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Literature What are we learning
Language ArtsMrs Catlett
Subject (front side)
bull Simple subjectmdashis the key noun or pronoun that tells what the sentence is about
bull Compound subjectmdashis made up of two or more simple subjects that are joined by a conjunction and have the same verbndashWho or what is the sentence talking
about
Subject (Back side)
bull Examples
bull Simple subjectndashSarah went to the store
bull CompoundndashSarah and Susan went to the store
Predicate(front side)
bull Simple predicatemdashis the verb or verb phrase that shows the action in the sentence
bull Compound predicatemdashis made up of two or more simple predicates that are joined by a conjunction and have the same subjectndashWhat is the subject (who or what) doing
in the sentence
Predicate (Back side)
bull Examples
bull Simple predicate (verb)ndashSarah went to the store
bull CompoundndashSarah ate and showered before school
was cancelled
Noun (front side)
bull Common nounmdashnames a general class of people
bull Proper nounmdashspecifies a particular person place thing event or idea Proper nouns are always capitalized
bull Concrete nounmdashnames an object that occupies space or that can be recognized by any of the sense
bull Abstract nounmdashnames an idea a quality or a characteristic
Noun (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Common noun
ndashHer aunt took her to the storebull Proper noun
ndashHer aunt took her to visit the Vietnam War Memorial which represents for many a symbol of peace
Concrete noun
Abstract noun
Verb (front side)
bull Action verb tells what someone or something is doingbull Transitive verb is followed by a direct object
mdashthat answer the question what Or whom
bull Intransitive verb is not followed by a word that answers what Or whom
bull Linking verbs links or joins the subject of a sentence with an adjective or nominative
Verb (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Action verbtransitivedirect object
ndashAdam jogged homebull Action verbintransitive
ndashAdam jogged in the direction of his home
Linking verb
The trucks were red
Sentences (front side)
bull Simple sentencemdashhas only one main clause and no subordinating clauses
bull Compound sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses
bull Complex sentencemdashhas at least one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses
bull Compound-Complex Sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses
Sentences (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Simple sentence
ndash The bananas were ready to be pickedbull Compound Sentence
ndash Zach studied for his test and Sarah stayed home sick
Sentences (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Complex Sentencesubordinate clause
ndash Because they did not study for the test these students are going to fail the test
bull Compound-Complex Sentence
After a long weekend Carla and Sarah returned to college but Sarah was able to sleep in the next day
The Simple SentenceA simple sentence has one independent clause (one subject and a verb)
I live in San Francisco
Subject
Verb
Compound Sentence
You can make a compound sentence by joining two logically related independent clauses by usinghellip
- a semicolon- a coordinating conjunction- a transition
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together
She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Semicolon
Independent Clause Independent Clause
I love living in the city there are so many things to do
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause
He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Coordinating Conjunctions
Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction
Addition And
Contrast But yet
Choice Or nor
Cause For
Result So
FANBOYS
bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S
Another way to remember these ishellip
CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses
Independent Clause
No comma- not an independent clause
The necklace was beautiful but expensive
Simple Sentence
Using a Transition
Independent Clause transition Independent Clause
I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Click here to see lists of transitions
John cannot set up his typewriter
because the wall has no outlet
Complex Sentences
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
Independent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
Example- Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
She will go to school in the city
until she finds a jobIndependent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
When I first moved to the city
I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets
Complex Sentences
Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence
Subordinating Conjunction
Independent Clause
Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence
Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other
bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets
us
Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While
Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover
FurthermoreIn additionbesides
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand
Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)
Relationship Transition
Clauses vs phrases (front side)
bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech
bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence
Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase
bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause
bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Subject (front side)
bull Simple subjectmdashis the key noun or pronoun that tells what the sentence is about
bull Compound subjectmdashis made up of two or more simple subjects that are joined by a conjunction and have the same verbndashWho or what is the sentence talking
about
Subject (Back side)
bull Examples
bull Simple subjectndashSarah went to the store
bull CompoundndashSarah and Susan went to the store
Predicate(front side)
bull Simple predicatemdashis the verb or verb phrase that shows the action in the sentence
bull Compound predicatemdashis made up of two or more simple predicates that are joined by a conjunction and have the same subjectndashWhat is the subject (who or what) doing
in the sentence
Predicate (Back side)
bull Examples
bull Simple predicate (verb)ndashSarah went to the store
bull CompoundndashSarah ate and showered before school
was cancelled
Noun (front side)
bull Common nounmdashnames a general class of people
bull Proper nounmdashspecifies a particular person place thing event or idea Proper nouns are always capitalized
bull Concrete nounmdashnames an object that occupies space or that can be recognized by any of the sense
bull Abstract nounmdashnames an idea a quality or a characteristic
Noun (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Common noun
ndashHer aunt took her to the storebull Proper noun
ndashHer aunt took her to visit the Vietnam War Memorial which represents for many a symbol of peace
Concrete noun
Abstract noun
Verb (front side)
bull Action verb tells what someone or something is doingbull Transitive verb is followed by a direct object
mdashthat answer the question what Or whom
bull Intransitive verb is not followed by a word that answers what Or whom
bull Linking verbs links or joins the subject of a sentence with an adjective or nominative
Verb (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Action verbtransitivedirect object
ndashAdam jogged homebull Action verbintransitive
ndashAdam jogged in the direction of his home
Linking verb
The trucks were red
Sentences (front side)
bull Simple sentencemdashhas only one main clause and no subordinating clauses
bull Compound sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses
bull Complex sentencemdashhas at least one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses
bull Compound-Complex Sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses
Sentences (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Simple sentence
ndash The bananas were ready to be pickedbull Compound Sentence
ndash Zach studied for his test and Sarah stayed home sick
Sentences (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Complex Sentencesubordinate clause
ndash Because they did not study for the test these students are going to fail the test
bull Compound-Complex Sentence
After a long weekend Carla and Sarah returned to college but Sarah was able to sleep in the next day
The Simple SentenceA simple sentence has one independent clause (one subject and a verb)
I live in San Francisco
Subject
Verb
Compound Sentence
You can make a compound sentence by joining two logically related independent clauses by usinghellip
- a semicolon- a coordinating conjunction- a transition
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together
She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Semicolon
Independent Clause Independent Clause
I love living in the city there are so many things to do
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause
He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Coordinating Conjunctions
Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction
Addition And
Contrast But yet
Choice Or nor
Cause For
Result So
FANBOYS
bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S
Another way to remember these ishellip
CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses
Independent Clause
No comma- not an independent clause
The necklace was beautiful but expensive
Simple Sentence
Using a Transition
Independent Clause transition Independent Clause
I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Click here to see lists of transitions
John cannot set up his typewriter
because the wall has no outlet
Complex Sentences
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
Independent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
Example- Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
She will go to school in the city
until she finds a jobIndependent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
When I first moved to the city
I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets
Complex Sentences
Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence
Subordinating Conjunction
Independent Clause
Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence
Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other
bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets
us
Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While
Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover
FurthermoreIn additionbesides
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand
Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)
Relationship Transition
Clauses vs phrases (front side)
bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech
bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence
Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase
bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause
bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Subject (Back side)
bull Examples
bull Simple subjectndashSarah went to the store
bull CompoundndashSarah and Susan went to the store
Predicate(front side)
bull Simple predicatemdashis the verb or verb phrase that shows the action in the sentence
bull Compound predicatemdashis made up of two or more simple predicates that are joined by a conjunction and have the same subjectndashWhat is the subject (who or what) doing
in the sentence
Predicate (Back side)
bull Examples
bull Simple predicate (verb)ndashSarah went to the store
bull CompoundndashSarah ate and showered before school
was cancelled
Noun (front side)
bull Common nounmdashnames a general class of people
bull Proper nounmdashspecifies a particular person place thing event or idea Proper nouns are always capitalized
bull Concrete nounmdashnames an object that occupies space or that can be recognized by any of the sense
bull Abstract nounmdashnames an idea a quality or a characteristic
Noun (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Common noun
ndashHer aunt took her to the storebull Proper noun
ndashHer aunt took her to visit the Vietnam War Memorial which represents for many a symbol of peace
Concrete noun
Abstract noun
Verb (front side)
bull Action verb tells what someone or something is doingbull Transitive verb is followed by a direct object
mdashthat answer the question what Or whom
bull Intransitive verb is not followed by a word that answers what Or whom
bull Linking verbs links or joins the subject of a sentence with an adjective or nominative
Verb (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Action verbtransitivedirect object
ndashAdam jogged homebull Action verbintransitive
ndashAdam jogged in the direction of his home
Linking verb
The trucks were red
Sentences (front side)
bull Simple sentencemdashhas only one main clause and no subordinating clauses
bull Compound sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses
bull Complex sentencemdashhas at least one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses
bull Compound-Complex Sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses
Sentences (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Simple sentence
ndash The bananas were ready to be pickedbull Compound Sentence
ndash Zach studied for his test and Sarah stayed home sick
Sentences (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Complex Sentencesubordinate clause
ndash Because they did not study for the test these students are going to fail the test
bull Compound-Complex Sentence
After a long weekend Carla and Sarah returned to college but Sarah was able to sleep in the next day
The Simple SentenceA simple sentence has one independent clause (one subject and a verb)
I live in San Francisco
Subject
Verb
Compound Sentence
You can make a compound sentence by joining two logically related independent clauses by usinghellip
- a semicolon- a coordinating conjunction- a transition
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together
She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Semicolon
Independent Clause Independent Clause
I love living in the city there are so many things to do
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause
He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Coordinating Conjunctions
Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction
Addition And
Contrast But yet
Choice Or nor
Cause For
Result So
FANBOYS
bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S
Another way to remember these ishellip
CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses
Independent Clause
No comma- not an independent clause
The necklace was beautiful but expensive
Simple Sentence
Using a Transition
Independent Clause transition Independent Clause
I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Click here to see lists of transitions
John cannot set up his typewriter
because the wall has no outlet
Complex Sentences
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
Independent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
Example- Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
She will go to school in the city
until she finds a jobIndependent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
When I first moved to the city
I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets
Complex Sentences
Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence
Subordinating Conjunction
Independent Clause
Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence
Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other
bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets
us
Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While
Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover
FurthermoreIn additionbesides
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand
Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)
Relationship Transition
Clauses vs phrases (front side)
bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech
bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence
Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase
bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause
bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Predicate(front side)
bull Simple predicatemdashis the verb or verb phrase that shows the action in the sentence
bull Compound predicatemdashis made up of two or more simple predicates that are joined by a conjunction and have the same subjectndashWhat is the subject (who or what) doing
in the sentence
Predicate (Back side)
bull Examples
bull Simple predicate (verb)ndashSarah went to the store
bull CompoundndashSarah ate and showered before school
was cancelled
Noun (front side)
bull Common nounmdashnames a general class of people
bull Proper nounmdashspecifies a particular person place thing event or idea Proper nouns are always capitalized
bull Concrete nounmdashnames an object that occupies space or that can be recognized by any of the sense
bull Abstract nounmdashnames an idea a quality or a characteristic
Noun (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Common noun
ndashHer aunt took her to the storebull Proper noun
ndashHer aunt took her to visit the Vietnam War Memorial which represents for many a symbol of peace
Concrete noun
Abstract noun
Verb (front side)
bull Action verb tells what someone or something is doingbull Transitive verb is followed by a direct object
mdashthat answer the question what Or whom
bull Intransitive verb is not followed by a word that answers what Or whom
bull Linking verbs links or joins the subject of a sentence with an adjective or nominative
Verb (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Action verbtransitivedirect object
ndashAdam jogged homebull Action verbintransitive
ndashAdam jogged in the direction of his home
Linking verb
The trucks were red
Sentences (front side)
bull Simple sentencemdashhas only one main clause and no subordinating clauses
bull Compound sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses
bull Complex sentencemdashhas at least one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses
bull Compound-Complex Sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses
Sentences (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Simple sentence
ndash The bananas were ready to be pickedbull Compound Sentence
ndash Zach studied for his test and Sarah stayed home sick
Sentences (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Complex Sentencesubordinate clause
ndash Because they did not study for the test these students are going to fail the test
bull Compound-Complex Sentence
After a long weekend Carla and Sarah returned to college but Sarah was able to sleep in the next day
The Simple SentenceA simple sentence has one independent clause (one subject and a verb)
I live in San Francisco
Subject
Verb
Compound Sentence
You can make a compound sentence by joining two logically related independent clauses by usinghellip
- a semicolon- a coordinating conjunction- a transition
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together
She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Semicolon
Independent Clause Independent Clause
I love living in the city there are so many things to do
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause
He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Coordinating Conjunctions
Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction
Addition And
Contrast But yet
Choice Or nor
Cause For
Result So
FANBOYS
bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S
Another way to remember these ishellip
CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses
Independent Clause
No comma- not an independent clause
The necklace was beautiful but expensive
Simple Sentence
Using a Transition
Independent Clause transition Independent Clause
I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Click here to see lists of transitions
John cannot set up his typewriter
because the wall has no outlet
Complex Sentences
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
Independent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
Example- Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
She will go to school in the city
until she finds a jobIndependent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
When I first moved to the city
I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets
Complex Sentences
Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence
Subordinating Conjunction
Independent Clause
Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence
Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other
bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets
us
Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While
Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover
FurthermoreIn additionbesides
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand
Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)
Relationship Transition
Clauses vs phrases (front side)
bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech
bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence
Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase
bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause
bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Predicate (Back side)
bull Examples
bull Simple predicate (verb)ndashSarah went to the store
bull CompoundndashSarah ate and showered before school
was cancelled
Noun (front side)
bull Common nounmdashnames a general class of people
bull Proper nounmdashspecifies a particular person place thing event or idea Proper nouns are always capitalized
bull Concrete nounmdashnames an object that occupies space or that can be recognized by any of the sense
bull Abstract nounmdashnames an idea a quality or a characteristic
Noun (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Common noun
ndashHer aunt took her to the storebull Proper noun
ndashHer aunt took her to visit the Vietnam War Memorial which represents for many a symbol of peace
Concrete noun
Abstract noun
Verb (front side)
bull Action verb tells what someone or something is doingbull Transitive verb is followed by a direct object
mdashthat answer the question what Or whom
bull Intransitive verb is not followed by a word that answers what Or whom
bull Linking verbs links or joins the subject of a sentence with an adjective or nominative
Verb (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Action verbtransitivedirect object
ndashAdam jogged homebull Action verbintransitive
ndashAdam jogged in the direction of his home
Linking verb
The trucks were red
Sentences (front side)
bull Simple sentencemdashhas only one main clause and no subordinating clauses
bull Compound sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses
bull Complex sentencemdashhas at least one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses
bull Compound-Complex Sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses
Sentences (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Simple sentence
ndash The bananas were ready to be pickedbull Compound Sentence
ndash Zach studied for his test and Sarah stayed home sick
Sentences (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Complex Sentencesubordinate clause
ndash Because they did not study for the test these students are going to fail the test
bull Compound-Complex Sentence
After a long weekend Carla and Sarah returned to college but Sarah was able to sleep in the next day
The Simple SentenceA simple sentence has one independent clause (one subject and a verb)
I live in San Francisco
Subject
Verb
Compound Sentence
You can make a compound sentence by joining two logically related independent clauses by usinghellip
- a semicolon- a coordinating conjunction- a transition
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together
She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Semicolon
Independent Clause Independent Clause
I love living in the city there are so many things to do
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause
He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Coordinating Conjunctions
Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction
Addition And
Contrast But yet
Choice Or nor
Cause For
Result So
FANBOYS
bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S
Another way to remember these ishellip
CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses
Independent Clause
No comma- not an independent clause
The necklace was beautiful but expensive
Simple Sentence
Using a Transition
Independent Clause transition Independent Clause
I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Click here to see lists of transitions
John cannot set up his typewriter
because the wall has no outlet
Complex Sentences
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
Independent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
Example- Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
She will go to school in the city
until she finds a jobIndependent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
When I first moved to the city
I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets
Complex Sentences
Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence
Subordinating Conjunction
Independent Clause
Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence
Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other
bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets
us
Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While
Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover
FurthermoreIn additionbesides
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand
Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)
Relationship Transition
Clauses vs phrases (front side)
bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech
bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence
Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase
bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause
bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Noun (front side)
bull Common nounmdashnames a general class of people
bull Proper nounmdashspecifies a particular person place thing event or idea Proper nouns are always capitalized
bull Concrete nounmdashnames an object that occupies space or that can be recognized by any of the sense
bull Abstract nounmdashnames an idea a quality or a characteristic
Noun (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Common noun
ndashHer aunt took her to the storebull Proper noun
ndashHer aunt took her to visit the Vietnam War Memorial which represents for many a symbol of peace
Concrete noun
Abstract noun
Verb (front side)
bull Action verb tells what someone or something is doingbull Transitive verb is followed by a direct object
mdashthat answer the question what Or whom
bull Intransitive verb is not followed by a word that answers what Or whom
bull Linking verbs links or joins the subject of a sentence with an adjective or nominative
Verb (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Action verbtransitivedirect object
ndashAdam jogged homebull Action verbintransitive
ndashAdam jogged in the direction of his home
Linking verb
The trucks were red
Sentences (front side)
bull Simple sentencemdashhas only one main clause and no subordinating clauses
bull Compound sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses
bull Complex sentencemdashhas at least one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses
bull Compound-Complex Sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses
Sentences (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Simple sentence
ndash The bananas were ready to be pickedbull Compound Sentence
ndash Zach studied for his test and Sarah stayed home sick
Sentences (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Complex Sentencesubordinate clause
ndash Because they did not study for the test these students are going to fail the test
bull Compound-Complex Sentence
After a long weekend Carla and Sarah returned to college but Sarah was able to sleep in the next day
The Simple SentenceA simple sentence has one independent clause (one subject and a verb)
I live in San Francisco
Subject
Verb
Compound Sentence
You can make a compound sentence by joining two logically related independent clauses by usinghellip
- a semicolon- a coordinating conjunction- a transition
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together
She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Semicolon
Independent Clause Independent Clause
I love living in the city there are so many things to do
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause
He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Coordinating Conjunctions
Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction
Addition And
Contrast But yet
Choice Or nor
Cause For
Result So
FANBOYS
bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S
Another way to remember these ishellip
CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses
Independent Clause
No comma- not an independent clause
The necklace was beautiful but expensive
Simple Sentence
Using a Transition
Independent Clause transition Independent Clause
I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Click here to see lists of transitions
John cannot set up his typewriter
because the wall has no outlet
Complex Sentences
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
Independent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
Example- Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
She will go to school in the city
until she finds a jobIndependent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
When I first moved to the city
I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets
Complex Sentences
Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence
Subordinating Conjunction
Independent Clause
Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence
Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other
bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets
us
Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While
Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover
FurthermoreIn additionbesides
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand
Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)
Relationship Transition
Clauses vs phrases (front side)
bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech
bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence
Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase
bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause
bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Noun (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Common noun
ndashHer aunt took her to the storebull Proper noun
ndashHer aunt took her to visit the Vietnam War Memorial which represents for many a symbol of peace
Concrete noun
Abstract noun
Verb (front side)
bull Action verb tells what someone or something is doingbull Transitive verb is followed by a direct object
mdashthat answer the question what Or whom
bull Intransitive verb is not followed by a word that answers what Or whom
