “culture”
• is not inherited
(i.e., is not biological)
• is not “instinct”
Main Characteristics
• “cultures”
• are integrated
• interact and change
Main Characteristics
Ruth Fulton Benedict 1887-1948
Patterns of Culture1934
The Concept of Culture
• Microculture
– a distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior and thinking found within larger cultures such as ethnic groups in localized regions
– local cultures
The Concept of Culture
• Microculture
– a distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior and thinking found within larger cultures such as ethnic groups in localized regions
– local cultures
• microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations
– e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa)– e.g., Irish “Travellers”
•sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies”
– e.g., Rom (Gypsies)– e.g., Basques– e.g., Kurds– e.g., Australian Aboriginals
The Concept of Culture
• microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations
– e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa)– e.g., Irish “Travellers”
•sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies”
– e.g., Rom (Gypsies)– e.g., Basques– e.g., Kurds– e.g., Australian Aboriginals
The Concept of Culture
www.duluthnewstribune.com/articles/index.cfm?id=73293§ion=homepage
• microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations
– e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa)– e.g., Irish “Travellers”
•sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies”
– e.g., Rom (Gypsies)– e.g., Basques– e.g., Kurds– e.g., Australian Aboriginals
The Concept of Culture
The Irish Tinkers: The Urbanization of an Itinerant People
by George Gmelch
1985
Compare . . .
• microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations
– e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa)– e.g., Irish “Travellers”
•sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies”
– e.g., Rom (Gypsies)– e.g., Basques– e.g., Kurds– e.g., Australian Aboriginals
The Concept of Culture
http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#BasqueHistory
Mark KurlanskyThe Basque History of the World.NY: Penguin Books, 1999.(ISBN: 0140298517)
Compare . . .
• microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations
– Aztec– Maya– Zapotec– Mixtec– Otomi– Tarascan– Yaqui– Tarahumara . . .
The Concept of Culture
• Microculture
– a distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior and thinking found within larger cultures such as ethnic groups in localized regions
– local cultures
The Concept of Culture
• Macroculture
a distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior and thinking that crosses local boundaries, such as transnational culture and global culture
• macrocultures can include groups across nations
– e.g., Basques
– e.g., Rom (Gypsies)
– e.g., ? Al Qaeda
The Concept of Culture
• culture as a primary concept
• comparative methods as major approaches to the study of human behavior development and structure
• holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary goal of anthropology
Main Characteristics
Compare . . .
• comparative method
– as a major approach to the study of human behavior
– the comparative method compares things
Main Characteristics
Compare . . .
• comparative method– One form of comparative method was pioneered by Fred Eggan
(University of Chicago)
“Social anthropology and the method of controlled comparison”
American Anthropologist, 56:743-61 (1954)
Main Characteristics
Compare . . .
• comparative method– One form of comparative method was pioneered by Fred Eggan
(University of Chicago)
“Social anthropology and the method of controlled comparison”
American Anthropologist, 56:743-61 (1954)
Main Characteristics
Compare . . .
• comparative method– Other methods . . .
compare things regionally
in an attempt to understand process
Main Characteristics
Compare . . .
• comparative method– Other methods . . .
compare things regionally
in an attempt to understand process
Main Characteristics
Compare . . .
• the comparative method compares things, for e.g., process of domestication / civilization
maize – Mexico
wheat – Turkey
rice – China
manioc – Brazil
millet – Africa
Main CharacteristicsCompare . . .
• the comparative method compares things, for e.g., process of domestication / civilization
maize – Mexico
wheat – Turkey
rice – China
manioc – Brazil
millet – Africa
Main CharacteristicsCompare . . .
• the comparative method compares things, for e.g., process of domestication / civilization
maize – Mexico
wheat – Turkey
rice – China
manioc – Brazil
millet – Africa
Main CharacteristicsCompare . . .
• the comparative method compares things, for e.g., process of domestication / civilization
maize – Mexico
wheat – Turkey
rice – China
manioc – Brazil
millet – Africa
Main CharacteristicsCompare . . .
Origin of Domestication for Selected Plants
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 342.
rice
7,000 ybp
manioc
4,200 ybp
maize
4,200 ybp
wheat
10,500 ybp
millet
4,000 ybp
Compare . . .
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 333.
Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production.
Neolithic
Chapter 14
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed.
“Food Production”
A Biocultural Revolution
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 333.
Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production.
Neolithic
Tehuacán
• Tehuacán Valley, Puebla, Mexico
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 432.
maize
4,200 ybp
Compare . . .
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/matehuac.html#title
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/matehuac.html#title
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 333.
Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production.
