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,2 0 1 1 Toh ok u Paci f i c Ocean
ar t q u a es an su n am
Summary of early observations from field
Great Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
, ,Director, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center
Caltrans May 13, 1011
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SCJ, JAEE & CUEE in v i t esu n am eam
US Team
Japan ese Fie ld Team
ruc ura ocus:
Stephen Mahin (Berkeley) Team Leader
Gregory Deierlein (Stanford),
KazuhikoKasai,CUEE(TokyoTech)
KimiroMeguro
(IIS,
Tokyo)
Co
leader
SaburohMidorikawa,CUEE(TokyoTech)
Gilberto Mosqueda (Buffalo)
Lifeline/Fire Focus: Charles
Scawthorn (PEER, Wasada
AnilC.Wijeyewickrema(CUEE,TokyoTech)
ShoichiKishiki(CUEE,TokyoTech)
TroyMorgan(CUEE,TokyoTech)
Geotech Focus:
Youssef Hashash (UIUC)
Steven Kramer (Washington)
MasatoMotosaka(TohokuUniversity)
AkenoriShibata(emeritus,Tohoku
University)
Kyle Rollins (BYU)
Tsunami Focus:
Philip Liu (Cornell)
apanese
rgan za ons CenterforUrbanEarthquakeEngineering
ArchitecturalInstituteofJapan
Ja anSociet ofCivilEn ineers
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
PortsandAirportsResearchInstitute
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Th e East er n Japan Ear t h q u ak esas er
Magnitude (M ): 9.0
Depth: 32 kmRupture zone: 500x200 km
: . g
Tsunami: >35 m
Dama e to homes:Shaking:> 250,000
Tsunami : 120,000
,Refugees: 151,000
Economic Loss: > 309 B
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
Cost of Recovery: >$615 B
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Th e East e r n Japan Ear t h qu ak e:Special Ground Motion Characteristics
Comparison of Slip Fault Size
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
From S. Midorikawa
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Th e East e r n Japan Ear t h qu ak e:Special Ground Motion Characteristics
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
From S. Midorikawa
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Northridge 1994 (M6.7)Sylmar-EW (0.60 )
Kobe 1995 (M6.9)Takatori-NS (0.62 )
Imperial Valley 1940 (M7.0)El Centro-NS (0.35 )g g g
Taiwan 1999 (M7.6)TCU068-EW (0.51 )
Northern Japan (M8.2)Hachinohe Harbor-NS (0.24 )g g
Chile 2010 (M8.8) /s)
500
Concepcion San Pedro-NS (0.65 )
A
cc.(
cm/
-500
0g
Off-Pacific Japan 2011 (M9.1)Sendai Harbor-NS (0.64 )g
0 40 80 120 160 200 240
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
MidorikawaLab.
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StrongMotionIntensity
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
s r u on s r u on
afterNIED
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Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster Kawashima
7/29/2019 Mahin Caltrans JapanEQ 051311[2]
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Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterKawashima
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Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster Kawashima
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Numerous Aftershocks:
umu a ng epea e amage
Sendai
Tokyo
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
From: JMA
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Improve understanding of hazard
pose y su uc on zone even s
New NGA-Subduction project
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
Courtesy: J. Stewartin eve opment y PEER
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ey ssu es en e
Tsunami and its effectsNuclear Power Plants & Lifeline Issues
AeroAshaiCorporation
Liquefaction and settlement
GEER
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterEffect of shaking on structures
Disruption of business andsocial systems
Motosaka
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W I DE SPREAD damage due to soilliquefaction and permanent settlement
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterUrayasu,
Near
Tokyo GEER
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W I DE SPREAD damage due to soilliquefaction and permanent settlement
Urayasu,
NearTokyo
GEER
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster GEERGEER
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LateralSpreadsan umps
GEER
Disp.from20cmto3m Mappedinfield
arscanne
ayen
Courtesy:J.Stewart
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterGEER2011(Stewart)
GEER
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Levees:MiyagiandIbarakiPrefectures Over210kmofleveesinMiyagi,mostexperiencedlittleornodamage;
Total:1,190
distress
sites,
23
with
major
damage
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterGEER: Cortesey - J.Stewart
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CommonProbableFailureModes
andlocal
settlement
Most
levees
were
dry
at
time
of
earthquake
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
NaruseRiver,landsidelevee
lookingupstream GEER: J. Stewart
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EffectofLevee Mitigatedin2004Mitigation:NaruseRiver Following
2003
earthquake,
completedmix
inplacegroundimprovement
Distressedin2011 Adjacent
areas
experienced
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
stress n2011
GEER: J. Stewart
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Landslides and permanent
sp acemen o so on g ways
landslides on NEXCO-East expressways
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterNEXCO
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o e emen an an s es
htt ://www.thr.mlit. o. http://www.thr.mlit.go.jp
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disasterhttp://www.thr.mlit.go.jphttp://www.thr.mlit.go.jp
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Relatively limited damage to structures
.
