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Lucid Dreams. Group 10 : Chi-Hang Lau, Anita Leung, Clarisse Miguel, Elisa Tsan, Alistair Wong COGS 175 Dr. Pineda March 3, 2008. Presentation Outline. Introduction : What are Lucid Dreams? (Clarisse) Characteristics (Anita) Experimental Evidence and Techniques (Elisa, Clarisse) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Lucid DreamsLucid Dreams
Group 10 : Chi-Hang Lau, Anita Leung, Clarisse Miguel, Elisa Tsan, Alistair Wong
COGS 175Dr. Pineda
March 3, 2008
Group 10 : Chi-Hang Lau, Anita Leung, Clarisse Miguel, Elisa Tsan, Alistair Wong
COGS 175Dr. Pineda
March 3, 2008
Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline
Introduction : What are Lucid Dreams? (Clarisse)
Characteristics (Anita)
Experimental Evidence and Techniques (Elisa, Clarisse)
Induction of Lucid Dreams (Alistair)
Applications (Alistair, Chi-Hang)
Conclusion/Discussion (Together)
Introduction : What are Lucid Dreams? (Clarisse)
Characteristics (Anita)
Experimental Evidence and Techniques (Elisa, Clarisse)
Induction of Lucid Dreams (Alistair)
Applications (Alistair, Chi-Hang)
Conclusion/Discussion (Together)
What is a Lucid Dream?What is a Lucid Dream?
The “Conscious” DreamKnowing you are dreaming, when you
are dreaming.
An Alternate State of Consciousness?Becoming conscious during sleepBecoming conscious during sleep
The “Conscious” DreamKnowing you are dreaming, when you
are dreaming.
An Alternate State of Consciousness?Becoming conscious during sleepBecoming conscious during sleep
A Brief HistoryA Brief History
Aristotle’s On Dreams
St. Augustine, A.D. 415
Tibetan Buddhists (8th Century) ‘Dream’ Yoga - reaching the ‘light’
The Marquis d’Hervey de Saint-Denys wrote Dreams and the Means to Direct Them (1867)
Frederik Willems van Eeden coined ‘lucid dream’ (1913)
Aristotle’s On Dreams
St. Augustine, A.D. 415
Tibetan Buddhists (8th Century) ‘Dream’ Yoga - reaching the ‘light’
The Marquis d’Hervey de Saint-Denys wrote Dreams and the Means to Direct Them (1867)
Frederik Willems van Eeden coined ‘lucid dream’ (1913)
Characteristics of Lucid Dreams
Characteristics of Lucid Dreams
Full awareness of dream state (consciously and perceptually)
Ability to make free decisions in the dream
Memory functions as if in waking life i.e. Full memory of all lucid dream
experiences in waking state as well as during lucid dream state
Awareness of the meaning of symbols
Full awareness of dream state (consciously and perceptually)
Ability to make free decisions in the dream
Memory functions as if in waking life i.e. Full memory of all lucid dream
experiences in waking state as well as during lucid dream state
Awareness of the meaning of symbols
Important Brain Areas Involved in Lucid
Dreaming
Important Brain Areas Involved in Lucid
Dreaming Dorsal lateral prefrontal
cortex Dietrich
While non-lucid dreaming, PET studies show a large deactivation of areas in DL
Contrary, in lucid dreaming, there is DL activation (Hobson 2001)
Inferior parietal lobe LaBerge
Showed increases in inferior parietal lobe activity in lucid dreaming, an area known to involve consciousness
Dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex Dietrich
While non-lucid dreaming, PET studies show a large deactivation of areas in DL
Contrary, in lucid dreaming, there is DL activation (Hobson 2001)
Inferior parietal lobe LaBerge
Showed increases in inferior parietal lobe activity in lucid dreaming, an area known to involve consciousness
Stages of SleepStages of Sleep
NREM (non-rapid eye movement)Stage 1: theta wavesStage 2: sleep spindles and k complexesStage 3: delta waves (<50% total wave patterns)Stage 4: delta waves (>50% total wave patterns)