Neolithic
• Early Neolithic sites
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 349.
Compare . . .
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 333.
Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production.
Neolithic
MehrgarhOne of the earliest Neolithic settlements of southern Asia, Pakistan
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 352.
Compare . . .
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Sentinels.html#title
Compare . . .
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Out_of_Past.html#title
Compare . . .
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Collapse.html#title
Compare . . .
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Fall_Maya.html#title
• culture as a primary concept
• comparative methods as major approaches to the study of human behavior development and structure
• holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary goal of anthropology
Main Characteristics
The Fields of General Anthropology
–archaeology
–physical or biological anthropology(bioanthropology)
–socio / cultural anthropology
–linguistic anthropology
http://www.tamu.edu/anthropology/news.html
123
4
The main fieldsof general anthropology
holism
holism
difficult terms
• ethnography
– scientific description of cultures
(“a portrait of a people”)
Glossary
Glossary
• ethno – graphy
– graph from the Greek, meaning
something “written” or “drawn”
• ethnology
– comparative study of cultures
Glossary
• ethology
–scientific study of the social behavior of animals,
especially in their natural environments
–note that there is no n in ethology
Glossary
Main Characteristics
• one more characteristic of anthropology is important . . .
1.culture as a primary concept
2.comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior
3.holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal of anthropology
1.culture as a primary concept
2.comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior
3.holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal of anthropology
Main Characteristics
4. fieldwork as a primary research technique
(“participant observation”)
1.culture as a primary concept
2.comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior
3.holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal of anthropology
Main Characteristics
4. fieldwork as a primary research technique
(“participant observation”)
1.culture as a primary concept
2.comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior
3.holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal of anthropology
Main Characteristics
4. fieldwork as a primary research technique
(“participant observation”)
= approach
= tool
Glossary
Other important terms include . . .
ethnocentrism
– judging other cultures by the
standards of one’s own culture rather
than by the standards of that
particular culture
Glossary
cultural relativism
– the perspective that each culture
must be understood in terms of the
values and ideas of that culture and
should not be judged by the
standards of another
Glossary
cultural relativism
Glossary
• absolute cultural relativism
• critical cultural relativism
cultural relativism
Glossary
• absolute cultural relativism
• critical cultural relativism
absolute cultural relativism
– the perspective that says a person
from one culture should not question
the rightness or wrongness of
behavior or ideas in other cultures
because that would be ethnocentric
Glossary
absolute cultural relativism
– World War II Holocaust
– arranged “underage” marriage
– female genital mutilations
– withholding of medical treatment of
children for religious reasons
– polygyny. . . .
Glossary
Glossary
absolute cultural relativism
– World War II Holocaust
– arranged “underage” marriage
– female genital mutilations
– withholding of medical treatment of
children for religious reasons
– polygyny. . . .
Glossary
absolute cultural relativism
– World War II Holocaust
– arranged “underage” marriage
– female genital mutilations
– withholding of medical treatment of
children for religious reasons
– polygyny. . . .
Glossary
absolute cultural relativism
– World War II Holocaust
– arranged “underage” marriage
– female genital mutilations
– withholding of medical treatment of
children for religious reasons
– polygyny. . . .
www.examiner.com/a-1567034~Father_renews_call_to_dismiss_homicide_charge.html
www.wuwm.com/programs/news/view_news.php?articleid=2242
Glossary
absolute cultural relativism
– World War II Holocaust
– arranged “underage” marriage
– female genital mutilations
– withholding of medical treatment of
children for religious reasons
– polygyny. . . .
http://www.dailytexanonline.com/news/2004/03/26/StateLocal/Polygamists.Might.Be.Building.In.Texas-642621.shtml
http://www.presstelegram.com/Stories/0,1413,204%257E23187%257E2235392,00.html
cultural relativism
Glossary
• absolute cultural relativism
• critical cultural relativism
critical cultural relativism
– offers an alternative view that poses
questions about cultural practices
and ideas in terms of who accepts
them and why, and who they might
be harming or helping
Glossary
Glossary
cultural relativism– Aztec human heart sacrifice
– cannibalism
– selling children
– eating insects
– eating dogs
– stealing peoples’ land and property
– infant cranial deformation
– . . .
Multiple Cultural Worlds
people live in
multiple cultural worlds
multiple cultural worlds• class
• race
• ethnicity
• gender
• age
• institutions
“units of analysis” may include:
– one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo, Nan)
– the family (e.g., Strodtbeck)
– the community– a region– “culture area”– a culture / “subculture”
• Chicanos• “Irish”• “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”)• “Rom” (“Gypsies”)• “Basques”• Catalans
“units of analysis” may include:
– one person– the family (e.g., Strodtbeck)
– the community– a region– “culture area”– a culture / “subculture”
• Chicanos• “Irish”• “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”)• “Rom” (“Gypsies”)• “Basques”• Catalans
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Chamula.html#title
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Appeals.html
Pozas, Ricardo. 1952. Juan Pérez Jolote. México: Colección Popular, Fondo de Cultura Económica (FCE).
