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Learning
What is learning?
the process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior
Learning activity
Classical Conditioning A form of learning in which a response
elicited by one stimulus becomes elicited by a previously neutral stimulus
Classical Conditioning
Terms Unconditioned stimulus
(US) Unconditioned
response (UR) Neutral stimulus Conditioned stimulus
(CS) Conditioned response
(CR)
Classical Conditioning
Temporal contiguity Stimulus generalization Stimulus discrimination Extinction
ReconditioningSpontaneous recovery
Higher-order conditioning
Come up with at least five examples of learned (classical conditioning) reaction patterns from your lives
Example: cat comes running when s/he hears the can opener…
Biological constraints on learning
Classical ConditioningEvents outcomes
Operant ConditioningOne’s behavior outcomes
Operant Conditioning
Reinforcer↑ likelihood
Punishment↓ likelihood
A Closer Look at Reinforcement
Positive reinforcer A pleasant event that follows an operant
response, increasing the likelihood that the response will recur
Negative reinforcerStrengthens a given response by removing an
aversive stimuli
Punishment Positive (“Punisher”)/Negative (“Response
Cost”)
Not the same as negative reinforcement
To be effective, punishment needs to beSwift, sufficient, and certain
Drawbacks of Punishment
Punishment cannot “unteach” unwanted behaviors.
Punishment can backfire.
Punishment can teach aggression.
Shaping
Reinforcement of successive approximations to end goal
Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Partial Reinforcement Schedule
Partial Reinforcement Schedules
Extinction
Learned responses can weaken and disappear In classical conditioning
Occurs when CS-US pairing lapses
In operant conditioning Occurs when reinforcment is withheld
Spontaneous Recovery
Previously extinguished response reappears without retraining In classical conditioning
CS predicts US again
In operant conditioning Behavior produces old consequence again
Stimulus Generalization
Tendency to respond to cues similar to ones we have become conditioned toClassical
Stimuli similar to CS will elicit CR
Operant Supplying different response to stimulus
Stimulus Discrimination
Learners can be trained not to generalize, but rather to make a conditioned response only to a single stimulus.Classical
CR is specific to a certain CS-US pairing
Operant Reinforcing only specific responses
New Learning Based on Original Learning Higher order conditioning
Conditioning based on previous learning
Primary reinforcerA reinforcer that is rewarding in itself
Secondary reinforcerA reinforcer that acquires its reinforcing power
through association with a primary reinforcer
Sensitivity to Rewards/Punishment Sensitivity to Punishment
Score one point for each “yes” response for all odd-numbered items
Sensitivity to Reward Score one point for each “yes” response for all
even-numbered items
Scores range from 0-24 Higher scores greater sensitivity
Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory
Behavioral activation system (BAS)
Behavioral inhibition system (BIS)
Observational Learning We can learn by observing a model, without
firsthand experience by the observerObservational learning
Social Learning Theorists
Vicarious Reinforcement
Factors Involved in Observational Learning Attention Retention Production Processes Motivation
Latent Learning
Learning happens even when not demonstratedStored internally
Tolman’s rats
Cognitive Maps
Neuroscience and Learning
Classical and Operant Conditioning limbic systemClassical hippocampusOperant amygdala
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