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Prepared by
Coby Harmon
University of California, Santa Barbara
Intermediate
AccountingIntermediate
Accounting
Prepared by
Coby Harmon
University of California, Santa Barbara
Westmont College
INTERMEDIATEACCOUNTINGF I F T E E N T H E D I T I O N
Prepared by
Coby Harmon
University of California Santa Barbara
Westmont College
kieso
weygandt
warfieldteam for success
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PREVIEW OF CHAPTER
Intermediate Accounting
15th Edition
Kieso Weygandt Warfield
1
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1. Identify the major financial statements and
other means of financial reporting.
2. Explain how accounting assists in the
efficient use of scarce resources.
3. Identify the objective of financial reporting.
4. Explain the need for accounting standards.
5. Identify the major policy-setting bodies
and their role in the standard-setting
process.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
6. Explain the meaning of generally accepted
accounting principles (GAAP) and the role
of the Codification for GAAP.
7. Describe the impact of user groups on the
rule-making process.8. Describe some of the challenges facing
financial reporting.
9. Understand issues related to ethics and
financial accounting.
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
Financial Accounting and
Accounting Standards1
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Financial Statements and Reporting
Essential characteristicsof accounting are:
(1) the identification, measurement, and communication
of financial information about
(2) economic entities to
(3) interested parties.
LO 1 Ident i fy the major f inancia l statements and oth er means of f inancia l report ing .
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Financial
Information
Accounting?
Identifies
and
Measures
and
Communicates
Balance Sheet
Income Statement
Statement of CashFlows
Statement of Owners
or Stockholders
Equity
Note Disclosures
Presidents letter
Prospectuses
Reports filed withgovernmental
agencies
News releases
Forecasts
Environmental
impact statements
Etc.GAAP
Financial Statements Additional InformationEconomic Entity
LO 1 Ident i fy the major f inancia l statements and oth er means of f inancia l report ing .
Financial Statements and Reporting
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What is the purpose of information presented in notes to the
financial statements?
a. To provide disclosure required by generally acceptedaccounting principles.
b. To correct improper presentation in the financial statements.
c. To provide recognition of amounts not included in the totals of
the financial statements.
d. To present managements responses to auditor comments.
LO 1 Ident i fy the major f inancia l statements and oth er means of f inancia l report ing .
Question
Financial Statements and Reporting
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
6. Explain the meaning of generally accepted
accounting principles (GAAP) and the role
of the Codification for GAAP.
7. Describe the impact of user groups on the
rule-making process.8. Describe some of the challenges facing
financial reporting.
9. Understand issues related to ethics and
financial accounting.
After studying this chapter, you shou ld be able to:
Financial Accounting and
Accounting Standards11. Identify the major financial statements and
other means of financial reporting.
2. Explain how accounting assists in the
efficient use of scarce resources.
3. Identify the objective of financial reporting.
4. Explain the need for accounting standards.
5. Identify the major policy-setting bodies
and their role in the standard-setting
process.
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1-8
Resources are limited. Efficient use of resources often
determines whether a business thrives.
LO 2 Expla in how accou nt ing assists in the eff ic ient use of scare resou rces.
Illustration 1-1Capital Allocation Process
Accounting and Capital Allocation
Financial Statements and Reporting
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An effective process of capital allocation is critical to a healthy
economy, which
a. promotes productivity.
b. encourages innovation.
c. provides an efficient and liquid market for buying and
selling securities.
d. All of the above.
Accounting and Capital Allocation
Question
LO 2 Expla in how accou nt ing assists in the eff ic ient use of scare resou rces.
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Its the accounting. Thats what many investors seem to be saying these days.
Even the slightest hint of any accounting irregularity at a company leads to asubsequent pounding of the companys stock price. For example, the Wall Street
Journal has run the following headlines related to accounting and its effects on the
economy.
Stocks take a beating as accounting woes spread beyond Enron.
Quarterly reports from IBM and Goldman Sachs sent stocks tumbling. VeriFone finds accounting issues; stock price cut in half.
Bank of America admits hiding debt.
Facebook, Zynga, Groupon: IPO drops due to accounting, not valuation.
It now has become clear that investors must trust the accounting numbers, or they
will abandon the market and put their resources elsewhere. With investoruncertainty, the cost of capital increases for companies who need additional
resources. In short, relevant and reliable financial information is necessary for
markets to be efficient.
ITS THE ACCOUNTING
LO 2 Expla in how accou nt ing assists in the eff ic ient use of scare resou rces.
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
6. Explain the meaning of generally accepted
accounting principles (GAAP) and the role
of the Codification for GAAP.
7. Describe the impact of user groups on the
rule-making process.8. Describe some of the challenges facing
financial reporting.
9. Understand issues related to ethics and
financial accounting.
After studying this chapter, you shou ld be able to:
Financial Accounting and
Accounting Standards11. Identify the major financial statements and
other means of financial reporting.
