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Location Strategies for the Initial Location Strategies for the Initial Hydrogen Refueling Infrastructure Hydrogen Refueling Infrastructure
in Floridain Florida
Michael Kuby, Seow Lim, Jong-Geun Kim, and James ClancyMichael Kuby, Seow Lim, Jong-Geun Kim, and James ClancyArizona State University, School of Geographical SciencesArizona State University, School of Geographical Sciences
Lee LinesLee LinesRollins College, Department of Environmental StudiesRollins College, Department of Environmental Studies
Ronald Schultz and Zhixiao XieRonald Schultz and Zhixiao XieDepartment of Geosciences, Florida Atlantic UniversityDepartment of Geosciences, Florida Atlantic University
This project is funded by the Florida Hydrogen Initiative (FHI)
Overview of FHI ProjectOverview of FHI Project
1.1. Spatial Decision Support System for Spatial Decision Support System for Optimal Station Location Optimal Station Location
2.2. Statewide StudyStatewide Study
3.3. Orlando StudyOrlando Study
4.4. Feasibility of Hydrogen Rental Car Feasibility of Hydrogen Rental Car Business at Orlando International AirportBusiness at Orlando International Airport
5.5. Renter Survey ResultsRenter Survey Results
6.6. Conclusions and Future WorkConclusions and Future Work
1. Spatial Decision Support System 1. Spatial Decision Support System for Optimal Station Location for Optimal Station Location
Purpose: plan a coordinated system of stations
GIS
What makes our approach different?What makes our approach different?
Max Arc Flows
Min Spanning Tree Min Average Distance
Our Approach is based on Our Approach is based on Flow-Capturing ModelsFlow-Capturing Models
Hodgson (1990), Hodgson (1990), Berman, Larson, and Berman, Larson, and Fouska (1992) Fouska (1992)
DDemand consists of emand consists of paths, not pointspaths, not points
Locate Locate pp facilities to facilities to capture the maximum capture the maximum volume of passing flowsvolume of passing flows
D
A C
B
AA BB CC DD
AA -- 1212 77 22
BB -- 33 55
CC -- 99
DD --
DDestination
Limited driving range of vehiclesLimited driving range of vehicles
Flow Refueling vs. Flow CapturingFlow Refueling vs. Flow Capturing
Original research funded by NSF Grant #0214630.Original research funded by NSF Grant #0214630.
Kuby, M., and S. Lim. 2005. The Flow-Refueling Location Problem for Alternative-Fuel Vehicles. Kuby, M., and S. Lim. 2005. The Flow-Refueling Location Problem for Alternative-Fuel Vehicles. Socio-Socio-Economic Planning SciencesEconomic Planning Sciences 39(2):125-145. 39(2):125-145.
Kuby, M. and S. Lim. Location of Alternative-Fuel Stations Using the Flow-Refueling Location Model And Kuby, M. and S. Lim. Location of Alternative-Fuel Stations Using the Flow-Refueling Location Model And Dispersion of Candidate Sites on Arcs. Dispersion of Candidate Sites on Arcs. Networks and Spatial EconomicsNetworks and Spatial Economics (in press). (in press).