Film: Juan Perez Jolote (1975)
Juan the Chamula: An Ethnological Recreation of the Life of a Mexican Indian. 1962. University of California Press.
Compare . . .
Between Two Cultures:The Life of an American-Mexican, As Told to John J. Poggie, Jr.
Gonzales, Ramón, and John J. Poggie. 1973.
University of Arizona Press.
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth4616/video/A_Mamani.html#title
Compare . . .
This was earlier advocated by:
Oscar Lewis
Bronislow Malinowski
Edward Sapir(“Sapir-Whorf” hypothesis)
Margaret Mead
http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#Nan
Sharon GmelchNan: The Life of an Irish Traveling Woman, Revised Edition.Long Grove: IL: Waveland Press, 1991.(ISBN: 0881336025)
Compare . . .
“units of analysis” may include:
– one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)
– the family– the community– a region– “culture area”– a culture / “subculture”
• Chicanos• “Irish”• “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”)• “Rom” (“Gypsies”)• “Basques”• Catalans
Oscar Lewis
Compare . . .
http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1604/video/Life_Chances.html#title
Compare . . .
“units of analysis” may include:
– one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)
– the family (e.g., Strodtbeck)
– the community– a region– “culture area”– a culture / “subculture”
• Chicanos• “Irish”• “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”)• “Rom” (“Gypsies”)• “Basques”• Catalans
1930 Tepoztlan, a Mexican Village: A
Study of Folk LifeChicago: University of Chicago Press
1941 Folk Culture of YucatanChicago: University of Chicago Press
Robert Redfield
Compare . . .
Lewis - Refield debate
• Robert Redfield– Tepoztlan, a Mexican Village: A Study of Folk Life
• Oscar Lewis– Life in a Mexican Village: Tepoztlan Restudied
Compare . . .
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Appeals.html#title
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Excavations.html#title
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Teotihuacan.html#title
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Copan.html#title
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Copan.html#title
http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#InisBeag
John C. MessengerInis Beag: Isle of Ireland.Long Grove: IL: Waveland Press, 1983.(ISBN: 0881330515)
Inis Beag
Gaelic: "Little Island"
Compare . . .
“units of analysis” may include:
– one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)
– the family (e.g., Strodtbeck)
– the community– a region– “culture area”– a culture / “subculture”
• Chicanos• “Irish”• “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”)• “Rom” (“Gypsies”)• “Basques”• Catalans
“units of analysis” may include:
– one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)
– the family (e.g., Strodtbeck)
– the community– a region– “culture area”– a culture / “subculture”
• Chicanos• “Irish”• “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”)• “Rom” (“Gypsies”)• “Basques”• Catalans
• Valley of Mexico• Soconusco• El Bajío• Huasteca• Yucatán. . .
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Copan.html#title
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/matehuac.html#title
• Tehuacán Valley, Puebla, Mexico
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 432.
maize
4,200 ybp
Compare . . .
“Classics" in Anthropology
1930 Tepoztlan, a Mexican Village: A
Study of Folk LifeChicago: University of Chicago Press
1941 Folk Culture of YucatanChicago: University of Chicago Press
Robert Redfield
. . Man of Aran
(77 min, 1934, B&W)
– Robert J. Flaherty,– Colman “Tiger” King,– Maggie Dirrane, and – Michael Dirrane
Compare . . .
“units of analysis” may include:
– one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)
– the family (e.g., Strodtbeck)
– the community– a region– “culture area”– a culture / “subculture”
• Chicanos• “Irish”• “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”)• “Rom” (“Gypsies”)• “Basques”• Catalans
some areas are “officially”
anthropological
“cultural areas” . . .
http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/atlas.htm
Compare . . .
“Mesoamerica”(cultural)
“Middle America”(geological)
http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#title
Parman, Susan.
Europe in the Anthropological Imagination.
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998.
Compare . . .
