Leveraging the Knowledge Economy Carlos A. P. Braga Senior Manager, Informatics Program Information...
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- Slide 1
- Leveraging the Knowledge Economy Carlos A. P. Braga Senior
Manager, Informatics Program Information Solutions Group The World
Bank ACURIL XXXIII June 1-7, 2003 San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Slide 2
- OUTLINE Knowledge and the World Economy Networks and the
Knowledge Revolution The Knowledge and Digital Divides The
Caribbean and the Knowledge Revolution Knowledge at the Firm Level:
the World Banks experience Concluding Remarks
- Slide 3
- Knowledge is a key resource for the global economy Throughout
history, relative economic performance has been closely associated
with the capacity of countries to participate in successive
technology/knowledge revolutions (agriculture, manufacturing,
services, knowledge societies); Knowledge has played a critical
role in differentiating the long run economic performance of
countries; In the last 50 years, economic growth has been closely
associated with urbanization, emergence of new organizational
forms, and regional and global tradeall these trends, in turn, are
closely linked to agglomeration of people and ideas
- Slide 4
- China and the World Economy
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- Development and Poverty
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- Knowledge makes the Difference between Poverty and Wealth
- Slide 7
- OUTLINE Knowledge and the World Economy Networks and the
Knowledge Revolution The Knowledge and Digital Divides The
Caribbean and the Knowledge Revolution Knowledge at the Firm Level:
the World Banks experience Concluding Remarks
- Slide 8
- Increasing Importance of Knowledge Seven key elements of
Knowledge Revolution: Increased generation/codification of
knowledge (e.g., patents granted in the US: from 49,971 in 1963 to
175,983 in 2000); Closer links with science base/increased rate of
innovation/shorter product life cycles; Increased importance of
education, up-skilling of labor force, and life long learning;
Growing investment in intangibles (R&D, education, brands) OECD
countries spend more than $520 billion per year in R&D; Value
added increasingly associated with investment in intangibles such
as branding, marketing, logistics/information management;
Innovation and productivity increase more important in
competitiveness & GDP growth; Increased Globalization and
Competition Trade/GDP from 38% in 1990 to 52% in 1999 Value added
by TNCs 27% of global GDP Bottom Line Constant change and
competition implies need of constant restructuring and upgrading;
ability to create, access and use knowledge is becoming the
fundamental determinant of global competitiveness
- Slide 9
- Knowledge Changes the Development Process Knowledge makes the
difference between poverty and wealth Creation and effective use of
knowledge is key to rapid economic growth ICT is changing the terms
under which knowledge can be created and disseminated: ICT
facilitates the process of codification and transmission of
knowledge about technology; ICT enhances the positive learning
externalities of knowledge generation by magnifying the
possibilities for recombination of ideas and information; ICT
dilutes the tyranny of geography by providing new ways for
researchers to escape national boundaries. The rate of
international co-authorship of scientific and technical papers, for
example, has increased significantly over the last decade. ICT
increases the distribution power of innovation systems, diminishing
the time to market of new products and services, while enhancing
the dissemination, application, and use of mature technologies
- Slide 10
- OUTLINE Knowledge and the World Economy Networks and the
Knowledge Revolution The Knowledge and Digital Divides The
Caribbean and the Knowledge Revolution Knowledge at the Firm Level:
the World Banks experience Concluding Remarks
- Slide 11
- The World Divided by Income Level (2000 GNI per capita) Source:
World Bank SIMA Database
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- High income 21% Low income 35% Lower middle income 36% Upper
middle income 8% Global Distribution of Population & GDP
Source: World Bank SIMA Database 1970 (Population)1970 (GDP) Upper
middle income 6% High income 84 % Lower middle income 7 % Low
income 3 %
- Slide 13
- Global Distribution of Population & GDP Source: World Bank
SIMA Database 2001 (Population)2001 (GDP) Low income 41% Lower
middle income 35 % Upper middle income 8 % High income 16% High
income 81% Low income 3% Lower Middle income 9 % Upper middle
income 7 %
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- Higher Education Enrollment Ratio (1997) Source: World Bank
SIMA Database
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- Countries 198019902000 (projection) Low Income3.94.75.4 Middle
Income5.56.87.3 High Income9.39.610.2 World5.96.77.2 Average Years
of Schooling of the Total Population Aged 15 and Over
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- 198019902000 High Income Middle Income3.82.8 (26.3%)2.9 (-
3.6%) High Income Low Income5.44.9 (9.3%)4.8 (2.1%) (unit: years; %
indicates reduction of the gap in comparison to the previous
decade.) Difference in Average Years of Schooling between Income
Groups
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- Global Distribution of R&D Expenditures (1997) Source:
Calculated based on data from the World Bank SIMA Database, 2002
