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©M.D.Lepech2009US‐JapanLCAWorkshop October22.2009
LifeCycleAssessmentofFRPRetrofi5ng
US-Japan Workshop on Life Cycle Assessment of Sustainable Infrastructure Materials
October 22, 2009
Michael D. Lepech Assistant Professor Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Stanford University
©M.D.Lepech2009US‐JapanLCAWorkshop October22.2009
Outline
• ProjectGoals• Methodology
• ApplicaGon• LCIofUPRandApplicaGonInventory• StructuralAnalysis• Conclusions• FutureWork
©M.D.Lepech2009US‐JapanLCAWorkshop October22.2009
ProjectGoals
• Performance‐basedEarthquakeEngineering– “design,evaluaGon,andconstrucGonofengineeredfaciliGesthatmeet,aseconomicallyaspossible,theuncertainfuturedemandsthatbothowner‐usersandnaturewillputuponthem”
– “quanGtaGveengineeringinsupportofdecision‐makingforowners,users,andmanagers”
– “dollars,deaths,downGme”
• Inclusionofpre‐event,event,andpost‐eventenvironmental,social&economicimpactsintoperformance‐baseddesigngoals
©M.D.Lepech2009US‐JapanLCAWorkshop October22.2009
PBEFramework
PBE Quantitative Engineering in Support of Decision Making
Prediction of Hazard • Earthquakes • Wind • Waves • Fire
Prediction of Demands • System Modeling • Constitutive Models • Element Models • Nonlinear Analysis • Deteriorating Systems
Prediction of Damage • Component Fragility • System Fragility • Cost Functions • Loss Estimation • Life Safety
Risk Management, Assessment, & Mitigation Decision-making Under Uncertainty
Performance-based Design Health Monitoring
Advanced Materials Active/Passive Control Information Technology
Design/Construction Integration
©M.D.Lepech2009US‐JapanLCAWorkshop October22.2009
PBEEMethodology
Hazard Assessment and Prediction
Demand Prediction
Damage Prediction
Structural Design
Iterative Structural Design Loop
Design Goals
• Maximize – Life Safety • Minimize – First Cost, Replacement cost, Life cycle cost, Loss, Downtime
Life Cycle Assessment
Economic Costs Environmental Costs Social Costs
©M.D.Lepech2009US‐JapanLCAWorkshop October22.2009
PBEComputaGonalMethodology
€
g[DV |D] = p[DV |DM,D]p[DM | EDP,D]∫∫∫
€
p[EDP | IM,D]g[IM |D]dIMdEDPdDMg(X|Y): Occurrence Frequency of X given Y p(X|Y): Probability of X given Y DV: Decision Variable D: Design DM: Damage Measure EPD: Engineering Demand Parameter IM: Intensity Measure SI: Sustainability Impact
€
g[DV |D] = p[DV | SI,D]p[SI |DM,D]p[DM | EDP,D]∫∫∫∫
€
p[EDP | IM,D]g[IM |D]dIMdEDPdDMdSI
©M.D.Lepech2009US‐JapanLCAWorkshop October22.2009
ApplicaGon• BridgepiercolumnjackeGngto
address– Lackofflexuralstrength
– LackofflexuralducGlity
– Lowshearstrength
• Pre‐eventretrofiXngapplicaGon– OngoingCaltransstrengtheningefforts
followingLomaPrieta(1989)andNorthridge(1994)
– Bringingover2,200Californiabridgesuptospecifiedsafety
– CaltranseffortscosGngoverUS$8.4billion
• RetrofiXngTechnologies– SteeljackeGng