bull Linking verbs links or joins the subject of a sentence with an adjective or nominative
Verb (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Action verbtransitivedirect object
ndashAdam jogged homebull Action verbintransitive
ndashAdam jogged in the direction of his home
Linking verb
The trucks were red
Sentences (front side)
bull Simple sentencemdashhas only one main clause and no subordinating clauses
bull Compound sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses
bull Complex sentencemdashhas at least one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses
bull Compound-Complex Sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses
Sentences (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Simple sentence
ndash The bananas were ready to be pickedbull Compound Sentence
ndash Zach studied for his test and Sarah stayed home sick
Sentences (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Complex Sentencesubordinate clause
ndash Because they did not study for the test these students are going to fail the test
bull Compound-Complex Sentence
After a long weekend Carla and Sarah returned to college but Sarah was able to sleep in the next day
The Simple SentenceA simple sentence has one independent clause (one subject and a verb)
I live in San Francisco
Subject
Verb
Compound Sentence
You can make a compound sentence by joining two logically related independent clauses by usinghellip
- a semicolon- a coordinating conjunction- a transition
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together
She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Semicolon
Independent Clause Independent Clause
I love living in the city there are so many things to do
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause
He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Coordinating Conjunctions
Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction
Addition And
Contrast But yet
Choice Or nor
Cause For
Result So
FANBOYS
bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S
Another way to remember these ishellip
CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses
Independent Clause
No comma- not an independent clause
The necklace was beautiful but expensive
Simple Sentence
Using a Transition
Independent Clause transition Independent Clause
I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Click here to see lists of transitions
John cannot set up his typewriter
because the wall has no outlet
Complex Sentences
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
Independent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
Example- Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
She will go to school in the city
until she finds a jobIndependent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
When I first moved to the city
I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets
Complex Sentences
Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence
Subordinating Conjunction
Independent Clause
Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence
Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other
bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets
us
Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While
Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover
FurthermoreIn additionbesides
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand
Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)
Relationship Transition
Clauses vs phrases (front side)
bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech
bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence
Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase
bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause
bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Verb (front side)
bull Action verb tells what someone or something is doingbull Transitive verb is followed by a direct object
mdashthat answer the question what Or whom
bull Intransitive verb is not followed by a word that answers what Or whom
bull Linking verbs links or joins the subject of a sentence with an adjective or nominative
Verb (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Action verbtransitivedirect object
ndashAdam jogged homebull Action verbintransitive
ndashAdam jogged in the direction of his home
Linking verb
The trucks were red
Sentences (front side)
bull Simple sentencemdashhas only one main clause and no subordinating clauses
bull Compound sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses
bull Complex sentencemdashhas at least one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses
bull Compound-Complex Sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses
Sentences (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Simple sentence
ndash The bananas were ready to be pickedbull Compound Sentence
ndash Zach studied for his test and Sarah stayed home sick
Sentences (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Complex Sentencesubordinate clause
ndash Because they did not study for the test these students are going to fail the test
bull Compound-Complex Sentence
After a long weekend Carla and Sarah returned to college but Sarah was able to sleep in the next day
The Simple SentenceA simple sentence has one independent clause (one subject and a verb)
I live in San Francisco
Subject
Verb
Compound Sentence
You can make a compound sentence by joining two logically related independent clauses by usinghellip
- a semicolon- a coordinating conjunction- a transition
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together
She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Semicolon
Independent Clause Independent Clause
I love living in the city there are so many things to do
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause
He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Coordinating Conjunctions
Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction
Addition And
Contrast But yet
Choice Or nor
Cause For
Result So
FANBOYS
bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S
Another way to remember these ishellip
CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses
Independent Clause
No comma- not an independent clause
The necklace was beautiful but expensive
Simple Sentence
Using a Transition
Independent Clause transition Independent Clause
I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Click here to see lists of transitions
John cannot set up his typewriter
because the wall has no outlet
Complex Sentences
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
Independent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
Example- Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
She will go to school in the city
until she finds a jobIndependent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
When I first moved to the city
I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets
Complex Sentences
Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence
Subordinating Conjunction
Independent Clause
Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence
Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other
bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets
us
Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While
Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover
FurthermoreIn additionbesides
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand
Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)
Relationship Transition
Clauses vs phrases (front side)
bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech
bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence
Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase
bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause
bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Verb (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Action verbtransitivedirect object
ndashAdam jogged homebull Action verbintransitive
ndashAdam jogged in the direction of his home
Linking verb
The trucks were red
Sentences (front side)
bull Simple sentencemdashhas only one main clause and no subordinating clauses
bull Compound sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses
bull Complex sentencemdashhas at least one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses
bull Compound-Complex Sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses
Sentences (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Simple sentence
ndash The bananas were ready to be pickedbull Compound Sentence
ndash Zach studied for his test and Sarah stayed home sick
Sentences (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Complex Sentencesubordinate clause
ndash Because they did not study for the test these students are going to fail the test
bull Compound-Complex Sentence
After a long weekend Carla and Sarah returned to college but Sarah was able to sleep in the next day
The Simple SentenceA simple sentence has one independent clause (one subject and a verb)
I live in San Francisco
Subject
Verb
Compound Sentence
You can make a compound sentence by joining two logically related independent clauses by usinghellip
- a semicolon- a coordinating conjunction- a transition
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together
She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Semicolon
Independent Clause Independent Clause
I love living in the city there are so many things to do
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause
He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Coordinating Conjunctions
Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction
Addition And
Contrast But yet
Choice Or nor
Cause For
Result So
FANBOYS
bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S
Another way to remember these ishellip
CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses
Independent Clause
No comma- not an independent clause
The necklace was beautiful but expensive
Simple Sentence
Using a Transition
Independent Clause transition Independent Clause
I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Click here to see lists of transitions
John cannot set up his typewriter
because the wall has no outlet
Complex Sentences
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
Independent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
Example- Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
She will go to school in the city