Low income 0.8 % Lower middle income 2.4 % Upper middle income 4.1
% High income 92.7 %
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- Global Distribution of Patenting (registered in the U.S., 2001)
Source: Calculated based on data from the US Patent & Trademark
Office (USPTO), 2001 High income 99.2 % Low income 0.1 % Lower
middle income 0.4 % Upper middle income 0.4 %
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- Royalty and License Fees, Payments, and Receipts (BoP, current
US$, Millions) payments 1975 payments 2001 receipts 1975 receipts
2001 Source: Calculated based on data from the World Bank SIMA
Database High income Low income Lower middle income Upper middle
income 0.05
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- E-Development: Challenging Development Theory Conventional
wisdom Distance matters (geography, economic distance: regulatory,
trade barriers) Knowledge-based development (building upon human
capital) is more rewarding over the long- term than resource-based
development There is a natural sequence in stages of
development
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- E-Development: Challenging Development Theory Impact of ICT
Economic distance becomes even more relevant, but the role of
geography diminishes Additional advantage for human-resources rich
societies Opportunities for leapfrogging expand (e- government
experiences in developing countries illustrate these
opportunities)
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- ICT and Poverty Reduction ICT and Economic Growth - enhanced
competitiveness - increased business opportunities - access to
market for rural communities ICT and Improved Delivery of Social
Services - better health/education/environmental services -
reducing vulnerability to natural disasters ICT for Greater
Transparency - improved efficiency on government procurement -
reduced corruption - increased civil society participation ICT for
Empowerment of the Poor - allowing the poor to better communicate
their concerns
- Slide 23
- The more transparency, the less corruption. The less
corruption, the more private sector investment Transparency &
Private Sector Investment
- Slide 24
- Income Divide Digital Divide Source: ITU World
Telecommunication Indicators Database User distribution, by income
group, 2001
- Slide 25
- Telecoms and Internet the cost of being connected Sri Lanka
Monthly internet access charge as a percent of monthly average
income Sri Lanka Nepal Bangladesh Bhutan United States Denmark
Source: Human Development Report Office calculations based on data
ITU 2000 and World Bank 2001
- Slide 26
- The good news... Source: Human Development Report, 2001
- Slide 27
- Information Holds Major Opportunities For Development Business
connectivity Access to international information for small and
large business Logistic support; e-com Health Preventive health
care Curative health care Less isolation in remote and poor areas
Community communication centers Wireless technologies Government
Electronic payments systems Electronic government (tax, customs)
Land titling, registries Access to information, democratization
Environmental and natural resource management Teledetection
Computerized databases Ecologically-balanced agricultural
management Financial sector International payment systems Bulk and
high value transaction systems Significant Opportunities for
Development Education Basic Higher Professional
- Slide 28
- OUTLINE Knowledge and the World Economy Networks and the
Knowledge Revolution The Knowledge and Digital Divides The
Caribbean and the Knowledge Revolution Knowledge at the Firm Level:
the World Banks experience Concluding Remarks
- Slide 29
- Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Information Technology
Report 2002-2003 Network Readiness Index 02/03 (rankings of 82
countries)
- Slide 30
- Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Information Technology
Report 2002-2003 Public Spending on Education (% of GDP) (market
environment) Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Information
Technology Report 2002-2003 MEAN: 4.74
- Slide 31
- Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Information Technology
Report 2002-2003 Availability of Scientists and Engineers (market
environment) 01234567 Haiti Bolivia Honduras Mexico Dominican
Republic Jamaica South Africa China Venezuela Thailand Colombia
Trinidad and Tobago Brazil Russia Korea Singapore Sweden United
States Finland India MEAN: 4.88 1=non existent or rare; 7=widely
available
- Slide 32
- Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Information Technology
Report 2002-2003 Brain Drain (market environment) MEAN: 3.76
- Slide 33
- Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Information Technology
Report 2002-2003 Legal Framework for ICT Development
(political/regulatory environment) MEAN: 4.48
- Slide 34
- Local Availability of Specialized IT Services (infrastructure
environment) Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Information
Technology Report 2002-2003 1= not available in the country; 7=
available from world-class local institutions MEAN: 4. 85
- Slide 35
- MEAN:3.8 Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Information
Technology Report 2002-2003 Public Access to the Internet
(individual readiness) MEAN: 3.82
- Slide 36
- Government Prioritization of ICT (government readiness) Source:
World Economic Forum, The Global Information Technology Report
2002-2003 MEAN: 4.43
- Slide 37
