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8/9/2019 LPI 101 Ch06 Configuring a Linux System
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Chapter 6
Configuring A Linux System
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Objectives
Describe and configure the X Window System
Describe and configurewindowmanagers and
desktop environmentssuch as xdm, KDE, and
GNOME
Describe and use package (software)management
utilitiessuch as Red Hat'srpm, Debian'sdselect,
Slackware'spkgtool
Examine how to add and configure devices
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THE X WINDOW SYSTEM
The X Window Systemis a Graphical User Interface (GUI)
developed at the Massachusetts Instituteof Technology
(MIT), runson UNIX and UNIX-like OS
X Windowserver, is a program that draws graphics to thedisplay and relays any keyboard, mouse, orotherinput
eventsbackto programsrunning under X or X clients
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THE X WINDOW SYSTEM
Windowmanagers and desktop environments takecareof
thelook and feelof the desktop
Nearly every Linux distribution comeswith afree X server
programcalled XFree86, was developed and ismaintainedby The XFree86 Project, Inc
There areother X servers that arecommercially available,
including Accelerated-X ( from Xi Graphics) and Metro-X (
from MetroLink). Formoreinformation visit:http://www.xfree86.org
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X Client/Server Model
The X serveris a program that takescontrolof the display
and of theinput devices ( keyboard, mouse, );itsstarted
with thecommand startx
X clients are programs that use the X server forinput andoutput. The desktop and windowmanagers are alsojust client
programs
X clientsmay run on a machineanywhere on the networkand
have their I/O managed by the X serveron a remoteworkstation
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Gathering Information
To properly install the XFree86 windowing system, its
necessary to gatherinformation about yoursystem
hardware : video card, monitor, RAM, mouse and keyboard
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Video Card
If you plan to purchase a new videocard, makesureit is
supported by the XFree86 project. It is always a good idea to
checkthelist ofsupported cards at:
http://www.xfree86.org/4.0/Status.html If yourcard is NOT supported under XFree86 v4.1.0, lookat
XFree86 v3.3.6'slist ofsupported cards. Use theolder version
of XFree86 until they add your driverif necessary:
http://www.xfree86.org/3.3.6/index.html
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Monitor
If using a utility such as XF86Config or Xconfigurator to
configure X, monitorconfiguration may be assimple as
selecting yourexact model from a list.
Howeverifconfiguring Red Hat's /etc/X11/XF86Config filebyhand, orif yourmonitoris not on thelist ofsupported
hardware, you will need toknow therangeofhorizontal and
vertical refresh rates that yourmonitorsupports.
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Installing XFree86
Most Linux distributionsinstall XFree86 by default. It is
also possible toinstall Xfree86 through common package
formatssuch asrpm and deb
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Installing Over an Existing X Installation
If you areinstalling X over an existing installation it is a good
idea tomake a backup of yourcurrent setup in /usr/X11R6
.Do NOT simply rename yourold directory, it willremove X
applications you haveinstalled
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Configuring the X Window System
There are tools available forconfiguring X Window System
torun on yoursystem. These programsmodify XF86Config
file ( residesin /etc/X11 or /usr/X11R6/lib/X11 )
XF86Setup Xconfigurator
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Starting Your X Window System
Morerecent distributionsoffer a choice toenable the X
Window Systemenvironment directly after thesystem
boots. This featurebrings the user to a graphicallogin
screen, and implemented asrun level 5 in inittab
You can start X Window from text consoleby typing startx
command
You can also temporary switch from X Window to text
consoleby Ctrl+Alt+F1 (F1 through F6)
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The xvidtune Utility
This tool help you to aligned desktop on yourmonitor. It
can adjust thesize and position of the desktop
Type xvidtune at the prompt torun it if X isrunning
The xvidtune utility allows forlow-levelreadjustment ofyour video display, so useit carefully
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The .Xresources File
Many applications that run under X can becustomized
using externally configured settingscalled resources.