REM (rapid eye movement)Tonic: persistent sleep events (striated and desynchronized
muscle inhibition)
Phasic: intermittent sleep events (rapid eye movements, muscle twitches)
NREM (non-rapid eye movement)Stage 1: theta wavesStage 2: sleep spindles and k complexesStage 3: delta waves (<50% total wave patterns)Stage 4: delta waves (>50% total wave patterns)
REM (rapid eye movement)Tonic: persistent sleep events (striated and desynchronized
muscle inhibition)
Phasic: intermittent sleep events (rapid eye movements, muscle twitches)
Polysomnographic recordings
Polysomnographic recordings
EEG : electrical activity from brain via electrodes on scalp
EOG (electrooculogram) : resting potential of retina
EMG (electromyogram) : muscular activity
FP (finger plethysmograph): blood flow
EEG : electrical activity from brain via electrodes on scalp
EOG (electrooculogram) : resting potential of retina
EMG (electromyogram) : muscular activity
FP (finger plethysmograph): blood flow
Spectral AnalysisSpectral Analysis
delta (1-4 Hz)
theta (5-7 Hz)
alpha (8-12 Hz)
beta-1 (13-19 Hz)
beta-2 (20-29 Hz)
delta (1-4 Hz)
theta (5-7 Hz)
alpha (8-12 Hz)
beta-1 (13-19 Hz)
beta-2 (20-29 Hz)
Physiological Differences (Holzinger et al. 2006)
Physiological Differences (Holzinger et al. 2006)
epochs of lucid dreaming associated with more beta-1 activity than non-lucid dreaming
Beta-1 activity ratiosFrontal : parietalNon-lucid = 1.00 : 1.16Lucid = 1.00 : 1.77
Hemispheric differences highest increase in left parietal lobe (an area associated
with semantic capacity)
epochs of lucid dreaming associated with more beta-1 activity than non-lucid dreaming
Beta-1 activity ratiosFrontal : parietalNon-lucid = 1.00 : 1.16Lucid = 1.00 : 1.77
Hemispheric differences highest increase in left parietal lobe (an area associated
with semantic capacity)
Experimental InducementExperimental Inducement
Experimental TrainingM.I.L.D. Technique (LaBerge, 1981)
“Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreams”
Increases occurrence of lucid dreams
Mental and verbal rehearsals upon waking and before sleeping
Incorporate into Long-Term Memory
Experimental TrainingM.I.L.D. Technique (LaBerge, 1981)
“Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreams”
Increases occurrence of lucid dreams
Mental and verbal rehearsals upon waking and before sleeping
Incorporate into Long-Term Memory
“I will have a lucid dream tonight”
Recognizing a Lucid DreamRecognizing a Lucid DreamHow do we know ?
REM SleepPhasic activity (LaBerge et al. 1986)
How do we know ?REM Sleep
Phasic activity (LaBerge et al. 1986)
Recognizing a Lucid DreamRecognizing a Lucid DreamHow do we know ?
REM SleepPhasic activity (LaBerge et al. 1986)
Physiological Signals
How do we know ?REM Sleep
Phasic activity (LaBerge et al. 1986)
Physiological Signals
Recognizing a Lucid DreamRecognizing a Lucid DreamHow do we know ?
REM SleepPhasic activity (LaBerge et al. 1986)
Physiological SignalsEye Movement (LeftRight L R)
lucid dream occurring
How do we know ?REM Sleep
Phasic activity (LaBerge et al. 1986)
Physiological SignalsEye Movement (LeftRight L R)
lucid dream occurring
Recognizing a Lucid DreamRecognizing a Lucid DreamHow do we know ?
REM SleepPhasic activity (LaBerge et al. 1986)
Physiological SignalsEye Movement (LeftRight L R)
lucid dream occurring
Hand Clenching (Left and Right) (Erlacher et al. 2003)
How do we know ?REM Sleep
Phasic activity (LaBerge et al. 1986)
Physiological SignalsEye Movement (LeftRight L R)
lucid dream occurring
Hand Clenching (Left and Right) (Erlacher et al. 2003)
Recognizing a Lucid DreamRecognizing a Lucid DreamHow do we know ?