- Cost of Business Telephone Subscription (business readiness)
Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Information Technology
Report 2002-2003 MEAN: 0.16
- Slide 38
- Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Information Technology
Report 2002-2003 Number of Internet Users (per 100 people)
(individual usage) MEAN: 38.44
- Slide 39
- Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Information Technology
Report 2002-2003 Readiness of Government On-line Services
(government usage) MEAN: 3.72
- Slide 40
- Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Information Technology
Report 2002-2003 Use of Internet for Coordination with Customers
and Suppliers (business usage) MEAN: 3.7
- Slide 41
- OUTLINE Knowledge and the World Economy Networks and the
Knowledge Revolution The Knowledge and Digital Divides The
Caribbean and the Knowledge Revolution Knowledge at the Firm Level:
the World Banks experience Concluding Remarks
- Slide 42
- The World Bank: A Brief Profile Primary focus of helping the
poorest people and the poorest countries US$19.5 billion in loans
to its client countries in Fiscal Year 2002 Works in more than 100
developing economies About 10,000 staff working across the
globe
- Slide 43
- The Vision of the Knowledge Bank Our vision is to become a
Knowledge Bank that spurs the knowledge revolution in developing
countries and acts as a global catalyst for creating, sharing, and
applying the cutting-edge knowledge necessary for poverty reduction
and economic development. (Knowledge For All, 2000 Annual Meetings)
The Knowledge Bank concept was introduced in 1996 as a way of
taking a more strategic approach to improving our development
impact via knowledge a thrust formalized in the Strategic Compact.
We recognized that to achieve our mission of poverty reduction and
growth including reaching the Millenium Development Goals we will
need to contribute effectively to closing the knowledge and digital
divides that separate developed and developing countries.
- Slide 44
- Vision of the Knowledge Bank through learning from the outside
world through Economic and Sector Work research evaluation with our
clients, partners and outside world with staff in the organization
through products and services and learning our successes from
failures and
- Slide 45
- Knowledge manager Present Help Desk Staff Clients Relevant
knowledge is made available just-in-time Relevant best practice
Relevant bibliography reference materials Relevant polices,
guidelines, procedures Most frequently asked questions Country
conditions, correspondence personae, issues Most frequently made
mistakes in the past Relevant country, sector data Text of previous
similar task outputs Most knowledgeable gurus on key issues Best
analytical tools, e.g. economic, financial analyses Past Sea of
paper Electronic Knowledge Tacit Knowledge Information is often low
quality and hard to find The Knowledge Bank
- Slide 46
- The IT Environment at the World Bank Then (1995) & Now
Almost entirely paper-based Large gaps in official business records
Information only in peoples heads Photocopying is a major industry
Libraries-traditional services only No concept of knowledge
management Manual updating of the few electronic documents No Bank
Report delivered online Primitive intranet and Bank web page
Hardcopy publications only for clients No collaborative information
solutions Electronic capture, storage and retrieval Business
records captured in electronic forms Enterprise electronic
information warehouse Electronic shared access to documents
Electronic library sources widely available Knowledge communities
developed Central cataloguing of all kinds of information 40,000
Bank Reports online Lending/partnership leveraged with online
knowledge sharing networks (GDLN) and information dissemination
(Development Gateway) External web; 7 million page views per month;
1300 visits/hour; 120,000 content pages
- Slide 47
- The Knowledge Bank 1.Improving the Bank s operational quality
and effectiveness through enhancing our own capacity. 2.Enhancing
the sharing of knowledge with our clients and partners. 3.Enhancing
client capacity to access and make effective use of knowledge,
whatever the source. The Knowledge Bank has three main
objectives:
- Slide 48
- What we have learned Communities are the heart and soul of
Knowledge Sharing Building on informal networks Identifying the
right leaders Supporting and nurturing communities Integrating with
core business processes Balancing creativity and
accountability
- Slide 49
- Challenges: the gap in adapting knowledge to client needs in
Africa Adaptation gap Source: Africa client surveys
- Slide 50
- Objectives and Status of the Knowledge Initiatives
ObjectiveRelevant InitiativesStatus Enhancing the sharing of
knowledge with our clients and partners. Development Gateway
(information and services portal) Global Development Learning
Network (distance learning network) Development Forum (online
discussion forum) Global Knowledge Partnership (inter-agency
collaboration) Newly independent Foundation with numerous partners
and donors. WBG engaged as a service provider. Mainstreamed within
Bank Regional ownership. Multiple partners and donors for content
and facilities. Managed within WBI as service to WBG used for WDR,
project consultations etc. Exited from Secretariat function in
FY00; continued participation as member. Enhancing client capacity
to access and make effective use of knowledge, whatever the source.