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
DowntownSendai
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Older buildings vulnerable (Sendai shown)
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
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Older buildings vulnerable (Sendai shown)
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterAdjacent undamaged buildings
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Non-Structural Damage - Sendai
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
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Tsunami EffectsArahama
OncoastnearSendai,
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterAeroAshaiCorporation
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Tsu n am i at t ack s t o sou t h Sen da i
c t y
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
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Arahama: 4storySchoolBuilding,VerticalEvacuationFacility
Innundationinto2nd floor
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
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RikuzenTakata buildingsthatsurvived
~11m
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
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KesennumaPortTown Tsunamidamagetobuildings
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
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Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
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PEER Tsu n am i En g in eer in g Research :
Probabalistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis
with ground motion hazard estimates
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster32
Pro baba l i st i c Wave He igh t and Veloci t y Est im a tes
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PEER Tsu n am i En g in eer in g Research :
Probabalistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis
with ground motion hazard estimates
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster33
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76 Highway Bridges Damaged
Conventional BridgesNear SendaiOutside of TsunamiZone
Elastomeric Bearin Steel Bearings
In Tsunami Zone
SendaiConventional Bridges
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
near To yoEast Nippon Expressway Corporation
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oca on o amage r ges
Route 45SENDAI
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
SENDAI
C ti l b id t d b
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Conventional bridges supported by
Linogawa Bridge, Route 45
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
C ti l b id t d b
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Conventional bridges supported by
Hi ashi Matsu ama Brid e, Route 45
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
D i b id d b l
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Damage in bridges supported by steel
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
enno r ge, oute
D i b id t d b t l
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Damage in bridges supported by steel
Tenno Brid e Route 45
Pull-out ofAnchor Bolts
Pedestrian bridge
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
a n r ge
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Sendai: Elastomeric Bearings Ruptured
a wo ear y oca ons
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
East Sendai Road,-East, bridge under construction
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Sendai: Elastomeric Bearings Ruptured
NEXCO-East, East Sendai Road
a wo ear y oca ons
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
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Sendai: Elastomeric Bearings Ruptured
a wo ear y oca ons
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
NEXCO-East, East Sendai Road
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ear ng amage
bent in doublein a com lex
manner
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
Lifelines:
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Lifelines:Railway Transportation Systems Disrupted
March26,2011March11damage
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterAfter Takahashi, JSCE
March19,2011March11damage
bridges damaged
Shinkansen Viaducts (1970s vintage)
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Shinkansen Viaducts (1970 s vintage)
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterRef:Takahashi,
JSCE
h k l d d
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Shinkansen Railway Viaducts and Repair
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterRef:Takahashi,JSCE
Shi k R il M7 4 Af h k
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Shinkansen Railway M7.4 Aftershock
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterApril7,2011Ref:Takahashi,JSCE
Shi k R il P i l R t fit
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Shinkansen Railway Previously Retrofit
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterRef:Takahashi,JSCE
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Unretrofitted
Shinkansen columnssuffered extensivedamage
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterCourtesey: K. Kawashima
Tsun am i Dam age: Shin Kitakami River Bridge
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Missingspanswashedseveral
.
Debrisdamisthoughtto
havecontributedtofailure
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
Ref:Prof.Kawashima,TokyoTech
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sunam amage
-
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
Rikuzen Takada Typical coastal bridge damage
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RikuzenTakada Typicalcoastalbridgedamage
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterRoute45,
Rikuzen
Koizumi
(3
span
bridge,
washed
away)
Four dampers atDamage of Dampers
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the right abutmentDamage of Dampers
Retrofit by Strong
Failed elastomeric bearings
Two dampers
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterRight abutment
Most Probable Failure Mechanism of
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Most Probable Failure Mechanism of
r ges ue o sunam
Tsunami hydro pressure
Failure ofdownstream
bearing due touplift force
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
Courtesey: K. Kawashima
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at Takekoma at Rikuzen-Takada
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
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amage o ra way e s
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
Takekoma
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Kawashima
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Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster Kawashima
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Bri whi h w r n r r w r r r fi
based on the ductility design method sufferedalmost no damage.
