Lab Report 2 Final

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Objective:

To simulate a system with four buses, two generators and two loads; and perform (n-1)

contingency analysis.

Equipment:

1. Computer2. PowerWorld simulator

Circuit diagram:

Figure: system configuration

Figure: system condition in run mode

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Figure: operational system when the connection between bus 4 and bus 3 is inoperative

Figure: operational system when the connection between bus 3 and bus 1 is inoperative

Figure: operational system when the connection between bus 1 and bus 2 is inoperative

Figure: operational system when the connection between bus 2 and bus 4 is inoperative

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Simulation Result:

*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*PowerWorld Simulator 15 Educational, Optimal Power

Flow (OPF), Security Constrained OPF (SCOPF), OPF Reserves, AvailableTransfer Capability (ATC), PV and QV Curves (PVQV), Transient Stability

Contingency Analysis

Name of Base Case: abir31.PWBReport printed at: 13-Apr-12 10:31:13 PM

*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*Case Description and Summary

Description:No description provided.

Characteristics:Number of buses: 4Number of gens: 2Number of loads: 2

Number of switched shunts: 0Number of AC lines/xfmrs: 5Number of DC lines: 0Number of areas: 1Number of zones: 1

*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*Monitored Areas

Name Num Monitor? Max KV Min KV---------------------------------------------------1 1 Y 9999.00 0.00

*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*Monitored Zones

Name Num Monitor? Max KV Min KV---------------------------------------------------1 1 Y 9999.00 0.00

*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*Base-Case Branch Outages

None.Base-Case Generator Outages

None.*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*Bus Voltage Extremes

Bus Bus Lowest Due To HighestDue To

Name Number Voltage Contingency VoltageContingency-------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 1 0.0000 none 0.0000 none2 2 0.0000 none 0.0000 none3 3 0.0000 none 0.0000 none4 4 0.0000 none 0.0000 none

*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*Branch Flow Extremes

From To Ckt Max % Due ToBus Bus ID Flow Contingency

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------1 2 1 0.000 none1 3 1 0.000 none2 4 2 0.000 none2 4 1 0.000 none3 4 1 0.000 none

*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*Interface Flow ExtremesNo interfaces exist.

*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*CONTINGENCY L_0000011-0000022C1

ELEMENTS:OPEN Line 1 (1) TO 2 (2) CKT 1 | | CHECK |

APPLIED AND SKIPPED ELEMENTS:Applied:OPEN Line 1_138.0 (1) TO 2_138.0 (2) CKT 1 | | CHECK | |

Opened flow of 10.77 MVANUMBER OF VIOLATIONS BY CATEGORY (Total = 0)

BRANCH: 0

BUS VOLTAGE: 0INTERFACE: 0LOAD ISLANDED: NONEGENERATION ISLANDED: NONE

BRANCH MVA VIOLATIONS:None.

BRANCH AMP VIOLATIONS:None.

BUS LOW VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS:None.

BUS HIGH VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS:None.

INTERFACE VIOLATIONS:

None.*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*CONTINGENCY L_0000011-0000033C1

ELEMENTS:OPEN Line 1 (1) TO 3 (3) CKT 1 | | CHECK |

APPLIED AND SKIPPED ELEMENTS:Applied:OPEN Line 1_138.0 (1) TO 3_138.0 (3) CKT 1 | | CHECK | |

Opened flow of 41.07 MVANUMBER OF VIOLATIONS BY CATEGORY (Total = 0)

BRANCH: 0BUS VOLTAGE: 0INTERFACE: 0

LOAD ISLANDED: NONEGENERATION ISLANDED: NONE

BRANCH MVA VIOLATIONS:None.

BRANCH AMP VIOLATIONS:None.

BUS LOW VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS:None.

BUS HIGH VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS:

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None.INTERFACE VIOLATIONS:

None.*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*CONTINGENCY L_0000022-0000044C1

ELEMENTS:

OPEN Line 2 (2) TO 4 (4) CKT 1 | | CHECK |APPLIED AND SKIPPED ELEMENTS:Applied:OPEN Line 2_138.0 (2) TO 4_138.0 (4) CKT 1 | | CHECK | |

Opened flow of 30.36 MVANUMBER OF VIOLATIONS BY CATEGORY (Total = 0)

BRANCH: 0BUS VOLTAGE: 0INTERFACE: 0LOAD ISLANDED: NONEGENERATION ISLANDED: NONE

BRANCH MVA VIOLATIONS:None.

BRANCH AMP VIOLATIONS:None.

BUS LOW VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS:None.

BUS HIGH VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS:None.

INTERFACE VIOLATIONS:None.

*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*CONTINGENCY L_0000033-0000044C1

ELEMENTS:OPEN Line 3 (3) TO 4 (4) CKT 1 | | CHECK |

APPLIED AND SKIPPED ELEMENTS:

Applied:OPEN Line 3_138.0 (3) TO 4_138.0 (4) CKT 1 | | CHECK | |

Opened flow of 0.24 MVANUMBER OF VIOLATIONS BY CATEGORY (Total = 0)

BRANCH: 0BUS VOLTAGE: 0INTERFACE: 0LOAD ISLANDED: NONEGENERATION ISLANDED: NONE

BRANCH MVA VIOLATIONS:None.

BRANCH AMP VIOLATIONS:None.

BUS LOW VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS:None.

BUS HIGH VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS:None.

INTERFACE VIOLATIONS:None.

*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*CONTINGENCY L_0000022-0000044C2

ELEMENTS:

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OPEN Series Cap 2 (2) TO 4 (4) CKT 2 | | CHECK |APPLIED AND SKIPPED ELEMENTS:

Applied:OPEN Series Cap 2_138.0 (2) TO 4_138.0 (4) CKT 2 | | CHECK

| | Opened flow of 30.36 MVANUMBER OF VIOLATIONS BY CATEGORY (Total = 0)

BRANCH: 0BUS VOLTAGE: 0INTERFACE: 0LOAD ISLANDED: NONEGENERATION ISLANDED: NONE

BRANCH MVA VIOLATIONS:None.

BRANCH AMP VIOLATIONS:None.

BUS LOW VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS:None.

BUS HIGH VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS:None.

INTERFACE VIOLATIONS:None.

Discussion:

1. The resistance and reactance of the transmission line are respectively 0.05 and 0.02 perunit.

2. Security is determined by the ability of the system to withstand equipment failure. Weakelements are those that present overloads in the contingency conditions, called

congestion.3. Security of supply in power system supposes that the robustness of the system can be

guaranteed in case of credible contingencies. This robustness relies on structural

redundancy and on security margins. Standard approach is to perform a single (N-1)

contingency analysis simulation.4. Contingency analysis is a method of treating uncertainty that explores the effect on the

alternatives of change in the environment in which the alternatives are to function.

5. The majority of the problems that occur on power system can cause serious troublewithin such a quick time period that the operator could not take action fast enough.

Hence, the computers in modern power system operation control centers are equipped

with the contingency analysis programs that model the possible systems troubles before

they arise.6. Contingency analysis programs are based on a model of the power system and are used

to study outage events and alarm the operators to any potential overloads or out-of-limitvoltages.

7. After performing contingency analysis simulation in this experiment, no violation wasfound for this particular set of equipment.