Entriesin the .Xresources use thissyntax :
program*resource: value program: The nameof theconfigurableclient
resource: Theconfigurablesetting allowed by the
program
value: Thesetting of theresource
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The .Xresources File
The following is an excerpt from.Xresources that configurescolors for an xterm :
xterm*background: Blackxterm*foreground: Wheat
xterm*cursorColor: Orchidxterm*reverseVideo: false .Xdefaultsisloaded when thewindowmanagerisstarted and
.Xresourcesismerged: both are "set" into X servermemoryusing the /usr/X11R6/bin/xrdb utility called from .xinitrcor asystemwide /etc/X11/xinit/xintrc
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Remote X Clients
X boasts the ability to have X displaysrun over a network.You need toset theDISPLAY variable, which has three
parts: :
host : remote host nameon the network, IP addresses, domainname. Thelocalis used if the host is NOT specified
display : specifieswhich display theoutput should be direct
toward. A singlesystemcan managemany displays. Note that
thecolon isstillrequired if the host isomittedscreen : is an optional parameter forcomputerswith more
than onemonitor tosignify which monitor tosend the display
to #export DISPLAY=:0.0
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X Stations and X Terminals
X stations and X terminals arediskless systems (sometimescalled "thin client") that requireonly a monitor and an X
server
They can beconfigured to access a remote host (X Server) torun graphicalclients
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xdmand X Terminals
To use X terminalwith your host
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Installing and Managing Fonts Under X
XFree86 can beconfigured tosupport bitmap, TrueTypeand PostScript fonts
Font servers arebackground process that makeinstalled
fonts available to XFree86
These font serverscan beconfigured tosupply fontsboth to
XFree86 on thelocalmachine and toothermachines
running X on the network
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Understanding the Font Path
Thekey to understanding fonts under X is having a stronggrasp of thefontpath. Themain font path can beconfigured
system-wideby editing the XF86Config file, orby adding
directories to your font path using the xset command
You can specify yourown font path using the FontPathdirectivein theFiles section of/etc/X11/XF86Config. Thesimplesyntax is:
FontPath "path"
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Understanding the Font Path
Section "Files"RgbPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/rgb"FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/miscFontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Type1FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/SpeedoFontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/100dpiFontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/75dpiFontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/local
EndSection
When XFree86 starts, it parses these font directories andincludes theircontentsin thelist of fonts available during theX session
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Understanding the Font Path
On recent distributionsbased on Red Hat you may see alisting like:
Section "Files"
RgbPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/rgbFontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/localFontPath unix/:-1
EndSection
The aboveis a reference to afontserverthat runsseparatelyfrom XFree86 and hasit'sown configuration file. It is alsopossible to haveboth paths to font directories and referencesto font serversin thesame XF86Config file
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Installing new Fonts
If therewere a font directory on yoursystem at/usr/share/fonts/foo you could add them to your font path
with the xset command :
$ xset fp+/usr/share/fonts/foo
$ xset fp rehash
Fontsin the directory areonly available until userlogsout.
To automate this you can add thesecommands toeither your
.Xsession file, or .xinitrc orin the XF86Config filewithdirective FontPath
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Installing Fonts with XF86Config
After the fonts areinstalled in the new directory, themkfontdir utility isrun tocatalog the new fontsin the new
directory
Newentries are added to theXF86Configfile toinclude the
path for new fonts looklike:
FontPath "/usr/share/fonts/foo"
Restart X serveror font server torecognize the new fonts
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Font Servers
Twomost popular font servers are xfs and xfstt. On RedHat,TurboLinux, Mandrake, xfscomescompiled tosupport
TrueType fontsbut its not on Debian. With Debain system,
you should install xfstt to provide TrueTypesupport.