Global Development Network (builds research capacity) info Dev
(provides start-up funds for relevant ICT innovation) African
Virtual University (helps deliver content via partners) World Links
for Development (connects schools via internet) Established
independently to facilitate ownership by participants &
partners. Donor partnership managed by WBG. In planned transition
to NGO established in Nairobi. NGO established, with continued Bank
support.
- Slide 51
- The Development Gateway Foundation
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- The Development Gateway Portal
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- Diverse resources, viewpoints, and practical knowledge - -
contributed by users around the world Access to comprehensive and
updated resources on more than 30 development topics with over
22,000 content items; Increased collaboration and dialogue among a
range of different development stakeholders through a network of
with nearly 25,000 members from 180 countries. The bottom line:
shared information, communities of practice, partnerships Knowledge
and Ideas Exchange knowledge on development with virtual
communities
- Slide 54
- Development Gateway Topic Communities *
- Slide 55
- The Challenge of Knowledge Sharing
- Slide 56
- Largest source of public information on development activities
Offers access to 420,000 current and past development activities
from a range of donors (10% of which are current) Information
organized by country, sector, funding organization, activity
status, or date Potential to reduce duplication of efforts and
enables better-informed decisions by offering a picture of past,
previous, and upcoming projects in a country or sector The bottom
line: better coordination, standards for information sharing,more
effective aid AiDA Accessible information on Development
Activities
- Slide 57
- OECS Aid Coordination
- Slide 58
- Transparency and efficiency in government procurement
Unprecedented access to procurement opportunities for businesses
around the world Provides procurement solutions as a free service
Sets tender information exchange standards To date, carries about
30,000 current tender notices, with a total contract volume of $200
billion View summaries in English, French, German, Indonesian,
Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, and
Turkish The bottom line: increased transparency and access, more
economic opportunities dgMarket
- Slide 59
- National initiatives that focus on local development issues
Independently owned and operated partners of the Development
Gateway Built on broad public-private partnerships Facilitate the
effective use of ICT for sustainable development and poverty
reduction at the local level A country-level portal and other
online and offline initiatives To date, 44 Country Gateways in
different stages of planning and implementation The bottom line:
local knowledge, global reach, shared solutions Country
Gateways
- Slide 60
- Country Gateways Present Status RegionPlanning Phase (9
countries) Completed Planning Phase (9 countries) Implementation
Phase (26 countries) E. Europe/ Central Asia CroatiaArmenia,
Azerbaijan, Georgia, Bulgaria, Kyrgyz Republic, Moldova, Poland,
Romania, Russia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan Latin
America/ Caribbean Bolivia, Brazil, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
Argentina, Guatemala, Dominican Republic, Jamaica El Salvador,
Uruguay, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru AfricaMauritania, Mozambique,
Rwanda, Uganda Namibia, Tanzania, Middle East/N. Africa MoroccoWest
Bank and Gaza Strip East Asia/ Pacific VietnamIndonesiaChina,
Mongolia, Australia, South Asia Pakistan, IndiaSri Lanka.
Bangladesh
- Slide 61
- Jamaica Development Gateway
- Slide 62
- OUTLINE Knowledge and the World Economy Networks and the
Knowledge Revolution The Knowledge and Digital Divides The
Caribbean and the Knowledge Revolution Knowledge at the Firm Level:
the World Banks experience Concluding Remarks
- Slide 63
- Knowledge can make a critical difference in the development
process; The risks of a growing knowledge divide, require special
attention from policy-makers. In this context, one needs to focus
on: The importance of an effective institutional and economic
regime that fosters the creation, dissemination and use of
knowledge; Investments in education so that the population can use
knowledge effectively; The operation of the innovation system
(involving R&D centers, universities, libraries, private firms,
etc.); The implementation of a dynamic ICT infrastructure that
fosters information dissemination, transparency and digital
literacy. Concluding Remarks
- Slide 64
- In the process of knowledge generation, dissemination and use
in a networked environment, special attention needs to be given to:
The balance between protection of intellectual property rights and
the preservation of fair use and access to resources in the
commons; The challenges of promoting digital literacy; The
potential of public-private partnerships; The growing demand for
transparency; The importance of context/localization; and The role
of leadership. Concluding Remarks (cont.)
- Slide 65
- T.S. Eliot, The Rock (Chorus) Where is the life We have lost in
living? Where is the wisdom We have lost in knowledge? Where is the
knowledge We have lost in information? Collected Poems (1909-1919)
Beyond the knowledge revolution
- Slide 66
- More information The World Bank www.worldbank.org Development
Gateway Portal www.developmentgateway.org