REM SleepPhasic activity (LaBerge et al. 1986)
Physiological SignalsEye Movement (LeftRight L R)
lucid dream occurring
Hand Clenching (Left and Right) (Erlacher et al. 2003)
More accurate experimental methodsMatch physiological signal to dream occurrence
How do we know ?REM Sleep
Phasic activity (LaBerge et al. 1986)
Physiological SignalsEye Movement (LeftRight L R)
lucid dream occurring
Hand Clenching (Left and Right) (Erlacher et al. 2003)
More accurate experimental methodsMatch physiological signal to dream occurrence
Induction TechniquesInduction Techniques
Dream JournalWrite down your dreams
Dream JournalWrite down your dreams
Induction TechniquesInduction Techniques
Dream JournalWrite down your dreams
Reality ChecksConsciously ask if you are in a dream
Dream JournalWrite down your dreams
Reality ChecksConsciously ask if you are in a dream
Induction TechniquesInduction Techniques
Dream JournalWrite down your dreams
Reality ChecksConsciously ask if you are in a dream
MeditationFocus and intend on lucid dreaming
Dream JournalWrite down your dreams
Reality ChecksConsciously ask if you are in a dream
MeditationFocus and intend on lucid dreaming
Applications of Lucid Dreaming
Applications of Lucid Dreaming
Explore subconscious mind
Overcome mental obstacles
Alleviating fears
Explore subconscious mind
Overcome mental obstacles
Alleviating fears
Lucid Dream Treatment Pilot Study
Lucid Dream Treatment Pilot Study
Conducted by Spoormaker and van den Bout in 2006
Hypothesis: Can exercises in Lucid dreaming be used to overcome sufferers of chronic nightmares?
Conducted by Spoormaker and van den Bout in 2006
Hypothesis: Can exercises in Lucid dreaming be used to overcome sufferers of chronic nightmares?
Lucid Dream Treatment Pilot Study: Subjects
Lucid Dream Treatment Pilot Study: Subjects
23 volunteers Excluded people suffering from
hypnagogic hallucinations and/or night terrors
Excluded subjects currently on medication All reported to suffer from Chronic
Nightmares for over a year Nightmare defined as a frightening dream
to directly caused a return to full consciousness (awakening).
23 volunteers Excluded people suffering from
hypnagogic hallucinations and/or night terrors
Excluded subjects currently on medication All reported to suffer from Chronic
Nightmares for over a year Nightmare defined as a frightening dream
to directly caused a return to full consciousness (awakening).
Lucid Dreaming Treatment Pilot Study: Method
Lucid Dreaming Treatment Pilot Study: Method
Subjects were given the Sleep-50 to evaluate sleep
Subjects divided into three groups, each given a different degree of LDT.
<Group1>: Each subject given a one on one LDT seminar
<Group2>: Subjects given group LDT seminar
<Group3>: No LDT seminar was given
Subjects were given the Sleep-50 to evaluate sleep
Subjects divided into three groups, each given a different degree of LDT.
<Group1>: Each subject given a one on one LDT seminar
<Group2>: Subjects given group LDT seminar
<Group3>: No LDT seminar was given
Lucid Dream Treatment Pilot Study: Method (cont.)
Lucid Dream Treatment Pilot Study: Method (cont.)
Subjects were reevaluated 12 weeks later with the Sleep-50
Subjects were reevaluated 12 weeks later with the Sleep-50
Lucid Dreaming Treatment Pilot Study: LDT seminar
Lucid Dreaming Treatment Pilot Study: LDT seminar
2 hour seminar
Subjects educated about Lucid Dreaming and triggering methods
Given imaging exercises the nightmare, while reaffirming them as a dream.
Instructed Subjects to try to induce nightmares before sleep to occur during sleep.
2 hour seminar
Subjects educated about Lucid Dreaming and triggering methods
Given imaging exercises the nightmare, while reaffirming them as a dream.
Instructed Subjects to try to induce nightmares before sleep to occur during sleep.
Lucid Dreaming Treatment Pilot Study: Results (cont.)
Lucid Dreaming Treatment Pilot Study: Results (cont.)
Lucid Dreaming Treatment Pilot Study: Discussion
Lucid Dreaming Treatment Pilot Study: Discussion
Study had many limitations:- small sample size- limited time frame- LDT seminar limited- Sleep-50 fail to report more
detailed information on subjects.
- Only 6 subjects successfully reported full Lucid Dreaming
Study had many limitations:- small sample size- limited time frame- LDT seminar limited- Sleep-50 fail to report more
detailed information on subjects.
- Only 6 subjects successfully reported full Lucid Dreaming
Lucid Dreaming Treatment Pilot Study: Discussion
(cont.)
Lucid Dreaming Treatment Pilot Study: Discussion
(cont.)
Study Headway- Statistically significant results.- LDT did target nightmare
specifically, not quality of sleep
- As a pilot study, leaves much room for further study.
Study Headway- Statistically significant results.- LDT did target nightmare
specifically, not quality of sleep
- As a pilot study, leaves much room for further study.
