LOGIC 102 lesson 07 Sh. Safdar Razi. The Conditional Syllogism Arabic: al-qadiyaa al-shartiyya...

LOGIC 102lesson 07

Sh. Safdar Razi

The Conditional Syllogism

• Arabic: al-qadiyaa al-shartiyya• Definition:

– Is composed of two predicative/propositional statements or three parts:

1. The first part (al-muqadama)2. The second part (al-taalie)3. The connector (al-raabitta/nisba)

• This is not like the predicative syllogism, in that the nisba here is not used to prove/affirm the predicative to the subject.

• Instead it connects the two statements.

Perspective Two:Types of Conditional

• The conditional syllogisms with respect to the nature of the:

1. Connection in the Associative (talaazum)

2. The lack of a connection in the Dissociative (ta’aanud)

Types of Conditional

1. Connected (muttasilla)a) The Related Association (al-luzoomiyya)b) The Unrelated Association (al-ittifaaqiyya)

2. Disconnected (munfasilla)1. The Opposite Dissociation (al-’inaadiyya)2. The Unrelated Dissociation (al-ittifaaqiyya)

1a. The Related Association

• Arabic: al-luzoomiyya• Definition:

– A true connection and an inseperable assocation.

• Example:– Cause and effect:

If metal is heated then it will expand.– If water is unavailable for wudhu then we must

perform tayamum.

1b. Unrelated Association

• Arabic: al-ittifaaqiyya• Definition:

– The connection between them does not make an imperative association. However, the occurrence of taalie is in agreement with the occurrence of the muqadimma.

• Example:– Whenever Mohammad comes class, the teacher

will have already started the class.

2a. The Opposite Dissociation

• Arabic: al-’inaadiyya• Definition:

– There is a true opposition between the two choices of the munfasilla because it is their essence to be opposed to each other.

• Example:– An integer is either even or odd.– A human is either male or female.

2b. The Unrelated Dissociation

• Arabic: al-ittifaaqiee• Definition:

– The opposition between the two is due to something outside of their essence.

• Example:– The person sitting in the living room is either

Muhammad or Ali.– This book is either a book of logic or it is owned by

Ahmad.

Other Types of Munfasilla:

• With respect to the meeting and elevation of the two parts of the syllogism (maqadimma and taalie) or lack thereof.

• Three Types:1. True (haqeeqiyya)

2. Prevents Meeting (maani’at al-jame’)

3. Prevents Emptiness (maani’at al-khulluw)

1. True

• Arabic: haqeeqiyya

• Definition:– Two types:

a) + ve:Do not meet and do not elevate.

b) - ve: Do meet and do elevate.

Continued…

• Example:– +ve:

A number is either even or odd.– -ve:

An animal is not either intelligent or capable of learning. (meets in ma and elevates in other than him)

2. Prevents Meeting• Arabic: maani’at al-jame’• Definition:

– Wrt jame’Here the two sides do not meet and elevate at the same time.

– Two types:a)+ ve:Do not meet and do elevate.b)- ve: Do meet and do not elevate.

Continued…

• Example:– +ve:

A body is either black or white. (elevate wrt red)

– -ve: A body is not either other than white or other than black. (eg., meet in red)

3. Prevents Emptiness• Arabic: maani’at al-khulluw• Definition:

– Wrt khulluw– Two types:

a)+ ve:Do meet but do not elevate.b)- ve: Do not meet and do elevate.

Examples:

– +ve: A body is either other than black or other than white.A body is either in water or not drowning.

– -ve: A body does not have to be either other than white, or other than black.

Important Notes:

• The exceptional syllogism can be composed of several syllogisms which could be predicative and conditional (connected or disconnecte or )

EXAMPLES

1. If knowledge is a reason for happiness then if a man is a scholar then he is happy.

FLOW: connected-predicative-connected

Continued…

2. If a word is singular then it is either a noun, or a verb, or a particle.

FLOW: connected-predicative-disconnect with 3 sides

Continued…

3. Either the state of the earth causes an eclipse of the moon or if the earth comes between the moon and the sun then the moon is eclipsed.

– FLOW: disconnected-predicative connected.

The Deviated Syllogism

• This type of syllogism, is not stated in a clear fashion.

• This type of syllogism must be restated by the logician for it to:

a) Make sense

b) Be easy to follow

c) Be fixed before deduction

Examples:

1. The Predicative Syllogism:a) Humans are some of animals.

Restated:Some animals are humans.

Continued…

1. The Conditional Syllogism:b) DISCONNECTED:

Either the sun is out and either daylight exists. Restated:If it is a day, either the sun is out or it is not.