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Living organisms are classified Living organisms are classified into 3 Domainsinto 3 Domains
1.1. BacteriaBacteria
2.2. ArchaeaArchaea
3.3. EukaryaEukarya
4 Kingdoms in this Domain
11
Domain Eukarya has 4 Domain Eukarya has 4 KingdomsKingdoms
1. Kingdom Protista1. Kingdom Protista
2. Kingdom Fungi2. Kingdom Fungi
3. Kingdom 3. Kingdom PlantaePlantae
4. Kingdom Animalia4. Kingdom Animalia
22
Characteristics of Characteristics of PlantsPlants
A.A. EukaryotesEukaryotesB.B. MulticellularMulticellularC.C. Cannot move from place to placeCannot move from place to placeD.D. Autotrophic-can Autotrophic-can PhotosynthesizePhotosynthesizeE.E. Thick cell walls made of Thick cell walls made of
cellulose (carbohydrate)cellulose (carbohydrate)
33
Review of PhotosynthesisReview of Photosynthesis
Words: Words: Carbon Dioxide + Water---Carbon Dioxide + Water---Glucose + Oxygen Glucose + Oxygen
Symbols:Symbols:
COCO22 + H + H22O ---------O --------- C C66HH1212OO66 + O + O22
44
Evolution of PlantsEvolution of Plants
The common ancestor of ALL plants The common ancestor of ALL plants is thought to be is thought to be green algaegreen algae..
In the early evolution of plants, they In the early evolution of plants, they made the transition from aquatic to made the transition from aquatic to land environments. land environments.
The most crucial ingredient for The most crucial ingredient for movement to land is water and it is movement to land is water and it is in short supply.in short supply.
55
Special Adaptations Special Adaptations
A.A. CuticleCuticle to prevent water loss to prevent water loss
B.B. LeavesLeaves for carrying out photosynthesis for carrying out photosynthesis
C.C. RootsRoots to anchor and absorb water and to anchor and absorb water and mineralsminerals
D.D. StemsStems for support and transport of food, water for support and transport of food, water and mineralsand minerals
E.E. Vascular tissuesVascular tissues for transport in some plants for transport in some plants
F.F. Most have Most have seedsseeds for reproduction for reproduction
G.G. Alternation of generationsAlternation of generations
66
Special AdaptationsSpecial Adaptations
Most plants have a waxy Most plants have a waxy cuticlecuticle which which covers their leaves and stems which covers their leaves and stems which prevents water loss. prevents water loss.
Cuticle is made of Cuticle is made of phospholipidsphospholipids.. The phospholipids The phospholipids head is polar head is polar and and
attracted to water.attracted to water. The cuticle is The cuticle is clearclear and this is important and this is important
so that light rays can reach the chloroplast so that light rays can reach the chloroplast for photosynthesis.for photosynthesis.
77
Alternation of GenerationsAlternation of GenerationsSee Study guide page 2See Study guide page 2
Multicellular diploid organism
(2n)
Unicellular haploid cells
(n)
meiosis
Unicellular diploid zygote
(2n)
mitosis
(spores)
Multicellularhaploid
organism(n)
mitosis
Unicellularhaploid gametes
(n)
fertilization
sporophyte
gametophytemitosis 88
Human life cycleHuman life cycle
Multicellular diploid organism
(2n)
Unicellular haploid cells(gametes)
(n)
meiosis
Unicellulardiploid zygote
(2n)fertilizati
on
mitosis
Meiosis – splitting chromosome pairs – 2n n
Mitosis – making exact copy99
Protists / fungi / plantsProtists / fungi / plants
Multicellular diploid organism
(2n)
Unicellular haploid cells
(n)
meiosis
Unicellular diploid zygote
(2n)
mitosis
(spores)
Multicellularhaploid
organism(n)
mitosis
Unicellularhaploid gametes
(n)
fertilization
sporophyte
gametophytemitosis 1010
BryophytesBryophytes
think mossthink moss
1111
BryophytesBryophytes
gametophyte
sporophyte
1212
Plant EvolutionPlant Evolution Plants are divided into:Plants are divided into: 1. 1. VASCULAR-special VASCULAR-special tissue for carrying water tissue for carrying water and nutrientsand nutrients
2. 2. NONVASCULAR-NONVASCULAR-diffusiondiffusion used to transport water used to transport water and nutrientsand nutrients
1313
Plant EvolutionPlant Evolution
The The Vascular plantsVascular plants are are divided into divided into seed plantsseed plants and and non seed plants (ferns)non seed plants (ferns)
The The Seed PlantsSeed Plants are divided are divided into those with into those with conescones and and those with those with flowersflowers
1414
Nonvascular vs VascularNonvascular vs VascularSeedless vs SeedSeedless vs Seed