until she finds a jobIndependent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
When I first moved to the city
I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets
Complex Sentences
Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence
Subordinating Conjunction
Independent Clause
Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence
Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other
bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets
us
Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While
Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover
FurthermoreIn additionbesides
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand
Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)
Relationship Transition
Clauses vs phrases (front side)
bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech
bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence
Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase
bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause
bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Sentences (front side)
bull Simple sentencemdashhas only one main clause and no subordinating clauses
bull Compound sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses
bull Complex sentencemdashhas at least one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses
bull Compound-Complex Sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses
Sentences (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Simple sentence
ndash The bananas were ready to be pickedbull Compound Sentence
ndash Zach studied for his test and Sarah stayed home sick
Sentences (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Complex Sentencesubordinate clause
ndash Because they did not study for the test these students are going to fail the test
bull Compound-Complex Sentence
After a long weekend Carla and Sarah returned to college but Sarah was able to sleep in the next day
The Simple SentenceA simple sentence has one independent clause (one subject and a verb)
I live in San Francisco
Subject
Verb
Compound Sentence
You can make a compound sentence by joining two logically related independent clauses by usinghellip
- a semicolon- a coordinating conjunction- a transition
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together
She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Semicolon
Independent Clause Independent Clause
I love living in the city there are so many things to do
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause
He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Coordinating Conjunctions
Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction
Addition And
Contrast But yet
Choice Or nor
Cause For
Result So
FANBOYS
bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S
Another way to remember these ishellip
CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses
Independent Clause
No comma- not an independent clause
The necklace was beautiful but expensive
Simple Sentence
Using a Transition
Independent Clause transition Independent Clause
I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Click here to see lists of transitions
John cannot set up his typewriter
because the wall has no outlet
Complex Sentences
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
Independent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
Example- Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
She will go to school in the city
until she finds a jobIndependent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
When I first moved to the city
I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets
Complex Sentences
Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence
Subordinating Conjunction
Independent Clause
Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence
Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other
bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets
us
Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While
Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover
FurthermoreIn additionbesides
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand
Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)
Relationship Transition
Clauses vs phrases (front side)
bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech
bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence
Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase
bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause
bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Sentences (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Simple sentence
ndash The bananas were ready to be pickedbull Compound Sentence
ndash Zach studied for his test and Sarah stayed home sick
Sentences (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Complex Sentencesubordinate clause
ndash Because they did not study for the test these students are going to fail the test
bull Compound-Complex Sentence
After a long weekend Carla and Sarah returned to college but Sarah was able to sleep in the next day
The Simple SentenceA simple sentence has one independent clause (one subject and a verb)
I live in San Francisco
Subject
Verb
Compound Sentence
You can make a compound sentence by joining two logically related independent clauses by usinghellip
- a semicolon- a coordinating conjunction- a transition
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together
She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Semicolon
Independent Clause Independent Clause
I love living in the city there are so many things to do
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause
He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Coordinating Conjunctions
Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction
Addition And
Contrast But yet
Choice Or nor
Cause For
Result So
FANBOYS
bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S
Another way to remember these ishellip
CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses
Independent Clause
No comma- not an independent clause
The necklace was beautiful but expensive
Simple Sentence
Using a Transition
Independent Clause transition Independent Clause
I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Click here to see lists of transitions
John cannot set up his typewriter
because the wall has no outlet
Complex Sentences
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
Independent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
Example- Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
She will go to school in the city
until she finds a jobIndependent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
When I first moved to the city
I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets
Complex Sentences
Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence
Subordinating Conjunction
Independent Clause
Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence
Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other
bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets
us
Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While
Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover
FurthermoreIn additionbesides
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand
Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)
Relationship Transition
Clauses vs phrases (front side)
bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech
bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence
Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase
bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause
bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Sentences (Back side)
bull Examplesbull Complex Sentencesubordinate clause
ndash Because they did not study for the test these students are going to fail the test
bull Compound-Complex Sentence
After a long weekend Carla and Sarah returned to college but Sarah was able to sleep in the next day
The Simple SentenceA simple sentence has one independent clause (one subject and a verb)
I live in San Francisco
Subject
Verb
Compound Sentence
You can make a compound sentence by joining two logically related independent clauses by usinghellip
- a semicolon- a coordinating conjunction- a transition
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together
She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Semicolon
Independent Clause Independent Clause
I love living in the city there are so many things to do
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause
He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Coordinating Conjunctions
Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction
Addition And
Contrast But yet
Choice Or nor
Cause For
Result So
FANBOYS
bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S
Another way to remember these ishellip
CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses
Independent Clause
No comma- not an independent clause
The necklace was beautiful but expensive
Simple Sentence
Using a Transition
Independent Clause transition Independent Clause
I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Click here to see lists of transitions
John cannot set up his typewriter
because the wall has no outlet
Complex Sentences
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
Independent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
Example- Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
She will go to school in the city
until she finds a jobIndependent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
When I first moved to the city
I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets
Complex Sentences
Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence
Subordinating Conjunction
Independent Clause
Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence
Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other
bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets
us
Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While
Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover
FurthermoreIn additionbesides
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand
Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)
Relationship Transition
Clauses vs phrases (front side)
bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech
bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence
Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase
bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause
bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
The Simple SentenceA simple sentence has one independent clause (one subject and a verb)
I live in San Francisco
Subject
Verb
Compound Sentence
You can make a compound sentence by joining two logically related independent clauses by usinghellip
- a semicolon- a coordinating conjunction- a transition
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together
She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Semicolon
Independent Clause Independent Clause
I love living in the city there are so many things to do
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause
He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Coordinating Conjunctions
Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction
Addition And
Contrast But yet
Choice Or nor
Cause For
Result So
FANBOYS
bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S
Another way to remember these ishellip
CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses
Independent Clause
No comma- not an independent clause
The necklace was beautiful but expensive
Simple Sentence
Using a Transition
Independent Clause transition Independent Clause
I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Click here to see lists of transitions
John cannot set up his typewriter
because the wall has no outlet
Complex Sentences
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
Independent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
Example- Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
She will go to school in the city
until she finds a jobIndependent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
When I first moved to the city
I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets
Complex Sentences
Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence
Subordinating Conjunction
Independent Clause
Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence
Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other
bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets
us
Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While
Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover
FurthermoreIn additionbesides
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand
Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)
Relationship Transition
Clauses vs phrases (front side)
bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech
bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence
Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase
bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause
bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Compound Sentence
You can make a compound sentence by joining two logically related independent clauses by usinghellip
- a semicolon- a coordinating conjunction- a transition
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together
She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Semicolon
Independent Clause Independent Clause
I love living in the city there are so many things to do
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause
He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Coordinating Conjunctions
Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction
Addition And
Contrast But yet
Choice Or nor
Cause For
Result So
FANBOYS
bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S
Another way to remember these ishellip
CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses
Independent Clause
No comma- not an independent clause
The necklace was beautiful but expensive
Simple Sentence
Using a Transition
Independent Clause transition Independent Clause
I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Click here to see lists of transitions
John cannot set up his typewriter
because the wall has no outlet
Complex Sentences
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
Independent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
Example- Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
She will go to school in the city
until she finds a jobIndependent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
When I first moved to the city
I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets
Complex Sentences
Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence
Subordinating Conjunction
Independent Clause
Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence
Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other
bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets
us
Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While
Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover
FurthermoreIn additionbesides
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand
Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)
Relationship Transition
Clauses vs phrases (front side)
bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech
bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence
Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase
bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause
bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together
She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Semicolon
Independent Clause Independent Clause
I love living in the city there are so many things to do
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause
He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Coordinating Conjunctions
Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction
Addition And
Contrast But yet
Choice Or nor
Cause For
Result So
FANBOYS
bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S
Another way to remember these ishellip
CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses
Independent Clause
No comma- not an independent clause
The necklace was beautiful but expensive
Simple Sentence
Using a Transition
Independent Clause transition Independent Clause
I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Click here to see lists of transitions
John cannot set up his typewriter
because the wall has no outlet
Complex Sentences
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
Independent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
Example- Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
She will go to school in the city
until she finds a jobIndependent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
When I first moved to the city
I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets
Complex Sentences
Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence
Subordinating Conjunction
Independent Clause
Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence
Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other
bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets
us
Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While
Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover
FurthermoreIn additionbesides
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand
Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)
Relationship Transition
Clauses vs phrases (front side)
bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech
bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence
Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase
bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause
bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Using a Semicolon
Independent Clause Independent Clause
I love living in the city there are so many things to do
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause
He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Coordinating Conjunctions
Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction
Addition And
Contrast But yet
Choice Or nor
Cause For
Result So
FANBOYS
bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S
Another way to remember these ishellip
CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses
Independent Clause
No comma- not an independent clause
The necklace was beautiful but expensive
Simple Sentence
Using a Transition
Independent Clause transition Independent Clause
I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Click here to see lists of transitions
John cannot set up his typewriter
because the wall has no outlet
Complex Sentences
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
Independent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
Example- Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
She will go to school in the city
until she finds a jobIndependent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
When I first moved to the city
I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets
Complex Sentences
Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence
Subordinating Conjunction
Independent Clause
Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence
Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other
bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets
us
Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While
Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover
FurthermoreIn additionbesides
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand
Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)
Relationship Transition
Clauses vs phrases (front side)
bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech
bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence
Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase
bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause
bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause
He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Coordinating Conjunctions
Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction
Addition And
Contrast But yet
Choice Or nor
Cause For
Result So
FANBOYS
bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S
Another way to remember these ishellip
CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses
Independent Clause
No comma- not an independent clause
The necklace was beautiful but expensive
Simple Sentence
Using a Transition
Independent Clause transition Independent Clause
I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Click here to see lists of transitions
John cannot set up his typewriter
because the wall has no outlet
Complex Sentences
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
Independent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
Example- Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
She will go to school in the city