The font path for xfsis usually controlled by the
/etc/X11/fs/config file. On Red Hat derived systems you can
use thechkfontpath utility toselect a configuration file, and to
add directories to the font path
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WINDOW MANAGERS/ DESKTOP
ENVIRONMENTS
Its a program used to arrange, move, resize, windowson
thescreen. There aremany windowmanager :
KDE ( KDesktop Environment )
GNOME ( GNU NetworkObject ModelEnvironment )
Window Maker
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Configuring xdm
xdm is distributed as part of XFree86 and isconfigured
by a seriesof fileslocated in /etc/X11/xdm/. These files
include:
Xaccess This filecontrolsinbound requests fromremote hosts
Xresources This fileissimilar to.Xresources.It holdsconfiguration information forsome xdm
resources, including the graphicalloginscreen.
Xservers This file associates the X display names (:0,:1, ...)
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Configuring xdm
Xsession This filecontains thescript xdmlaunchesafterasuccessfullogin. It usually looks for.xsession inthe user's home directory and executes the
commands found there. Ifsuch a file doesn'texist,Xsession starts a default windowmanager(orenvironment) and applications
Xsetup_0 This fileis a script started before the graphicallogin screen
xdm-config This file associates xdmconfiguration resourceswith theother filesin thislist. It usually isn'tnecessary tomakechangesin this file
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Running xdm manually
Tostart xdm, simply enterit asroot
# xdm
Most Linux distributionsenable virtualconsoles. You can
switch among them using thekey combinationsC
trl-Alt-F1,Ctrl-Alt-F2, and soon. Typically, the first six consoles areset
up as text-modescreens, and X launcheson console 7 (Ctrl-
Alt-F7).
If you want tostop xdm, simply stop the xdm process usingkillorkillallcommand from a text console:
# killall xdm
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Running xdm automatically
Thisline at thebottomof/etc/inittab instructsinit tostartxdm forrunlevel 5:
# Run xdmin runlevel 5 x:5:respawn:/usr/X11R6/bin/xdm -
nodaemon
Using thisconfiguration, when thesystementersrunlevel 5,
xdmstarts and presents the graphicallogin
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Modifying Xresources
Thelookof the graphicallogin screen can be altered bymanipulating theresourcesin /etc/X11/xdm/Xresources
!Xresources file
xlogin*borderWidth: 10xlogin*greeting: Welcome to Linux on CLIENTHOST
xlogin*namePrompt: Login:\040
xlogin*fail: Login incorrect - try again! xlogin*failColor:
red
xlogin*Foreground: Yellow
xlogin*Background: MidnightBlue
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Modifying Xsetup_0
Toinclude additional X programsorsettingson the graphicallogin screen, put themin /etc/X11/xdm/Xsetup_0. In this
example, thebackground colorof the X display isset to a
solid color (in hexadecimal form), and a clockis added at the
lowerrighthand cornerof thescreen:
#!/bin/sh
# Xsetup
/usr/X11R6/bin/xsetroot -solid "#356390"/usr/X11R6/bin/xclock-digital -update 1 -geometry -5-5 &
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Install KDE
KDEisoneof themany desktopsrunson all Linux
distributions
KDE dependson theqt libraries, install these packagesin
order :
qt kdebase kdenetwork
qt-devel kdeutils k demultimedia
kdesupport kdeadmin kdegames
kdelibs k degraphics
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Terminal Emulators
Oneof themost popular terminalemulatorsis xterm
xterm providesDEC VT102 and Tektronix 4014 compatible
terminals for programs that can't use thewindowsystem
directly
Configuration for xtermis found in the /usr/lib/X11/app-
defaults/XTerm file. Thesyntax forentriesin the Xterm fileis
thesame as thoseof .Xdefaultssinceis an Xresource file
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Package Managment
Packages and packagemanagers are designed tosimplify
installation process
Package : collection ofrelated executable programs and
associated data files : .rpm, .deb, .tar, .tar.gz, Packagemanagers : rpm (RedHat), dpkg (Debian),
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RPM(RedHat Package Manager)
Naming : RPM package (binary)
---architecture>.rpm
Example: bash-2.0.5-8-i.386.rpm