BryophytesBryophytes are the non-vascular are the non-vascular seedless plants with our focus on the seedless plants with our focus on the mossmoss
The The PterophytesPterophytes are the are the fernsferns and they and they are vascular and seedlessare vascular and seedless
The The Seed plantsSeed plants consist of the consist of the GymnospermsGymnosperms with cones and the with cones and the AngiospermsAngiosperms with flowers which are with flowers which are vascular and have seedsvascular and have seeds
1515
Cladogram-Vascular TissueCladogram-Vascular Tissue
Bryophytes
Green algae
Seedless vascular plants
Gymnosperms Angiosperms
Evolution of specialized cells /
tissue
Evolution of cuticle
Evolution of vascular tissue
1616
Vascular tissueVascular tissue
Set of tubes that transport materials Set of tubes that transport materials around plantaround plant
Allows plants to grow tallerAllows plants to grow taller
Water travels up through xylemWater travels up through xylem
Sugar travels throughout in phloemSugar travels throughout in phloem1717
Ferns live further on landFerns live further on land
Still must be in moist areasStill must be in moist areas
Sporophyte survives with vascular Sporophyte survives with vascular tissue which helps conduct watertissue which helps conduct water
But sperm must still swim to egg in But sperm must still swim to egg in tiny gametophytetiny gametophyte
1818
Fern gametophyteFern gametophyte
1919
GinkgophytaGinkgophyta
A division of seed plants that A division of seed plants that
have only have only one living speciesone living species The leaves of the plant are The leaves of the plant are fan fan
shapedshaped For centuries it was thought to be For centuries it was thought to be
extinct in the wild, but is now known extinct in the wild, but is now known to grow wild in eastern to grow wild in eastern China. .
2020
Alternation of Alternation of GenerationsGenerations
An alternation between two An alternation between two distinct forms or generations distinct forms or generations that reproduce differentlythat reproduce differently
One generation is One generation is haploidhaploid and and reproduces reproduces sexuallysexually
The other generation is The other generation is diploiddiploid and reproduces and reproduces asexuallyasexually
2121
Alternation of Generations Alternation of Generations Gametophyte and Gametophyte and
SporophyteSporophyte
Notice that the more advanced
plants have a dominant Sporophyte and the less
advanced plants have
a more dominant
Gametophyte 2222
Moss Life CycleMoss Life Cyclehttp://intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/112s99Lect/life-cycles.html
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisamples/majorsbiology/moss.html
Moss Life Cycle
2323
Fern Life CycleFern Life Cyclehttp://intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/112s99Lect/life-cycles.html
2424
Alternation of Alternation of GenerationsGenerations
By definition, all plants alternate
generations
Gametophyte
n=haploid
Sporophyte 2n=diploid
2525
Cladogram-Pollen Cladogram-Pollen Grains/SeedsGrains/Seeds
Bryophytes
Green algae
Seedless vascular plants
Gymnosperms Angiosperms
Evolution of specialized cells /
tissue
Evolution of cuticle
Evolution of vascular tissue
Evolution of pollen
grains / seeds
2626
GymnospermsGymnosperms
Think cones (any conifer like pine Think cones (any conifer like pine trees)trees)
female ovary
male pollen cone
2727
Pine treePine treeGymnospermsGymnosperms
tiny gametophyte inside cone
sporophyte
sporophyte dominatessporophyte dominates2828
Gymnosperm pollen Gymnosperm pollen strategystrategy
Release a lot, hope some pollinateRelease a lot, hope some pollinate
(Meanwhile, irritating everyone else)(Meanwhile, irritating everyone else)
Pollen is the male sperm in Pollen is the male sperm in Gymnosperms and AngiospermsGymnosperms and Angiosperms
2929
OTHER ADAPTATIONS OTHER ADAPTATIONS Vascular Tissue-Used for Vascular Tissue-Used for
TransportTransportXylem
specialized cells for carrying water and dissolved minerals from the
roots
Phloem
cells for carrying food produced in the leaves through photosynthesis
to all parts of the plant
Vascular CambiumThe specialized tissue that gives rise to
new Xylem and Phloem
This is the tissue that brings about the growth
of a tree trunk 3030
ADAPTATIONSADAPTATIONSLeaf Structure in Leaf Structure in
AngiospermsAngiosperms•The primary function of leaves is photosynthesis
•Most photosynthesis takes place in the Palisade mesophyll