ReferencesReferences
1. Dietrich, Arne. Functional neuroanatomy of altered states of consciousness: The transient hypofrontality hypothesis. Consciousness and Cognition 12, 2003. pp. 231–256.
2. Erlacher, Daniel D., Michael Shredl, Stephen LaBerge. Motor area activation during dreamed hand clenching: A pilot study on EEG alpha band. Sleep and
Hypnosis. Volume 5(4). 2003. pp. 182-187.
3. Fisher, Leslie E., Benjamin Wallace. Consciousness and Behavior. Waveland Press, IL, 2003.
4. Gackenbach, Jayne, Stephen LaBerge. Conscious Mind, Sleeping Brain: Perspectives on Lucid Dreaming. Plenum Press, New York, 1988.
5. Holzinger, Brigitte, LaBerge, Stephen, Levitan, Lynne. Psychophysiological Correlates of Lucid Dreaming. Dreaming. Vol 16(2), Jun 2006, pp. 88-95.
6. LaBerge, Stephen S., Lucid dreaming: Physiological correlates of consciousness during REM sleep. The Journal of mind and behavior. Vol. 7(2-3), 1986. pp. 251-258.
1. Dietrich, Arne. Functional neuroanatomy of altered states of consciousness: The transient hypofrontality hypothesis. Consciousness and Cognition 12, 2003. pp. 231–256.
2. Erlacher, Daniel D., Michael Shredl, Stephen LaBerge. Motor area activation during dreamed hand clenching: A pilot study on EEG alpha band. Sleep and
Hypnosis. Volume 5(4). 2003. pp. 182-187.
3. Fisher, Leslie E., Benjamin Wallace. Consciousness and Behavior. Waveland Press, IL, 2003.
4. Gackenbach, Jayne, Stephen LaBerge. Conscious Mind, Sleeping Brain: Perspectives on Lucid Dreaming. Plenum Press, New York, 1988.
5. Holzinger, Brigitte, LaBerge, Stephen, Levitan, Lynne. Psychophysiological Correlates of Lucid Dreaming. Dreaming. Vol 16(2), Jun 2006, pp. 88-95.
6. LaBerge, Stephen S., Lucid dreaming: Physiological correlates of consciousness during REM sleep. The Journal of mind and behavior. Vol. 7(2-3), 1986. pp. 251-258.
References (Cont.)References (Cont.)
7. LaBerge Stephen S. Lucid dreaming verified by volitional communication during REM sleep. Vol 52(3), 1981. pp. 727-732.
8. Spoormaker, Victor I., Jan van den Bout, and Eli J. G. Meijer. Lucid Dreaming Treatment for Nightmares: A Series of Cases. Dreaming, Vol. 13, No. 3, September 2003. pp. 181-186.
9. Wantanabe, Tsuneo. Lucid Dreaming: It’s Experimental Proof and Psychological Conditions. J. Intl. Soc. LifeInfo. Sci. Vol. 21, No.1, March
2003. pp. 159-165.
10. Spoormaker, Victor I., Jan van den Bout. Lucid Dreaming Treatment for Nightmares: A Pilot Study. Psychother Psychosom 75, 2006. pp. 389–394.
11. The Lucidity Institute. http://www.lucidty.com. (accessed February 2008).
12. Dr. Susan Blackmore. “Lucid Dreaming: Awake in Your Sleep?” http://www.susanblackmore.co.uk/Articles/si91ld.html (accessed February 2008).
7. LaBerge Stephen S. Lucid dreaming verified by volitional communication during REM sleep. Vol 52(3), 1981. pp. 727-732.
8. Spoormaker, Victor I., Jan van den Bout, and Eli J. G. Meijer. Lucid Dreaming Treatment for Nightmares: A Series of Cases. Dreaming, Vol. 13, No. 3, September 2003. pp. 181-186.
9. Wantanabe, Tsuneo. Lucid Dreaming: It’s Experimental Proof and Psychological Conditions. J. Intl. Soc. LifeInfo. Sci. Vol. 21, No.1, March
2003. pp. 159-165.
10. Spoormaker, Victor I., Jan van den Bout. Lucid Dreaming Treatment for Nightmares: A Pilot Study. Psychother Psychosom 75, 2006. pp. 389–394.
11. The Lucidity Institute. http://www.lucidty.com. (accessed February 2008).
12. Dr. Susan Blackmore. “Lucid Dreaming: Awake in Your Sleep?” http://www.susanblackmore.co.uk/Articles/si91ld.html (accessed February 2008).
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