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www.wetwine.eu
Life cycle assessment of constructed wetland systems for winery
wastewater treatment
Marianna Garfí, Laura Flores, Joan García
GEMMA Research Group (gemma.upc.edu)
Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña – UPC
GEMMA Research Group
2
� Natural wastewater treatment systems
� Constructed wetlands
� Microalgae systems
Microalgae
raceway ponds and photobioreacorsConstructed wetlands
GEMMA Research Group
3
� Sludge (and other biomass) treatment systems
� Constructed wetlands
� Anaerobic digestion
Biogas production
Sludge treatment wetlands
GEMMA Research Group
4
� Mathematical Modelling of biotechnologies
(constructed wetlands, microalgae photobioreactors)
� Carbon footprint and Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
Introduction
Constructed wetlands
5
Constructed wetlands (CWs) are natural treatment technologies for
household and/or municipal or industrial wastewater.
A CW is a shallow basin filled with some sort of filter material (substrate),
usually sand or gravel, and planted with vegetation.Inlet
OutletGravel
Vegetation
Introduction
Constructed wetlands
6
Wastewater is introduced into the basin and flows over the surface
or through the substrate.
The mechanisms that occur in CW systems for wastewater treatment
are complex and include chemical, physical and biological processes
(sedimentation, filtration, oxidation, reduction, adsorption,
precipitation, pathogen removal)
Introduction
Conventional technologies
7
Conventional wastewater treatment plant (e.g. activated sludge
system) are characterized by high energy and chemicals
consumption.
Introduction
Constructed wetlands
8
Advantages Limitations
Effective wastewater treatment by removing
broad spectrum of contaminants
Temperature sensitive; cold temperatures
reduce contaminant removal efficiency
Low costs of investment, operation and
maintenanceClogging
Water reusePretreatment required at least to remove
excess suspended solids
Integration into the landscape; restored habitat
for native and migratory wildlifeLarge land requirement
Low environmental impacts; low energy
requirementLow phosphorous removal
• Land Requirement
2-5 m2 p.e.-1 CW systems vs. < 1 m2 p.e.-1 Conventional WWTP
Introduction
Constructed wetlands
9
Three types of wetlands to emphasize specific characteristics of wetland
ecosystems for improved treatment capacity.
• Free water surface (FWS) CWs
• Horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) CWs
• Vertical flow (VF) CWs
Introduction
Constructed wetlands
10
• Hybrid systems
Various constructed wetland configurations may be combined so as to
increase their treatment efficiency.
These hybrid systems are normally comprised of vertical flow (VF) and
horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) CW
Introduction
Constructed wetlands
11
• Pre-treatment and primary treatment
Primary treatment
(Imhoff tank, UASB)
Secondary treatment
(CWs)Pre-treatment
Influent water
Primary sludge
Effluent water
Introduction
Constructed wetlands
12
• Sludge treatment wetlands
They are low cost technologies for primary and secondary sludge
treatment. They are made up of shallow ponds, beds or trenches
filled with a gravel layer and planted with emergent rooted
wetland vegetation such as Phragmites australis (common reed).
Introduction
Constructed wetlands
13
Draining and
aeration pipes
Reeds
Feeding
system
Granular media
Tank
Introduction
Constructed wetlands
14
Feeding period
5-10 yearsFinal resting
period
3-24 months
Biosolids
removal
Composting plant Reuse in agriculture
Introduction
Constructed wetlands
15
Advantages of sludge treatment wetlands
• This is more than a “drying technology”. Aerobic mineralization and
hygienisation are intrinsic processes of this technology.
• Allows storage of sludge for more than 5 years (usually around 10 years).
• No odours because is aerobic.
• Final product can be reused as fertilizer.
16
WETWINE
Constructed Wetlands are a suitable solution for winery wastewater and sludge
treatment.
Winery wastewater treatment
17
WETWINE
Current technologies/strategies for winery wastewater treatment
vs.