2. Explain how accounting assists in the
efficient use of scarce resources.
3. Identify the objective of financial reporting.
4. Explain the need for accounting standards.
5. Identify the major policy-setting bodies
and their role in the standard-setting
process.
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1-12 LO 3 Ident i fy the object ives of f inancia l report ing.
Provide financial information about the reporting entity that is
usefulto
present and potential equity investors,
lenders, and
other creditors
in making decisions in their capacity as capital providers.
Objectives of Financial Reporting
Financial Statements and Reporting
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Equity Investors and Creditors
Objective of Financial Accounting
General-Purpose Financial Statements
Provide financial reporting information to a wide variety
of users.
Provide the most useful information possible at the
least cost.
LO 3 Ident i fy the object ives of f inancia l report ing.
Investors are the primary
user group.
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Decision-Usefulness
Investors are interested in assessing the companys
1. ability to generate net cash inflows and
2. managements ability to protect and enhance the capital
providers investments.
Entity Perspective
LO 3 Ident i fy the object ives of f inancia l report ing.
Companies viewed as separate and distinct from their
owners.
Objective of Financial Accounting
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In addition to providing decision-useful information about future cash flows,
management also is accountable to investors for the custody and safekeeping of
the companys economic resources and for their efficient and profitable use. For
example, the management of The Hershey Company has the responsibility for
protecting its economic resources from unfavorable effects of economic factors,
such as price changes, and technological and social changes. Because Hersheys
performance in discharging its responsibilities (referred to as its stewardship
responsibilities) usually affects its ability to generate net cash inflows, financial
reporting may also provide decision-useful information to assess management
performance in this role.
DONT FORGET STEWARDSHIP
LO 3 Ident i fy the object ives of f inancia l report ing.
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
6. Explain the meaning of generally accepted
accounting principles (GAAP) and the role
of the Codification for GAAP.
7. Describe the impact of user groups on the
rule-making process.8. Describe some of the challenges facing
financial reporting.
9. Understand issues related to ethics and
financial accounting.
After studying this chapter, you shou ld be able to:
Financial Accounting and
Accounting Standards11. Identify the major financial statements and
other means of financial reporting.
2. Explain how accounting assists in the
efficient use of scarce resources.
3. Identify the objective of financial reporting.
4. Explain the need for accounting standards.
5. Identify the major policy-setting bodies
and their role in the standard-setting
process.
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Various users
need financial
information
The accounting profession has
attempted to develop a set of
standards that are generally
accepted and universally
practiced.
Financial StatementsBalance Sheet
Income Statement
Statement of Stockholders Equity
Statement of Cash Flows
Note Disclosure
Generally AcceptedAccounting Principles
(GAAP)
LO 4 Expla in the need for accou nt ing standards.
The Need To Develop Standards
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
6. Explain the meaning of generally accepted
accounting principles (GAAP) and the role
of the Codification for GAAP.
7. Describe the impact of user groups on the
rule-making process.8. Describe some of the challenges facing
financial reporting.
9. Understand issues related to ethics and
financial accounting.
After studying this chapter, you shou ld be able to:
Financial Accounting and
Accounting Standards11. Identify the major financial statements and
other means of financial reporting.
2. Explain how accounting assists in the
efficient use of scarce resources.
3. Identify the objective of financial reporting.
4. Explain the need for accounting standards.
5. Identify the major policy-setting bodies
and their role in the standard-setting
process.
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Parties Involved In Standard Setting
Three organizations:
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA).
Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB).
LO 5 Ident i fy the major pol icy-set t ing bo dies andtheir ro le in the standard-set ting proc ess.
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Securities Act of
1933
Securities Act of
1934
Established by federal government.
Accounting and reporting for public companies.
Encouraged private standard-setting body.
SEC requires public companies to adhere to GAAP.
SEC Oversight.
Enforcement Authority.
LO 5 Ident i fy the major pol icy-set t ing bo dies andtheir ro le in the standard-set ting proc ess.
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
http://www.sec.gov/
Parties Involved In Standard Setting
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1-21 LO 5
Committee on Accounting
Procedures
Accounting Principles
Board
1939 to 1959
Issued 51 Accounting Research
Bulletins (ARBs)
Problem-by-problem approach
failed
1959 to 1973
Issued 31 Accounting Principle
Board Opinions (APBOs)
Wheat Committee
recommendations adopted in
1973
http://www.aicpa.org/
American Institute of CPAs (AICPA) National professional organization
Established the following:
Parties Involved In Standard Setting
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Wheat Committees recommendations resulted in creation of FASB.
Financial
AccountingFoundation
Selects members of the FASB.
Funds their activities. Exercises general oversight.
Financial
Accounting
Standards Board
Financial Accounting
Standards Advisory
Council
Mission to establish and improve
standards of financial accounting
and reporting.