25 15075OOrigin
A B
Linear Programming Formulation of Linear Programming Formulation of the Flow-Refueling Location Modelthe Flow-Refueling Location Model
ObjectiveObjective Variables Variables
ConstraintsConstraints
CoefficientsCoefficients
qqYfMax
Hh
qhqh QqYvb
KkHhvXa hkhk ;
Kk
k pX
hvqY
kX
hq
k
10 ; 10
{0,1}
0 else refueled; is qpath if 1qY
0 else open; are
hn combinatioin facilities all if 1hv
0 else open; isk facility if 1kX
qpath on volumeflow qf
qpath refuelcan h combo if 1 qhb
kfacility includesh combo if 1 hka
located be tofacilities ofnumber p
Spatial Decision Support System Spatial Decision Support System GIS + LP = SDSSGIS + LP = SDSS
Data Data processingprocessing
OptimizingOptimizingMapping Mapping
resultsresults
Two Solution AlgorithmsTwo Solution Algorithms
http://www.stumptown.com/diss/chapter2.html
2. Statewide Study2. Statewide Study
Detailed Path CheckingDetailed Path Checking
Trip Volumes Estimated by Trip Volumes Estimated by Gravity ModelGravity Model
Flows Estimated by Gravity Model
Actual Flows fromFDOT Data
Max Trips, Range=100, 5 StationsMax Trips, Range=100, 5 Stations
Max Trips, Range=100, 10 StationsMax Trips, Range=100, 10 Stations
Max Trips, Range=100, 15 StationsMax Trips, Range=100, 15 Stations
VMT vs Trips VMT vs Trips Range=100, 25 StationsRange=100, 25 Stations
Tradeoff CurveTradeoff Curve
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 5 10 15 20 25
Number of Stations
Per
cent
Ref
uele
d
Max Trips(100 mi)
Max Trips(75 mi)
Max VMT(100 mi)
Max VMT(75 mi)
Max Trips, Range=75, 10 StationsMax Trips, Range=75, 10 Stations
3. Orlando Study3. Orlando Study
Maximizing Refuelable TripsMaximizing Refuelable Trips25 Stations, Range=100 miles25 Stations, Range=100 miles
Tradeoff Curve (Range=100)Tradeoff Curve (Range=100)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
0 5 10 15 20 25
Number of Stations
Per
cent
4. Feasibility of Hydrogen Rental Car 4. Feasibility of Hydrogen Rental Car Business at Orlando Int’l AirportBusiness at Orlando Int’l Airport
Experience with RentingExperience with RentingAlt-Fuel VehiclesAlt-Fuel Vehicles
Barriers and Solutions:Barriers and Solutions:Markets/Consumer MotivationMarkets/Consumer Motivation
http://www.johnelkington.com/images/Slide14.jpg
Green consumers
http://www.ehponline.org/docs/2002/110-3/spheres-abs.html
Business Use of HOV Lanes
Preferred Parking at Theme Parks
http://www.dcrtna.com/fuelcell/images/Events/2004_LA_AutoShow.jpg
Technophiles/Car Buffs
Barriers and Solutions:Barriers and Solutions:Consumer ConcernsConsumer Concerns
www.familycar.com/CarRepair/Images/Stranded.jpg
Breakdowns Refueling
Safety
www.bellona.no/en/energy/hydrogen/report_6-2002/22966.html
Barriers and Solutions:Barriers and Solutions:Resale of Used VehiclesResale of Used Vehicles
www.virginia.edu
Respiratory Health Groups
www.free-nature-animal-butterfly-wallpaper.com/wallpapers/nature2.jpg
Environmental Groups
www.autoauditorium.com/TdS_Reports_2005/photos_010.html
Car Clubs
Government Fleets
http://www.happynews.com/living/money/consumer-rights-car.jpg
Barriers and Solutions:Barriers and Solutions:Cost of VehiclesCost of Vehicles
Will need government and corporate Will need government and corporate subsidies for subsidies for Purchase costsPurchase costsReplacement cost insuranceReplacement cost insurance
Partner with auto manufacturerPartner with auto manufacturerStart with HStart with H22-ICE converted cars?-ICE converted cars?
