Lesson 8: Cell Structure and Functions

AP Biology 2008-2009

Lesson 8:Cell Structure and Functions

The Building Blocksof Life

eu – true pro – beforeelle – small bi – twocyto – cell lys – to splitchloro - green

The Cell Theory

1. All living things are made of cells.2. New cells come from cells.3. Cells are the basic units of structure and function

of living things.

May the CODE be with you!

1. ALTMC2. NCFC3. CBUSFLT

bacteriacells

bacteriacellsTypes of cells

animal cellsanimal cells plant cellsplant cells

Prokaryote- no organelles

Eukaryotes- organelles

Cell size comparison

Bacterial cell

Animal cell

micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter diameter of human hair = ~20 microns

most bacteria 1-10 microns

eukaryotic cells 10-100 microns

Model Animal Cell

Organelles = structures inside a cell that perform specific functions required by the cell.

Cells need power to live! Making energy

to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must… take in food & digest it take in oxygen (O2)

make ATP remove waste

organelles that do this work… cell membrane lysosomes vacuoles & vesicles mitochondria

ATP

Cell MEMBRANE Function

separates cell from outside controls what enters or leaves cell

O2,CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste recognizes signals from other cells

allows communication between cells

Structure double layer of fat

phospholipid bilayer receptor molecules

proteins

lipid “tail”

phosphate“head”

Membrane• cell boundary• controls passage• communicates

Cytoplasm = jelly-like filling that holds organelles

Vacuoles & vesicles Function

Transports material in cell

storage Structure

membrane sacsmall food

particle

vacuole

digesting food inside cell

Food & water storage

plant cellsplant cells

contractilevacuole

contractilevacuole

animal cellsanimal cells

central vacuole central vacuole

food vacuoles food vacuoles

cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out

recognizes signals

cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place

vacuole & vesiclestransport inside cellsstorage

Lysosomes

small foodparticle

vacuole

digesting food

lysosomes

Function digest food clean up & recycle

digest broken organelles

Structure membrane sac of

digestive enzymes

digesting brokenorganelles

lysosomefood digestiongarbage disposal &recycling

cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out

recognizes signals

cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place

vacuole & vesiclestransport inside cellsstorage

Function make ATP energy from cellular respiration

sugar + O2 ATP fuels the work of life

Structure double membrane

Mitochondria

in both animal & plant cellsin both animal & plant cells

ATP

lysosomefood digestiongarbage disposal &recycling

cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out

recognizes signals

cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place

vacuole & vesiclestransport inside cellsstorage

mitochondriamake ATP energy from sugar + O2

Mitochondria make energy from sugar + O2

cellular respiration sugar + O2 ATP

Chloroplasts make energy + sugar from sunlight

photosynthesis

sunlight + CO2 ATP & sugar ATP = active energy sugar = stored energy

build leaves & roots & fruit out of the sugars

Plants make energy two ways!

ATP

sugar

ATP

Mitochondria are in both cells!!

animal cellsanimal cells plant cellsplant cells

mitochondriamitochondria

Chloroplast/plastidChloroplast/plastid

When things go bad… Diseases of lysosomes are fatal

digestive enzyme not working in lysosome picks up food, but can’t digest it

lysosomes fill up with undigested material grow larger & larger until disrupts cell &

organ function example:

Tay-Sachs diseasebuild up undigested fat in brain cells

But sometimes cells need to die… Lysosomes can be used to kill cells when

they are supposed to be destroyed some cells have to die for proper

development in an organism ex: tadpole tail gets re-absorbed when it turns

into a frog ex: getting rid of webbing between your fingers

during fetal development “auto-destruct” process

lysosomes break open and kill cell cell “suicide”

Fetal development

15 weeks

6 weeks

syndactyly

Chloroplasts sun energy ATP & sugars photosynthesis

+ water + energy glucose + oxygencarbondioxide

6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2light

energy + ++

ATP

The Great ENERGY Circle of Life

sun

ATP

Photosynthesis

Respiration

O2glucosesugarCO2 H2O+ +

plants

animals & plants

central vacuolestorage: food, water or waste

mitochondriamake ATP in cellular respiration

chloroplastmake ATP & sugars in photosynthesis

cell wallsupport

cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out

recognizes signalslysosomedigestion & clean up

cytoplasm

Cells need workers (proteins)! Making proteins

to run daily life & growth, the cell must… read genes (DNA) build proteins

structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws) enzymes (speed up chemical reactions) signals (hormones) & receptors

organelles that make proteins… nucleus ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatus

Proteins do all the work!