WETWINE system
Winery wastewater treatment
WETWINE
Environmental impact assessment
18
• Questionnaires to different wineries of the SUDOE area
WETWINE
Environmental impact assessment
19
15 Wineries from Spain, Portugal and France (10,000 – 8,000,000 L of wine/year)
>85% third-party sludge management and disposal
Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology
20
ISO 14040:2006
ISO 14044:2006
Results
interpretation
Goal and
scope
definition
Inventory
analysis
Impact
assessment
LCA steps
Life cycle assessment
21
WETWINE system implementation
Scenario 1: WETWINE CW system
Winery located in Galicia, Spain
Vineyard: 33.5 ha
Wine production (white wine): 368,000 L/year
Water consumption for wine production: 3.3 Lwater/Lwine
Vintage season (september – october): 60 days
Flow: 620 m3/vintage season
Rest of the year: 305 days
Flow: 778 m3/rest of the year
Total annual flow: 1,398 m3/year
Current wastewater treatment: Imhoff tank + transport + third-party
wastewater management and disposal
The WETWINE project
22
Tank
STWs
HUSB
reactor
2 VFCWs
HFCW
Treated water
Treated sludge
Lixiviate
Fertilizer/Soil
conditioner
Land
irrigation
The pilot WETWINE system consists of an anaerobic hydrolytic upflow blanket reactor (1.25 m3 useful
volume), 2 VFCW (30 m2), 1 HFCW (30 m2), and a one-stage STW (20 m2)
The WETWINE CW system
Life Cycle Assessment
Scenarios
23
Scenario 2: Activated sludge system (AS) implemented in a winery located in
Galicia
Wine production: 3,850,000 L/year
Water consumption for wine production: 1.25 Lwater/Lwine
Vintage season:15 days; Flow: 2,416 m3/vintage season
Rest of the year: 350 days; Flow: 2,417 m3/rest of the year
Total annual flow: 4,833 m3/year
Pre-
treatment
unit
Biological
reactor
Secondary
settler
Centrifuge
Sludge
Homogenization
tank
Sludge
disposal
EffluentSewage (to
Municipal
WWTP)
Influent
Life Cycle Assessment
Goal & Scope
24
Goal: To compare the environmental impacts of CWs and activated sludge
systems for winery wastewater treatment
Functional Unit: 1 m3 of water
System boundaries:
WETWINE scenario AS scenario
Materials and energy for systems construction and operation
(e.g. construction materials, electricity, chemicals)
Sludge application as soil conditioner
(including emissions to soil and air and
avoided fertilizer)
Sludge management (including transport
and incineration)
Direct GHG emissions Direct GHG emissions
Emissions to water Additional treatment in a municipal WWTP
Emissions to water
Life Cycle Assessment
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
25
Software, Database and Method:
SimaPro 8.2.3;
Ecoinvent v3.2 database;
ReCiPe Midpoint (H)
Impact categories:
o Climate change (kg CO2 eq)
o Ozone depletion (kg CFC-11 eq)
o Terrestrial acidification (kg SO2 eq)
o Freshwater eutrophication (kg P eq)
o Marine eutrophication (kg N eq)
o Photochemical oxidant formation (kg NMVOC)
o Particulate matter formation (kg PM10 eq)
o Metal depletion (kg Fe eq)
o Fossil depletion (kg oil eq)
Life Cycle Assessment
Results
26
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Environmental impact assessment results
WETWINE - vintage season WETWINE - rest of the year AS - vintage season AS - rest of the year
Life Cycle Assessment
Results
27
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Environmental impact assessment results
WETWINE - vintage season WETWINE - rest of the year AS - vintage season AS - rest of the year
The environmental impacts associated with AS scenario are between 2 and 9 times higher
than that associated with WETWINE scenario depending on the impact category.
Life Cycle Assessment
28
Results
1) Construction materials 3) Direct GHG emissions2) Electricity
WETWINE system
3) Sludge
management
2) Further
Treatment at
municipal WWTP
AS system
1) Chemicals
Contribution analysis
Life Cycle Assessment
29
Results
CO2 saving and Global warming potential
WETWINE scenario
vs.
Previous scenario
(transport + third-party wastewater management and disposal)
around 40,000 kg CO2equ are saved per year
Global warming is reduced up
50 times
WETWINE
30
Results
• Constructed Wetlands and Sludge Treatment Wetlands are
appropriate technologies for wastewater and sludge treatment in
small communities.
• They help to reduce environmental impacts and costs associated
with wastewater and sludge treatment.
Thank you for your attention
wetwine.eu – marianna.garfi@upc.edu
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