•Spongy mesophyll is loosely packed cells and permits gases to move between palisade cells and the outside of the leaf
3131
ADAPTATIONADAPTATIONRoot StructureRoot Structure
•Apical Mesistems are found at the tips of roots
•This is an area of active growth
•There are also meristems found at the tips of growing stems
3232
Root FunctionsRoot FunctionsA.A. Anchor plants Anchor plants B.B. Absorb Absorb waterwater and and mineralsminerals C.C. May store carbohydrates May store carbohydrates
(carrots, beets, turnips, (carrots, beets, turnips, radishes) radishes)
D.D. May store water for dry periodsMay store water for dry periods
MINERALS ABSORBED BY ROOTSMINERALS ABSORBED BY ROOTS1.1. Plant Cells use minerals, such as Plant Cells use minerals, such as nitrogennitrogen and and
potassium potassium in LARGE amounts; called in LARGE amounts; called macronutrientsmacronutrients
2.2. Minerals needed in SMALL amounts are called Minerals needed in SMALL amounts are called micronutrientsmicronutrients
3.3. Mineral deficiencies or excess minerals can kill Mineral deficiencies or excess minerals can kill plantsplants
3333
Transport in PlantsTransport in Plants•Transport in a plant involves movement of water, minerals by vascular cambium
•Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots
•Phloem transports nutrients from the leaves to all parts of the plant •Root Hairs aid in the absorption of water and minerals because it increases the surface area of roots 3434
StomataStomata
3535
Structure and Function of Structure and Function of StomataStomata
If water enters the guard cells, they swell up If water enters the guard cells, they swell up and the stomata opensand the stomata opens
If water leaves the guard cells, they become If water leaves the guard cells, they become soft and the stomata closessoft and the stomata closes
3636
Angiosperm or Flowering Angiosperm or Flowering Plant ReproductionPlant Reproduction
The Sporophyte
is the dominant
stage in the life cycle of
the Angiosperms 3737
Cladogram-Flowers and Cladogram-Flowers and FruitFruit
Bryophytes
Green algae
Seedless vascular plants
Gymnosperms Angiosperms
Evolution of specialized cells / tissue
Evolution of cuticle
Evolution of vascular tissue
Evolution of pollen
grains / seeds
Evolution of flowers /
fruits
3838
SunflowerSunflowerAngiospermsAngiosperms
tiny gametophyte inside bottom of
flower
rest of plant =
sporophyte
Sporophyte DominatesSporophyte Dominates3939
Basic Flower Structure of an Basic Flower Structure of an Angiosperm Angiosperm
http://plantandsoil.unl.edu/croptechnology2005/plant_phys/?what=animationList&informationModuleId=1087230040
•Sepals protect the flower bud from insect damage and dryness
•The color, scent, and nectar of flowers attracts insects, bats, and birds
•These animals help to transfer the pollen from the anthers of one flower to the stigma of other flowers-called pollination
4040
Complete and Incomplete Complete and Incomplete FlowersFlowers
Perfect Flowers: Perfect Flowers: have both male have both male and female reproductive and female reproductive structures.structures.
Imperfect Flowers: Imperfect Flowers: have either have either male or female structuresmale or female structures
Complete flowers:Complete flowers: have four basic have four basic structures: structures: petals, sepals, a petals, sepals, a stamen and a pistilstamen and a pistil
Incomplete flowers:Incomplete flowers: have one or have one or more of these structures lackingmore of these structures lacking
4141
Advertising in UV colorAdvertising in UV color
4242
Pollen Tube Growth and Pollen Tube Growth and Fertilization in Fertilization in AngiospermsAngiosperms
•The Pollen grains are transferred to the Stigma where the pollen grain produces a Pollen tube
•The pollen tube grows down the style into the ovary where it fuses its nuclei with the nuclei of the ovule
•The fertilized ovule becomes a seed and the ovary develops into the fruit of the plant 4343
Pollen grainsPollen grains
Hard covering around sperm, light Hard covering around sperm, light weight allows travel by windweight allows travel by wind
Removes water requirement for Removes water requirement for fertilizationfertilization
4444
FruitFruit
Typically collects sugar to attract Typically collects sugar to attract animalsanimals
Seeds survive animal digestive Seeds survive animal digestive system, pooped out far away from system, pooped out far away from parent with free fertilizer!parent with free fertilizer!