– FRPwrapping(UPR,Epoxy)(Photo by Xxsys Technologies)
©M.D.Lepech2009US‐JapanLCAWorkshop October22.2009
StudyBoundaries
• RawMaterialExtracGon
• MaterialManufacturing• ConstrucGon• Use(parGal)
R a w M a t e r i a l A c q u i s i t i o n
M a t e r i a l P r o c e s s i n g
M a n u f a c t u r e & A s s e m b l y
U s e & S e r v i c e
R e t i r e m e n t & R e c o v e r y
T r e a t m e n t D i s p o s a l
o p e n - l o o p r e c y c l e
r e u s e r e m a n u f a c t u r e
c l o s e d - l o o p r e c y c l e
M, E
W W W W W
M, E M, E M, E M, E M, E
W
©M.D.Lepech2009US‐JapanLCAWorkshop October22.2009
PrimaryLCIConstrucGon‐UPR
Chemical Reactor
Thinning Tank
Storage Tank – Thinned Resin
Blending Tank
Storage Tank – Final Product
Shipping Operations
Distillation Column for Distillate Recovery
Emix, Eheat, EVaporize
Anhydrides, Diols
Emix, Ecool Styrene Vapors
200°C
80°C
Incinerator
Styrene Vapors Incinerator
Emix
Additives (i.e. halogenated resin)
Styrene Vapors Incinerator
Styrene Vapors Incinerator
Styrene Vapors Incinerator
80°C
80°C
Ambient
E Glycols (recycled)
Incinerator
Full Ester
Styrene
Thinned Resin
Thinned Resin
©M.D.Lepech2009US‐JapanLCAWorkshop October22.2009
PrimaryLCIConstrucGon‐UPR
• ModelingDetails– FuncGonalUnit–1kgFinalUPRresin– Industrialnaturalgasburneris78%efficient– 3PinducGonmotors(1800RPM)
• 1HP@100%load–72%efficiency
• 20HP@50%load–85%efficiency• 15HP@50%load–82%efficiency
• 10HP@50%load–82%efficiency
– Catalysts<1%– 5%cut‐offrule
©M.D.Lepech2009US‐JapanLCAWorkshop October22.2009
UPRLCIandApplicaGonInventories
UPR Epoxy Resin Glass Fiber Rolled Steel Plate Cement Mortar
2.82 1.11 0.508 0.998 0.13
62.1 236 8.67 20.5 0.85
GWP (kg CO2-eq/kg) µ COV
Primary Energy (MJ/kg) µ COV
UPR-based FRP Wrapping Epoxy-based FRP Wrapping Steel Jacketing
15.9
5.67 277
339
694 4400
GWP (kg CO2-eq/wrap) µ COV
Primary Energy (MJ/wrap) µ COV
0.2 0.35 0.26 0.12 0.13
0.22 0.36 0.26 0.10 0.13
0.15
0.23 0.10
0.16
0.24 0.12
©M.D.Lepech2009US‐JapanLCAWorkshop October22.2009
UPRLCIandApplicaGonInventories
UPR Epoxy Resin Glass Fiber Rolled Steel Plate Cement Mortar
2.82 1.11 0.508 0.998 0.13
62.1 236 8.67 20.5 0.85
GWP (kg CO2-eq/kg) µ COV
Primary Energy (MJ/kg) µ COV
UPR-based FRP Wrapping Epoxy-based FRP Wrapping Steel Jacketing
15.9
5.67 277
339
694 4400
GWP (kg CO2-eq/wrap) µ COV
Primary Energy (MJ/wrap) µ COV
0.2 0.35 0.26 0.12 0.13
0.22 0.36 0.26 0.10 0.13
0.15
0.23 0.10
0.16
0.24 0.12
©M.D.Lepech2009US‐JapanLCAWorkshop October22.2009
Outline
• ProjectGoals• Methodology
• ApplicaGon• LCIofUPRandApplicaGonInventory• StructuralAnalysis• Conclusions• FutureWork
©M.D.Lepech2009US‐JapanLCAWorkshop October22.2009
SeismicRisk–BridgeStructureBridge Structure
Overall length: 34m Spans: 3 Deck width: 10m Supports:
2 pier groups 3 columns per group 800mm φ R/C columns
Modeled in OpenSees
Seismic Hazard
Weak ground motion – PGA of 0.11g 50% exceedence in 50 years