Input of RPM commands : package name orpackage file
name
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RPM Comands
Install :
rpm -ivh gcc-2.96-98.i386.rpm
Upgrade :
rpm -Uvh gcc-2.96-98.i386.rpm
UnInstall :
rpm -e gcc
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RPM Comands
List allinstalled packges :
rpm -qa
Listfiles containedin a specificinstalled package and where
they arelocated:rpm -ql gcc
List information about an installed packges :
rpm qigcc
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RPM Comands
List packgeson which this packagedepends :
rpm -Rgcc-2.96.i386.rpm
Find out what packgesowns a given file:
rpm -qf/usr/bin/gcc
Verify the gcc packge:
rpm -V gcc
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The rpmrc File
Thereisone file that controlsrpm's actions: /etc/rpmrc. Toview thesetting in rpmrc, use the --showrc flag :
rpm --showrc
Theoutput is divided into twosections: Architecture and operating system values
rpmrc values
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Installing Software from Source
Some distributionsrequire programs tobeinstalled fromsource asopposed tobinaries
Softwaressourcecodeis usual under .tar, .tar.gzor .tgz
formats
Installing fromsource usually requires threesteps after you
haveobtained the program:
unpacking the tarball
executing theconfigurescript
making the program
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Unpacking the tarball (step 1)
With .tar file :
tarxvf foo.tar
With .tar.gzor .tgz file :tarxjvf foo.tgz
tarxzvf foo.tar.gz
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Executing the configure script (step 2)
When thescript isexecuted, it lookson yourmachine tomakesure that it meets therequirements needed tocompile the
program :
#cd
#./configure
If theconfiguration terminatesbecausesomethingis missing,
then it will generate an errorreport
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Making the program (step 3)
Finally, we use themake and makeinstallcommands toactually compile thesoftware. Themakecommand actually
compilesthe source code, whilemakeinstallcopiesthe
compiled filesinto the system directories
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Using Packages Without a Package Manager
If you want toexamine thecontentsof a package file and youdo not have thecorresponding packagemanager, there are
two tools that you can use to doso :
Midnight Commander (MC)is a programwhich can
display the contents of files. If the fileis a package file, it
willlist the filesin all directoriesin the archivecontained
in the package
Therpm2cpio program producesoutput that can be pipedtocpio : #rpm2cpio foo.rpm | cpio -t
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Adding Hard Drives
1. Write down the new drive'sspecifications : the numberof
cylinders, heads, sectors, and totalcapacity for your drive
2. Configure the new drive appropriately for yourbus
3. Install the new drivein yourcomputerchassis, ensuring that
all data and powercables aresecurelyattached
4. Configure your BIOS torecognize the new drive
5. Boot youroperating system and ensure that the new driveis
recognized
6. Createoneormore partitionson your hard disk
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Adding Hard Drives
7. Create the filesystemson partitions : usemkfscommand
8. Create a mount point :
mkdir /mnt/sparedisk
9. Mount the drive
mount -t ext3 /dev/hdb1 /mnt/sparedisk
10. Test the new drive
11. Update /etc/fstab formounting automatically when reboot
by adding a newentry like:
/dev/hdb1 /mnt/sparedisk ext3 defaults 1 1
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Adding NIC
Linux supports a very large percentage of the NetworkInterface Controllers that exist today
If there is no driver available in your current kernel, you will
have to:
Recompiled new kernel
Obtain the current kernel sources
Configure the kernel to use the proper driver
Compile and install the new kernel
Download device driver from Internet and install
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Summary
Describe and configure the X Window System
Describe and configurewindowmanagers and desktop
environmentssuch as xdm, KDE, and GNOME
Describe and use package (software)management utilities
such as Red Hat'srpm, Debian'sdselect, Slackware'spkgtool,
and alien
Examine how to add and configure devices
Recommended