View
1.665
Download
9
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
LYNCH AND CULLEN
URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN
LYNCH AND CULLEN
EMPIRCISM
Idealistic assumptionsPresent and past for inspiration
“How the world should function and how people should behave rather than how it actually does and they do.”
NEO-EMPIRICISM
Direct descendent of the garden city movement.
Arouses in response to the limitations of garden city.
Traditional forms have much to be admired and replicated.
Traffic and industries were major catalysts.
KEVIN ANDREW LYNCH (1918 - 1984)
visual elements cognitive concepts of the
urban environment. innovative way of conceiving
of the urban environment was presented with a deep design knowledge that changed the attitudes of both professionals and scholars.
urban form that consists of physical and psychological elements
BIOGRAPHY
Born in 1918
educated at Yale University, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
consultant to the state of Rhode Island, New England Medical Center, Boston Redevelopment Authority, Puerto Rico I.D.C,M.I.T. Planning Office.
At MIT, he went on to gain Professorship in 1963, and eventually earned professor emeritus status
he produced seven books. His most famous work, Image of the City (1960)
BOOKS BY LYNCH
Wrote 7 books:The image of the city.
City sense and city design.
Good city form.
Site planning
LYNCH’S GOAL?
Combating Modernism’s unified, monolithic depersonalized city through reasserting the human role in the interpretation of the city.
Kevin Lynch
Interviewed urbanites in Boston Jersey City, and Los Angeles
Most established a “generalized mental picture of the external physical world”
The mental picture was very similar
Their images emerged in a two way process:
▪ They made distinctions among the various physical parts of the city
▪ They organized these parts in a personally meaningful way
IDEAS OF LYNCH
He was concerned by the look of the cities and whether this look is of any importance , or whether this look can be changed.
he introduced the theory of urban form. An urban environment is a complex system of
interactions between people (users) and various surrounding objects
Lynch described two things important for a subsequent explanation of the whole theory: first, physical elements of the city and second, the psychological, mental image of the city.
PHYSICAL ELEMENTS OF THE CITY
IMAGE OF THE ENVIRONMENT
ELEMENTS OF THE CITY
DIMENSION OF PERFORMANCE
IMAGE OF THE ENVIRONMENT
Legibility
Building the image
Structure and identity
Imageability
Apparent clarity
2 –way process
Long familiarityStriking featuresNew object
IdentityStructure meaning
Well formedDistinctRemarkableInvite eye and ear
STRENGTHEN IMAGE DEVELOPMENT
Symbolic devices.
Install machines.
Reshaping ones surrounding.
Retraining the perceiver.
ELEMENTS OF THE CITY
PATHS
EDGES
DISTRICT
NODES
LANDMMARK
PATHS
customarilyoccasionallypotentially
PATHS
Customary travel Special use or activity Spatial qualities Façade characteristics Identity continuity Direction Path destination and origin points Scale Alignment Abrupt directional shift crossings
DESIGNING THE CITY PATHS
Singular qualityContinuityHierarchyDirectionGradientKinesthetic IdentitySimplicity
EDGES
Boundaries
Barriers
Breaks
seam
DESIGNING THE CITY EDGESContinuityStrength GradientDefinite terminiAccessibility
DISTRICTS
Theme Building types Topography Noise Population Lettering of signs Boundaries Communities Introvert Extrovert
DISTRICTS
DESIGNING THE CITY DISTRICTS
ContinuityDefinitenessClosureStructured within itselfConnection with other district
NODES
NODES
JunctionBreak in transportationSubway stationsRailroad stationAirportsStreet intersectionShopping areas
DESIGNING THE CITY NODES
Identity Boundary themeBreak in transportationclosure
LANDMARKS
LANDMARKS
Singularity UniquenessContrast (small/big, new/old, dirty/clean)NavigationSymbolicSizeProminence of spatial locationFamiliarity breeds landmarks
DESIGNING THE CITY LANDMARKS
SingularContrast with contextSizeLocation Spatial quality
DIMENSION OF PERFORMANCEVitalitySenseFitAccessControlEfficiency justice
GOOD CITY FORM
VISIBLE COHERENT
CLEAR
SENSE OF WHOLE
METROPOLITAN FORM
Entire region may be composed as a static hierarchy.
Use one or two very large dominant elements to which many smaller things may b related.
ANALYSIS
THOMAS GORDON CULLEN (1914-1994)
Influential English architect and urban designer
key motivator in the Townscape movement.
he wrote and published Townscape.
He was a key figure and activist in the development of British theories of urban design in the post-war period.
BIOGRAPHY
Born in calverle, pudsey, 9 Aug 1914
He studied architecture at the polytechnic of central London
Cullen became a freelance writer and consultant in 1956, he advised the cities of Liverpool and Peterborough on their reconstruction and redevelopment plans.
Between 1944 and 1946 he worked in the planning office of the Development and Welfare Department in Barbados.
His most famous work, Townscape
BOOKS BY CULLEN
Townscape
Concise townscape
Visions of urban design
Urban design and townscape
36
THE IDEAS OF CULLEN
Gordon Cullen is one of the authors who had incorporated the idea
of an observer in movement as basic element for the perception of the
constructed space, and in the workmanship Urban Landscape
considers the notion of serial vision for the first time as a conceptual
instrument for an urban reading.
37
THE CONCEPT OF SERIAL VISION
Drawings of Cullen defining Serial Vision
Sequence of images of Westminster: the emotion and the sensation of the discovery
Sense of being in a particular place conjure different visual images and feelings w.r.t place characteristics.
Occupied territoryPossession in movementEnclavesEnclosuresFocal point Precincts
THE CONCEPT OF PLACE
THE CONCEPT OF PLACE
Block house insubstantial space Defining spaceHere and thereTruncation change of levelSilhouette
Grandiose vistaScreened vistaDeflectionProjection and recessionPunctuationNarrows infinity
THE CONCEPT OF PLACE
Categories of environment its mood and which enliven the space by creating drama.
Juxtaposition ImmediacySeeing in detail IntricacyProprietyBluntness and vigor
THE CONCEPT OF CONTENT
THE CONCEPT OF CONTENTExposure IllusionGeometryFoilsRelationshipScaleDistortionCalligraphypublicity
THE FUNCTIONAL TRADITION
Intrinsic quality of things which creates the environment.
StructureRailingFencesStepsTexture Lettering
SQUARES FOR ALL TASTE
The private square: enclosed
The private square: open
The popular square The square as
quadrangle: municipal The square as
quadrangle: collegiate
CROSS AS FOCAL POINT
Anchorage for humans
ImmovableSecurity from
traffic
CLOSURE
The subdivision(human scale)
The provision of incident
The sense of unrolling and revealing
identification
LEGS AND WHEELS
Variety and character to ground surface
Pedestrians onlyPedestrian
priority
HAZARDS
BoundariesRailingsPlantingConcealed
hazardsChange of level
THE FLOOR
AdventureFunctional
patternStandardizing the
codeMaterialsarticulation
PRAIRIE PLANNING
STREET LIGHTING
Code of practiceKinetic unityProprietyTowards flexibility
THE WALL
Seeing in detailCatching the eyeExploiting the
surfaceMaking the most
of it
TREES INCORPORATED
Shadow ScreenLineGeometryMobilesculpture
ANALYSIS
Recommended