Some are not eaten by animals, just Some are not eaten by animals, just help wind carry seed (dandelion)help wind carry seed (dandelion)
4545
After fertilization, ovary After fertilization, ovary becomes fruitbecomes fruit
4646
Cladogram-Fruit and Cladogram-Fruit and FlowersFlowers
Bryophytes
Green algae
Seedless vascular plants
Gymnosperms Angiosperms
Evolution of specialized cells / tissue
Evolution of cuticle
Evolution of vascular tissue
Evolution of pollen
grains / seeds
Evolution of flowers /
fruits
4747
Plant ResponsesPlant ResponsesExample: Sensitivity to pressure or
touchThis can be protective for the plant
4848
PhototropismPhototropism
Positive Positive Phototropism: Phototropism: the plant is the plant is bending bending toward the toward the sunlightsunlight
4949
PhototropismPhototropism
PhototropismPhototropism is illustrated by the is illustrated by the movement of plants in relation to light movement of plants in relation to light source directionsource direction
Light causes the hormone Light causes the hormone auxinauxin to to move to the shaded sidemove to the shaded side
The The auxinauxin causes the cells on the causes the cells on the shaded side to elongateshaded side to elongate
As a result, the plant bends toward the As a result, the plant bends toward the light and exhibits light and exhibits positive positive phototropismphototropism
5050
ThigmotropismThigmotropism
Thigmotropism is a plant growth response to Thigmotropism is a plant growth response to touching a solid objecttouching a solid object
Tendrils and stems of vines, such as morning Tendrils and stems of vines, such as morning glories, coil when they touch an object glories, coil when they touch an object
Thigmotropism allows some vines to climb other Thigmotropism allows some vines to climb other plants or objects, thus increasing its chance of plants or objects, thus increasing its chance of intercepting light for photosynthesis.intercepting light for photosynthesis.
5151
Geotropism or Geotropism or GravitropismGravitropism
5252
GravitropismGravitropism
GravitropismGravitropism is a plant growth is a plant growth response to gravity response to gravity
A root usually grows downward A root usually grows downward and a stem usually grows upwardand a stem usually grows upward
RootsRoots are are positively positively gravitropicgravitropic and and stemsstems are are negatively gravitropicnegatively gravitropic
5353
Plant HormonesPlant Hormones
AuxinAuxin-This hormone promotes cell -This hormone promotes cell elongationelongation
Auxin is found in the apical meristems Auxin is found in the apical meristems of plantsof plants
GibberellinsGibberellins help the plants to grow help the plants to grow tallertaller
Gibberellins Gibberellins also increase the rate of also increase the rate of seed germinationseed germination and and bud bud developmentdevelopment
5454
Angiosperms are Divided Angiosperms are Divided intointo
Monocots and DicotsMonocots and Dicots
5555
Monocots and Dicots AgainMonocots and Dicots Again
5656
Monocot and Dicot Seed Monocot and Dicot Seed StructureStructure
5757
Monocot and Dicot Leaf Monocot and Dicot Leaf VeinsVeins
5858
Monocot and Dicot Flower Monocot and Dicot Flower PedalsPedals
MonocotMonocot-pedals in groups of three -pedals in groups of three or multiplesor multiples
DicotsDicots-pedals in groups of 4s or 5s-pedals in groups of 4s or 5s
5959
Monocot and Dicot StemMonocot and Dicot Stem MonocotsMonocots-vascular tissue scattered-vascular tissue scattered DicotsDicots-vascular tissue around edge of stem-vascular tissue around edge of stem
6060
Examples of Monocots and Examples of Monocots and DicotsDicots
Monocots include: Monocots include: grasses, grasses, oats, wheat, orchids, lilies oats, wheat, orchids, lilies and palmsand palms
Dicots include: Dicots include: shrubs, trees shrubs, trees (except conifers) wild (except conifers) wild flowers and some garden flowers and some garden flowersflowers
6161
Monocot and Dicot Seed Monocot and Dicot Seed AnatomyAnatomy
Food is stored in Food is stored in the the cotyledoncotyledon for for the embryothe embryo
The The seed coatseed coat functions as a functions as a physical barrierphysical barrier
EpicotylsEpicotyls becomes becomes the leaves of plantthe leaves of plant
Hypocotyls Hypocotyls becomes the stembecomes the stem
RadicleRadicle becomes becomes the rootthe root
6262
Seed GerminationSeed GerminationRequirements for seed germination include:
•Enough water to activate the metabolism of embryo
•Sufficient oxygen for respiration
•Suitable temperature for growth of that species
6363
Seed DispersalSeed Dispersal
Seeds dispersal is Seeds dispersal is completed by birds, completed by birds, small animals, wind, small animals, wind, and waterand water
The tough, fibrous The tough, fibrous outer covering of a outer covering of a coconut provides coconut provides protection as well as protection as well as a floatation devicea floatation device
6464
Seed GerminationSeed GerminationSeeds are stored food with an Seeds are stored food with an
EmbryoEmbryoSome species need unusual conditions
for Germination: Pass through acidic environment of
an animals digestive system Some require freezing temperatures,
extensive soaking in water (rice), exposure to fire (conifers/pines), or certain day lengths
6565
Genetic Engineering of Genetic Engineering of PlantsPlants
Plants can be genetically engineered Plants can be genetically engineered to: to: Be more Be more toleranttolerant of different of different
climates & soilsclimates & soils Produce Produce more fruitmore fruit Be more Be more nutritiousnutritious Be more resistant to Be more resistant to insectsinsects
and and herbicides (chemical that herbicides (chemical that kills weeds).kills weeds).
6666
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