cellsDNA proteins

one of the major job of cells is to make proteins,because…

one of the major job of cells is to make proteins,because…

proteins do all the work!proteins do all the work!

signals

structure

enzymes

receptors

Nucleus Function

control center of cell protects DNA

instructions for building proteins

Structure nuclear membrane nucleolus

ribosome factory chromosomes

DNA

lysosomefood digestiongarbage disposal &recycling

cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out

recognizes signals

cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place

vacuole & vesiclestransport inside cellsstorage

mitochondriamake ATP energy from sugar + O2

nucleusprotects DNAcontrols cell

chromosomesDNA

Ribosomes on ER

Ribosomes Function

protein factories read instructions to build proteins from DNA

Structure 2 subunits some free in cytoplasm some attached to ER

largesubunit

smallsubunit

lysosomefood digestiongarbage disposal &recycling

cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out

recognizes signals

cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place

vacuole & vesiclestransport inside cellsstorage

mitochondriamake ATP energy from sugar + O2

nucleusprotects DNAcontrols cell

ribosomesbuilds proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum Function

part of protein factory helps complete the

proteins makes membranes

Structure rough ER

ribosomes attached works on proteins

smooth ER makes membranes

lysosomefood digestiongarbage disposal &recycling

cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out

recognizes signals

cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place

vacuole & vesiclestransport inside cellsstorage

mitochondriamake ATP energy from sugar + O2

nucleusprotects DNAcontrols cell

ribosomesbuilds proteins

ERhelps finish proteinsmakes membranes

transport vesicles

vesiclescarrying proteins

Function finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins

like UPS headquarters shipping & receiving department

ships proteins in vesicles “UPS trucks”

Structure membrane sacs

Golgi Apparatus

DNA

RNA

ribosomes

endoplasmicreticulum

vesicle

Golgi apparatus

vesicle

proteinon its way!

protein finishedprotein

Making Proteins

TO:

TO:

TO:

TO:

nucleus

cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out

recognizes signals

cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place

vacuole & vesiclestransport inside cellsstorage

mitochondriamake ATP energy from sugar + O2

nucleusprotects DNAcontrols cell

ribosomesbuilds proteins

ERhelps finish proteinsmakes membranes

Golgi apparatusfinishes, packages & ships proteins

lysosomefood digestiongarbage disposal &recycling

central vacuolestorage: food, water or waste

mitochondriamake ATP in cellular respiration

chloroplastmake ATP & sugars in photosynthesis

cell wallsupport

cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out

recognizes signals

Golgi apparatusfinish & ship proteins

nucleuscontrol cellprotects DNA

endoplasmic reticulumprocesses proteinsmakes membranes

lysosomedigestion & clean up

cytoplasm

ribosomesmake proteins

TEST TIPS!

Before the test, use flash cards to help you study. Prepare cards about items that are difficult for you. Review the

cards in random order.

Cell Structures and Functions Quiz1. Which structure is responsible for

making proteins?A. Mitochondria

B. Ribosomes

C. Endoplasmic reticulum

D. Vacuoles

Cell Structures and Functions Quiz

2. Ribosomes are made in theA. nucleus

B. nucleolus

C. rough endoplasmic reticulum

D. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Cell Structures and Functions Quiz

3. Which structure controls what enters and leaves the cell?

A. nucleus

B. cell membrane

C. vacuoles

D. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Cell Structures and Functions Quiz

4. In what structure would you find digestive enzymes?

A. ribosomes

B. lysosomes

C. golgi apparatus

D. vacuoles

Cell Structures and Functions Quiz

5. Which structure has the ability to communicate with other cells?

A. nucleus

B. lysosomes

C. cell membrane

D. ribosomes

Cell Structures and Functions Quiz

6. Which organelle provides the ATP energy for an animal cell?

A. mitochondria

B. chloroplast

C. rough endoplasmic reticulum

D. golgi apparatus

Cell Structures and Functions Quiz

7. When proteins are complete, they go to which organelle for packaging?

A. golgi apparatus

B. ribosomes

C. vesicles

D. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Cell Structures and Functions Quiz

8. Plants can make energy in two ways. Which organelles are used in plants for making energy?

A. mitochondria and ribosomes

B. chloroplasts only

C. mitochondria and chloroplasts

D. mitochondria only

Cell Structures and Functions Quiz

9. Which organelle holds large amounts of water to provide structure for a plant cell?

A. vesicle

B. central vacuole

C. cell wall

D. cell membrane

Cell Structures and Functions Quiz

10. In a plant cell where would you find chromosomes?A. nucleus

B. nucleolus

C. nuclear envelope

D. chloroplasts