until she finds a jobIndependent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
When I first moved to the city
I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets
Complex Sentences
Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence
Subordinating Conjunction
Independent Clause
Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence
Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other
bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets
us
Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While
Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover
FurthermoreIn additionbesides
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand
Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)
Relationship Transition
Clauses vs phrases (front side)
bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech
bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence
Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase
bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause
bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Coordinating Conjunctions
Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction
Addition And
Contrast But yet
Choice Or nor
Cause For
Result So
FANBOYS
bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S
Another way to remember these ishellip
CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses
Independent Clause
No comma- not an independent clause
The necklace was beautiful but expensive
Simple Sentence
Using a Transition
Independent Clause transition Independent Clause
I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Click here to see lists of transitions
John cannot set up his typewriter
because the wall has no outlet
Complex Sentences
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
Independent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
Example- Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
She will go to school in the city
until she finds a jobIndependent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
When I first moved to the city
I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets
Complex Sentences
Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence
Subordinating Conjunction
Independent Clause
Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence
Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other
bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets
us
Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While
Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover
FurthermoreIn additionbesides
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand
Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)
Relationship Transition
Clauses vs phrases (front side)
bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech
bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence
Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase
bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause
bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
FANBOYS
bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S
Another way to remember these ishellip
CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses
Independent Clause
No comma- not an independent clause
The necklace was beautiful but expensive
Simple Sentence
Using a Transition
Independent Clause transition Independent Clause
I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Click here to see lists of transitions
John cannot set up his typewriter
because the wall has no outlet
Complex Sentences
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
Independent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
Example- Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
She will go to school in the city
until she finds a jobIndependent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
When I first moved to the city
I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets
Complex Sentences
Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence
Subordinating Conjunction
Independent Clause
Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence
Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other
bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets
us
Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While
Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover
FurthermoreIn additionbesides
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand
Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)
Relationship Transition
Clauses vs phrases (front side)
bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech
bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence
Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase
bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause
bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses
Independent Clause
No comma- not an independent clause
The necklace was beautiful but expensive
Simple Sentence
Using a Transition
Independent Clause transition Independent Clause
I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Click here to see lists of transitions
John cannot set up his typewriter
because the wall has no outlet
Complex Sentences
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
Independent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
Example- Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
She will go to school in the city
until she finds a jobIndependent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
When I first moved to the city
I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets
Complex Sentences
Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence
Subordinating Conjunction
Independent Clause
Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence
Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other
bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets
us
Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While
Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover
FurthermoreIn additionbesides
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand
Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)
Relationship Transition
Clauses vs phrases (front side)
bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech
bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence
Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase
bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause
bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Using a Transition
Independent Clause transition Independent Clause
I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Click here to see lists of transitions
John cannot set up his typewriter
because the wall has no outlet
Complex Sentences
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
Independent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
Example- Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
She will go to school in the city
until she finds a jobIndependent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
When I first moved to the city
I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets
Complex Sentences
Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence
Subordinating Conjunction
Independent Clause
Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence
Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other
bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets
us
Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While
Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover
FurthermoreIn additionbesides
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand
Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)
Relationship Transition
Clauses vs phrases (front side)
bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech
bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence
Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase
bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause
bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
John cannot set up his typewriter
because the wall has no outlet
Complex Sentences
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
Independent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
Example- Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
She will go to school in the city
until she finds a jobIndependent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
When I first moved to the city
I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets
Complex Sentences
Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence
Subordinating Conjunction
Independent Clause
Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence
Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other
bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets
us
Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While
Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover
FurthermoreIn additionbesides
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand
Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)
Relationship Transition
Clauses vs phrases (front side)
bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech
bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence
Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase
bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause
bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Example- Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
She will go to school in the city
until she finds a jobIndependent Clause
Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction
When I first moved to the city
I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets
Complex Sentences
Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence
Subordinating Conjunction
Independent Clause
Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence
Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other
bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets
us
Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While
Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover
FurthermoreIn additionbesides
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand
Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)
Relationship Transition
Clauses vs phrases (front side)
bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech
bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence
Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase
bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause
bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
When I first moved to the city
I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets
Complex Sentences
Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence
Subordinating Conjunction
Independent Clause
Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence
Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other
bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets
us
Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While
Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover
FurthermoreIn additionbesides
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand
Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)
Relationship Transition
Clauses vs phrases (front side)
bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech
bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence
Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase
bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause
bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other
bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets
us
Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While
Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover
FurthermoreIn additionbesides
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand
Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)
Relationship Transition
Clauses vs phrases (front side)
bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech
bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence
Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase
bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause
bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While
Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover
FurthermoreIn additionbesides
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand
Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)
Relationship Transition
Clauses vs phrases (front side)
bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech
bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence
Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase
bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause
bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover
FurthermoreIn additionbesides
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand
Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)
Relationship Transition
Clauses vs phrases (front side)
bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech
bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence
Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase
bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause
bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular
Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)
Relationship Transition
Clauses vs phrases (front side)
bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech
bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence
Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase
bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause
bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Clauses vs phrases (front side)
bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech
bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence
Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase
bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause
bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase
bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause
bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Adjective Phrases
bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun
bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Adverb phrase
bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb
bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)
bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)
bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Infinitive (phrases)
Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns
Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning
Example To write is Alicersquos ambition
To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Participle Participial phrases
Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun
Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo
Participles end in -ed --ing or en
Example His playing skill improves daily
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Gerund (phrases)
Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun
Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing
Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Adjective Clause
bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence
bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Adjective Clause
bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen
Try these
1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Adverb Clause
bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs
bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Adverb Clause
bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Noun Clause
bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)
bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that
bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Literary Elements
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Plot Graphic Organizer
Introduction
Event(s) leading up to climax
Event(s) leading up to climax
Climax
Event(s) after the climax
Event(s) after the climax
Resolution
Ris
ing A
ctio
n
Falling A
ction
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
ElegyA poem mourning the dead
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
PlotThe action in the story
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
QuatrainA four-line stanza
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
ThemeThe central idea of a work
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Dramahellip
bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Elements of Drama
bull Playwright-the author of a play
bull Actors-the people who perform
bull Acts-the units of action
bull Scenes-parts of the acts
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Elements of Drama
bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Dramatic Speech
bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters
bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Stage Directions
bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and
how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or
Front
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Theater
bull Where a play takes place
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Set
bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace
bull Could be called Scenery
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Props
bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Informational Texts
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
FICTION
bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
NONFICTION
bull literature that is not fictional
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
BROCHURE
bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something
Examples of Informational Texts
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
ATLAS
bull A collection of maps in book form
Examples of Informational Texts
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
THESAURUS
bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words
Examples of Informational Texts
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
ALMANAC
bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information
Examples of Informational Texts
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Features of Informational Texts
bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams
illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Headings and Sub-headings
bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors
bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections
Features of Informational Texts
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
INDEX
bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found
Features of Informational Texts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
TABLE OF CONTENTS
bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear
Features of Informational Texts
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
GLOSSARY
bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning
Features of Informational Texts
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
GRAPHIC FEATURES
bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration
The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world
graphic feature
caption
Features of Informational Texts
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
CAPTIONS
bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration
APPLE
Features of Informational Texts
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
AUDIENCE
A reading listening or viewing public
Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text
Features of Informational Texts
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
CITATION
bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work
bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography
Features of Informational Texts
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
FACT
bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
OPINION
bull a judgment one holds as true
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Main Idea
bull Main Idea - is like the heart
of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the
text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea
ma
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
General Versus Specific
bull The main idea is a general one
bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones
bull Which word is the most general
Potato or Vegetable
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
What about the topic
bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage
bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo
bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Supporting Details
bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here
Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
SUPPORTING DETAILS
bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing
Recommended