Elastomeric bearings including lead rubber bearings
and hi h dam in rubber bearin s which wereintroduced since 1990s mitigated damage ofbearings. However several elastomeric bearings
rupture at two ocat ons o ast en aExpressway. Reason of the damage has to be
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
.
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Brid es suffered dama e from tsunami. Dama elikely developed from uplifting force that rotateddeck toward upstream side.
Japanese conjecture if failure of bearings due to
uplifting force can be prevented, damage oftsunami can be mitigated.
Th r mm n in llin n in
prevention device for tsunami. Restrainers likethose used for unseating prevention may be
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
effective if set in the vertical direction.
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r ges n o yo
in general
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
Steel Bridge Shaking Damage
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Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
76 Highway Bridges Damaged
Steel Bridge Shaking Damage
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Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
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Li e ines: E ectric Power - NPP Groundshakinghadlittleeffect
Tsunamiaffectedsome
substations,but
had
major
8majorfossilstationsdown
FukushimaNPPcrisisScawthorn
generationlost
3moreNPPsclosedforretrofit
(morepending)
Mandatedreductionsin
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
brownouts AeroAshai,Corporation
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re o ow ng ar qua es
345 Total
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
Non-structural damage contributed
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g
o g n commerc a proper es
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
Courtesy: Carlos Cabrera, RMS
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us ness n errup on Direct BI Contin ent BI
Clean room in the Renesas Electronics Microcontroller
Source: ww w.nyt imes.com
General Motors automobile assembly facility
Manufacturing Facility; Hitachinaka, Ibaraki Prefecture
Two weeks to complete initial damage assessments andbegin repairs; partial operation targeted for June 2011
More than 2,000 external contractors have been hired to
,
Facility shut down for a week in March due to partsshortages
On April 22nd, Toyota announced that its manufacturingplants in North America were operating at 30% of capacity
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
. . because of the parts supply situation.
Courtesy: Carlos Cabrera, RMS
In tsunami areas, light industrial facilities
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, g
sustained heavy physical damage and BI
I sh in om ak i Ofu n at o
R ikuzen taka ta
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
,
In tsunami areas, heavy industrialfacilities sustained light physical damage
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facilities sustained light physical damage
but heavy business interruption
I sh i n o m a k i Pu l p an d Pa p er Of u n at o Cem e nt
Nippon Paper Ishinomaki Pulp and Paper Mill Taiheiyo Cement Corporation - Ofunato City
One of its two kilns sustained damage, raw materials and-
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
,debris impair its operations, and the plant had noelectricity as of April 18
Courtesy: Carlos Cabrera, RMS
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onc u ng emar s Buildin s, brid es and other facilities enerall
performed well under strong ground shaking
Nonstructural components (and contents) Existing (deficient) structures Critical transportation links (Shinkansen bridges) Correlation of ground shaking characteristics to structural
damage requires more study
Tsunami inundation was major source ofdamage and over 90% of deaths. Inundation de ths > 1 to 2 meters:
Timber and light frame buildings totally destroyed Engineered RC and steel buildings generally survived
Inundated bridges often failed
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
u s an a us ness n errup on consequences
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onc u ng emar s Permanent movement of round caused wide
spread and extensive damage
Tilting and settlement of structures Substantial damage to utilities Soil improvements seemed to work as intended
Critical lifeline systems had extensive damage
On-going NPP issues
Other utilities (water, gas, etc.) Lar e im act on industr and ualit of life
Substantial business interruption consequences Nonstructural components, equipment, contents
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
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or ore n orma on PEER, GEER & EERI websites
http://peer.berkeley.edu
CUEE, AIJ, JSCE, ERI and manyother websites in Ja an seereport for links)
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
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ore n orma on
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
http://committees.jsce.or.jp/report/node/40http://committees.jsce.or.jp/report/node/42
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