Barriers and Solutions:Barriers and Solutions:RevenueRevenue
HH22 demand may not provide steady demand may not provide steady
revenue streamrevenue streamRent standard cars alsoRent standard cars alsoRent hybrid cars alsoRent hybrid cars alsoTeach agents to recognize customers who Teach agents to recognize customers who
might upgrademight upgrade
5. Rental Car Attitudinal Survey 5. Rental Car Attitudinal Survey
Personal Intercept Attitudinal Personal Intercept Attitudinal Survey on HSurvey on H22 Fueled Vehicles Fueled Vehicles
International Drive International Drive - 2 shuttle bus terminals- 2 shuttle bus terminals- Summer 2005 - Summer 2005 - 90 surveys- 90 surveys
Orlando International Airport Orlando International Airport - car rental lobby- car rental lobby- Spring & Summer 2006 - Spring & Summer 2006 - 345 surveys- 345 surveys
Attitudinal Survey Respondents Attitudinal Survey Respondents (n=435)(n=435)
Origin Origin Occupation Occupation GenderGender FloridaFlorida 5 5 StudentStudent 14 14 MaleMale 176176Other USOther US 352352 Private Ind/BusPrivate Ind/Bus 168168 FemaleFemale 253253EuropeEurope 13 13 Govt/EducationGovt/Education 89 89Carib/B&BCarib/B&B 15 15 MilitaryMilitary 5 5UKUK 47 47 RetiredRetired 27 27S. AmericaS. America 3 3 OtherOther 128128
Household IncomeHousehold Income EducationEducation Under $30kUnder $30k 24 24 Less than High SchoolLess than High School 0 0$30k - $49k$30k - $49k 63 63 High SchoolHigh School 116116$50k - $99k $50k - $99k 176176 College GradCollege Grad 230230Over $100k Over $100k 145145 Post-Grad Deg.Post-Grad Deg. 83 83
Attitudinal Survey RespondentsAttitudinal Survey Respondents(continued)(continued)
Age Age Marital Marital ChildrenChildren19 – 29 19 – 29 40 Single 86 40 Single 86 00 63 63
30 – 39 30 – 39 125 Married 346125 Married 346 11 56 56
40 – 49 40 – 49 147147 2 2 175175
50 – 59 50 – 59 86 86 33 85 85
60+ 60+ 32 32 4+4+ 52 52
Survey Results: Survey Results: “Bundles” of Destinations“Bundles” of Destinations
0 20 40 60 80 100
Theme Parks or DowntownOrlando Only
Theme Parks Only
Beyond Orlando Area
Orlando and Kennedy SpaceCenter Only
Orlando and Tampa Area Only
Percentage of Total Visitors
Rating of Issues About Rating of Issues About Renting a HydrogenRenting a Hydrogen CarCar
3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5
Using a pollution free vehicle
Fuel cost per mile comparable to gasoline
On-call, roadside repair service
Driving range of vehicle
Map of refueling stations
Full service refueling by trained mechanic
Opportunity to experience new technology
Exchange for gasoline car at no extra cost
Priority parking at theme parks
Opportunity to test drive before renting
1 (Not Important) to 5 (Very Important)
Would you be willing to pay more to Would you be willing to pay more to rent an Hrent an H22 car, and if so, how much? car, and if so, how much?
0255075
100125
150175200225
Number of responses
No $0-$5 $5-$10 $10-$15 $15-$20
Additional cost per day
51%
Willingness to detour for a HWillingness to detour for a H22 refueling refueling
station without considering it a hassle?station without considering it a hassle?
0%5%
10%15%20%25%30%35%
Percent of responses
Up to 1mile
Up to 3miles
Up to 5miles
Morethan 5miles
Distance
6. Conclusions6. Conclusions
In Orlando, build 1In Orlando, build 1stst 15 stations on major 15 stations on major corridors/intersections, corridors/intersections, thenthen residential areas residential areas
Statewide, start with SE Fla and Orlando-Tampa, Statewide, start with SE Fla and Orlando-Tampa, then build outwards from those two clusters then build outwards from those two clusters
(similar to CA H(similar to CA H22 Highway) Highway) Model is conservative in assuming no detours off Model is conservative in assuming no detours off
shortest paths—survey shows otherwiseshortest paths—survey shows otherwise Majority of Orlando airport renters could be served Majority of Orlando airport renters could be served
by 3 stationsby 3 stations Most barriers to rental business are solvable IF cars Most barriers to rental business are solvable IF cars
can be acquired at reasonable costcan be acquired at reasonable cost
Future ChallengesFuture Challenges
Weight trips by likely early adopters (using Weight trips by likely early adopters (using NREL demand model)NREL demand model)
Coordinate metro scale and state scale Coordinate metro scale and state scale recommendationsrecommendations
Allow detours from shortest pathsAllow detours from shortest paths Identify partners for rental car businessIdentify partners for rental car business
AcknowlegementsAcknowlegementsThis research was funded by NSF This research was funded by NSF
(Decision Risk and Management (Decision Risk and Management Science Program) and US DOE/Florida Science Program) and US DOE/Florida Hydrogen Initiative, Inc.Hydrogen Initiative, Inc.
Models solved with Xpress-MP softwareModels solved with Xpress-MP softwareAny questions?Any questions?
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