“units of analysis” may include:
– one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)
– the family (e.g., Strodtbeck)
– the community– a region– “culture area”– a culture / “subculture”
• Maya– Chamula– Lancandon– Tzotzil– Tzeltal– Zoque
• Yaqui• Otomi• Tarascan• Mixtec• Zapotec
• Olmec • Toltec• Aztec• Teotihuacanos• Tarahumara
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico#History_of_the_indigenous_peoples
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico#History_of_the_indigenous_peoples
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico#History_of_the_indigenous_peoples
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico#History_of_the_indigenous_peoples
63
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/matext.html#title
“units of analysis” may include:
– one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)
– the family (e.g., Strodtbeck)
– the community– a region– “culture area”– a culture / “subculture”
• Maya– Chamula– Lancandon– Tzotzil– Tzeltal– Zoque
• Yaqui• Otomi• Tarascan• Mixtec• Zapotec
• Olmec • Toltec• Aztec• Teotihuacanos• Tarahumara
aka a “microculture”
“units of analysis” may include:
– one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)
– the family (e.g., Strodtbeck)
– the community– a region– “culture area”– a culture / “subculture”
• Maya– Chamula– Lancandon– Tzotzil– Tzeltal– Zoque
• Yaqui• Otomi• Tarascan• Mixtec• Zapotec
• Olmec • Toltec• Aztec• Teotihuacanos• Tarahumara
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Maya_Lords.html#title
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Chamula.html#title
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Appeals.html#title
“units of analysis” may include:
– one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)
– the family (e.g., Strodtbeck)
– the community– a region– “culture area”– a culture / “subculture”
• Chicanos• “Irish”• “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”)• “Rom” (“Gypsies”)• “Basques”• Catalans
Unites of analysis may include ethnic groups within and across nations
– e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa)– e.g., Rom (Gypsies)– e.g., Irish “Travellers”
• sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies”
– e.g., Kurds (in Turkey)– e.g., Basques
The Irish Tinkers: The Urbanization of an Itinerant People
by George Gmelch
1985
Compare . . .
Unites of analysis may include ethnic groups within and across nations
– e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa)– e.g., Rom (Gypsies)– e.g., Irish “Travellers”
• sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies”
– e.g., Kurds (in Turkey)– e.g., Basques
http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#BasqueHistory
Mark KurlanskyThe Basque History of the World.
NY: Penguin Books, 1999.(ISBN: 0140298517)
Compare . . .
“units of analysis”may also include:
– a nation (“national character studies”)
– the item or action itself (including “processes”)
– a “cultural metaphor”
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/matext.html#title
http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#CrisisofBirths
Elizabeth L. KrauseA Crisis of Births:
Population Politics and Family-Making in ItalyBelmont, CA: Thompson Wadsworth, 2005.
Compare . . .
“units of analysis”may also include:
– a nation (“national character studies”)
– the item or action itself (including “processes”)
– a “cultural metaphor”
•demography / population
•gender
•ethnicity
•nationalism
•globalization
•“development”
•social / cultural change
•decision-making
•peasants
•urbanism / urbanization
Parman's classic picks -- Tony Galt
•stratification•internal and transnational
migration•“transnationalism”•networks•honor / shame values•patron-client relationships•literacy•“we” vs. “other”•rural / urban continuum
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Fallacy_of_Diffusionism.html#title
Compare . . .
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Fifth_World.html#title
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Sweat.html#title
Compare . . .
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Fall_Maya.html#title
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Conquistadors.html#title
Compare . . .
www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/aztec_massacre/aztec_massacre
“units of analysis”may also include:
– a nation (“national character studies”)
– the item or action itself (including “processes”)
– a “cultural metaphor”
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1095/index.html#text
Compare . . .
Gannon’s
European Cultural Metaphorsinclude
Ch. 12. Irish Conversations
Ch. 17. The Traditional British House
Ch. 21. The Italian Opera
Ch. 22. Belgian Lace
Ch. 24. The Russian Ballet
Ch. 25. The Spanish Bullfight
Ch. 26. The Portuguese Bullfight
Compare . . .
Ch. 12. Irish Conversations
Ch. 17. The Traditional British House
Ch. 21. The Italian Opera
Ch. 22. Belgian Lace
Ch. 24. The Russian Ballet
Ch. 25. The Spanish Bullfight
Ch. 26. The Portuguese Bullfight
Compare . . .
Gannon’s
European Cultural Metaphorsinclude
Compare . . .
Ch. 12. Irish Conversations
Ch. 17. The Traditional British House
Ch. 21. The Italian Opera
Ch. 22. Belgian Lace
Ch. 24. The Russian Ballet
Ch. 25. The Spanish Bullfight
Ch. 26. The Portuguese Bullfight
Compare . . .
Gannon’s
European Cultural Metaphorsinclude
and the
Units of Analysis
can be combined
http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#CrisisofBirths
Elizabeth L. KrauseA Crisis of Births:
Population Politics and Family-Making in ItalyBelmont, CA: Thompson Wadsworth, 2005.