Moderate ground motion – PGA of 0.68g 10% exceedence in 50 years
Strong ground motion – PGA of 1.33g 2% exceedence in 50 years
©M.D.Lepech2009US‐JapanLCAWorkshop October22.2009
FragilityCurveConstrucGon
• 5damagestatesdefined– D1:nodamage– D2:slightdamage
– D3:moderatedamage
– D4:extensivedamage
– D5:collapsedamage
• Damagedefinedbydrillimits– D1:0.005
– D5:0.05
€
Pf = P[D ≥ Di | IM]
Damage State D1: No Damage
©M.D.Lepech2009US‐JapanLCAWorkshop October22.2009
AddiGonalFragilityCurves|DM
Damage State D2: Slight Damage Damage State D3: Moderate Damage
Damage State D4: Extensive Damage Damage State D5: Collapse Damage
©M.D.Lepech2009US‐JapanLCAWorkshop October22.2009
LifeCycleAssessment
• Costsconsidered– PrimaryEnergy
– GlobalWarmingPotenGal
• RecurrenceofseismiceventmodeledasasimplePoissonevent
€
E[C(t,X)]= C0 + (C1P1 + C2P2 + ...CkPk )Nλ×
• MinimalmaintenanceandrepairimpactsintermsofprimaryenergyandGWP
• Discountrateof4%(lowdiscountrate)onlongtermfutureimpacts
€
(1− e−λt ) +Cm
λ(1− e−λt )
©M.D.Lepech2009US‐JapanLCAWorkshop October22.2009
ImpactsofRetrofiXng|IM,DM
D5: Collapse Damage
• Impactstendtobehighestformoderateseismicevents– RelaGvelyshort
reocurranceperiod
– NonlinearincreaseofP[D>Di|IM]
– EffectsofeventslikeLomaPrieta(1989)Magnitude6.9
(kg
CO
2-eq
/yr)
(M
J/yr
)
0.11 0.68 1.33 (g)
Steel Epoxy
UPR
Steel Epoxy
UPR
©M.D.Lepech2009US‐JapanLCAWorkshop October22.2009
Conclusions
• AnnualizedimpactsofFRPseismicretrofiXngarelowerthanforsteeljackeGng.
• ForlowerdamagestateprotecGon(D1–D3),unsaturatedpolyesterresinandepoxy‐basedresinretrofiXngsystemsbecomemoreefficient.
• Unsaturatedpolyester‐basedFRPwrappingismoreefficientthanepoxy‐basedFRPwrappingforalldamagestates|IMintermsprimaryenergyconsumpGon.
• Epoxy‐basedFRPwrappingismoreefficientthanunsaturatedpolyester‐basedFRPwrappingforalldamagestates|IMwithregardtoannualizedglobalwarminggasemissions.
©M.D.Lepech2009US‐JapanLCAWorkshop October22.2009
OngoingWork
• ImproveddefiniGonofusephase– DifferencesintrafficinterrupGonduetovaryingconstrucGonGmelines
– Improvedmaintenanceschedulemodeling(Caltrans)
• Completeinclusionofbridgerepairimpactsassociatedwithvariousdamagestates
• IntegraGonwithothercosGngmodels(environmentaldamagecostmodelingandnaturalcapitalvaluaGon)
• StructurelevelopGmizaGonandnetworklevelopGmizaGonwithregionalhazardmappingandconnecGvityrequirements
• Broaderhazardassessmentbringing“acute”healthrisksassociatedwithstructuralcollapsewith“chronic”healthrisksassociatedwithlocal,regional,orglobalemissions
©M.D.Lepech2009US‐JapanLCAWorkshop October22.2009
Acknowledgements
SarahRussell‐SmithProfessorAnneKiremidjian,StanfordUniversity
Mr.TomStewart
Dr.EnioKumpinsky
Mr.NickFriedan
PEER
©M.D.Lepech2009US‐JapanLCAWorkshop October22.2009
Thankyou!
MichaelLepech
mlepech@stanford.edustanford.edu/~mlepech
+1650.724.9459
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