Italy+
demography
Compare . . .
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Chamula.html#title
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Culture_and_Math.html#title
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1604/video/Kypseli.html#title
Compare . . .
the three major contemporary debates
• Biological Determinism vs. Cultural
Constructionism
(“nature vs. nurture”)
(“learned vs. inherited”)• free will” vs. “power structures”)
www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/01/AR2008090102087.html
• Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism
(“nature vs. nurture”)(“learned vs. inherited”)
• Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism
• Individual Agency vs. Structuralism(“free will” vs. “power structures”)
the three major contemporary debates
• Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism
(“nature vs. nurture”)(“learned vs. inherited”)
• Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism
• Individual Agency vs. Structuralism(“free will” vs. “power structures”)
the three major contemporary debates
• Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism
(“nature vs. nurture”)(“learned vs. inherited”)
• Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism
• Ipeace. Structuralism(“free will” vs. “power structures”)
PeaceJusticeSecurityFreedomHonorGod’s will / Allah’s will . . .
the three major contemporary debates
http://rawstory.com/news/afp/Bush_says_Iraq_war_about_al_Qaeda_07242007.html
PeaceJusticeSecurityFreedomHonor[God’s will / Allah’s will . . .]
http://news.aol.com/political-machine/2008/09/02/sarah-palin-iraq-war-gods-plan/
http://news.aol.com/political-machine/2008/09/02/sarah-palin-iraq-war-gods-plan/
http://news.aol.com/political-machine/2008/09/02/sarah-palin-iraq-war-gods-plan/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade
The Siege of Antioch, from a medieval miniature painting, during the First Crusade.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_arc
Saint Joan of ArcBurned at the stake by an ecclesiastical court
For leading the French Armey by divine guidance
During the Hundred Years’ War (1337 to 1453)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade
More to the point:
when considering the “whole of history”and the cannons of
critical cultural relativism actions such as Aztec
human sacrifice and cannibalism, Yanomamó female infanticide,
and the likemay not make sense to everyone,but they are more understandable
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade
Example:
Some Neandertals were cannibals,as were the Aztecs and others . . .
Did they eat people because of something like a religious belief?
Because they tasted good?
Ideationism
Cultural Materialism
or
• Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism
(“nature vs. nurture”)(“learned vs. inherited”)
• Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism
• Individual Agency vs. Structuralism(“free will” vs. “power structures”)
the three major contemporary debates
• Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism
(“nature vs. nurture”)(“learned vs. inherited”)
• Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism
• Ipeace. Structuralism(“free will” vs. “power structures”)
Aztecs must sacrifice and eat humansin order to please the godsin order that the gods allow
the sun to rise each day
the three major contemporary debatesCompare . . .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mendoza_HumanSacrifice.jpg
Human sacrifice as shown in the Codex Magliabechiano
Compare . . .
• Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism
(“nature vs. nurture”)(“learned vs. inherited”)
• Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism
• Ipeace. Structuralism(“free will” vs. “power structures”)
Aztecs sacrificed and ate humansin order to control population sizein order to preserve their property,
and to terrorize their neighborsso they will continue to providegoods and services as tribute
the three major contemporary debatesCompare . . .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mendoza_HumanSacrifice.jpg
A tzompantli, or skull rack, as shown in the post-Conquest Ramirez Codex.
Compare . . .
www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/09/17/2034283.htm
Cultural Materialism
Cultural Materialism
Marvin Harris.
The Rise of Anthropological Theory: A History of Theories of Culture,Updated Edition.
Lanham, MD: Altamira Press, 2000.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_materialism_%28anthropology%29
www.cultural-materialism.org/cultural-materialism/
• Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism
(“nature vs. nurture”)(“learned vs. inherited”)
• Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism
• Individual Agency vs. Structuralism(“free will” vs. “power structures”)
the three major contemporary debates
• Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism
(“nature vs. nurture”)(“learned vs. inherited”)
• Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism
• Individual Agency vs. Structuralism(“free will” vs. “power structures”)
the three major contemporary debates
• Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism
(“nature vs. nurture”)(“learned vs. inherited”)
• Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism
• Individual Agency vs. Structuralism(“free will” vs. “power structures”)
the three major contemporary debates
www.wenatcheeworld.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080122/FOOD/373497927/1030/rss1030
www.wenatcheeworld.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080122/FOOD/373497927/1030/rss1030
www.cafepress.com/metalstar.71120928
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exorcism
Painting by Francisco Goya of Saint Francis Borgiaperforming an exorcism.
www.duluthsuperior.com/mld/duluthtribune/news/nation/10948054.htm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/728180.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4272689.stm
Recommended