Consult on major policy issues.
LO 5
Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)
Parties Involved In Standard Setting
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Missions is to establish and improve standards of financialaccounting and reporting. Differences between FASB and APB
include:
Financial Accounting Standards Board
Smaller Membership.
Full-time, Remunerated Membership.
Greater Autonomy.
Increased Independence.
Broader Representation.
LO 5 Ident i fy the major pol icy-set t ing bo dies andtheir ro le in the standard-set ting proc ess.
http://www.fasb.org/
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The first step taken in the establishment of a typical FASB
statement is
a. The board conducts research and analysis and adiscussion memorandum is issued.
b. A public hearing on the proposed standard is held.
c. The board evaluates the research and public response
and issues an exposure draft.
d. Topics are identified and placed on the boards agenda.
LO 5 Ident i fy the major pol icy-set t ing bo dies andtheir ro le in the standard-set ting proc ess.
Financial Accounting Standards Board
Question
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Illustration 1-3The Due Process
System of the
FASB
LO 5 Ident i fy the major pol icy-set t ing bo dies andtheir ro le in the standard-set ting proc ess.
Financial Accounting Standards Board
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Types of Pronouncements
Accounting Standards Updates.
Financial Accounting Concepts.
LO 5 Ident i fy the major pol icy-set t ing bo dies andtheir ro le in the standard-set ting proc ess.
Financial Accounting Standards Board
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
6. Explain the meaning of generally accepted
accounting principles (GAAP) and the role
of the Codification for GAAP.
7. Describe the impact of user groups on the
rule-making process.
8. Describe some of the challenges facing
financial reporting.
9. Understand issues related to ethics and
financial accounting.
After studying this chapter, you shou ld be able to:
Financial Accounting and
Accounting Standards11. Identify the major financial statements and
other means of financial reporting.
2. Explain how accounting assists in the
efficient use of scarce resources.
3. Identify the objective of financial reporting.
4. Explain the need for accounting standards.
5. Identify the major policy-setting bodies
and their role in the standard-setting
process.
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Principles that have substantial authoritative support.
Major sources of GAAP:
FASB Standards, Interpretations, and Staff Positions.
APB Opinions.
AICPA Accounting Research Bulletins.
LO 6 Expla in the meaning of general ly accepted account ing pr inc ip les(GAAP) and the role of th e Codif icat ion for GAAP.
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
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Illustration 1-4GAAP Documents
LO 6 Expla in the meaning of general ly accepted account ing pr inc ip les(GAAP) and the role of th e Codif icat ion for GAAP.
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
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Which of the following accounting pronouncements is the most
authoritative?
a. FASB Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts.
b. FASB Technical Bulletins.
c. AICPA Accounting Principles Board Opinion.
d. AICPA Statement of Position.
LO 6 Expla in the meaning of general ly accepted account ing pr inc ip les(GAAP) and the role of th e Codif icat ion for GAAP.
Question
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
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Should the accounting profession have principles-based standards or rules-based
standards? Critics of the profession today say that over the past three decades,standard-setters have moved away from broad accounting principles aimed
at ensuring that companies financial statements are fairly presented.
Instead, these critics say, standard-setters have moved toward drafting voluminous
rules that, if technically followed in check-box fashion, may shield auditors and
companies from legal liability. That has resulted in companies creating complex
capital structures that comply with GAAP but hide billions of dollars of debt andother obligations. To add fuel to the fi re, the chief accountant of the enforcement
division of the SEC noted, One can violate SEC laws and still comply with GAAP.
In short, what he is saying is that it is not enough just to check the boxes. This
point was reinforced by the Chief Accountant of the SEC, who remarked that
judgments should result in accounting that reflects the substance of the
transaction, as well as being in accordance with the literature. That is, you have toexercise judgment in applying GAAP to achieve high-quality reporting.
YOU HAVE TO STEP BACK
LO 6 Expla in the meaning of general ly accepted account ing pr inc ip les(GAAP) and the role of th e Codif icat ion for GAAP.
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Goal in developing the Codification is to provide in one place all
the authoritative literature related to a particular topic.
Creates one level of GAAP, which is considered authoritative.
All other accounting literature is considered non-authoritative.
FASB Codification
LO 6
FASB has developed the Financial Accounting
Standards Board Codification Research System(CRS). CRS is an online real-time database that
provides easy access to the Codification.
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
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Illustration 1-5FASB Codification
Framework
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
6. Explain the meaning of generally accepted
accounting principles (GAAP) and the role
of the Codification for GAAP.
7. Describe the impact of user groups on the
rule-making process.
8. Describe some of the challenges facing
financial reporting.
9. Understand issues related to ethics and
financial accounting.
After studying this chapter, you shou ld be able to:
Financial Accounting and
Accounting Standards11. Identify the major financial statements and
other means of financial reporting.
2. Explain how accounting assists in the
efficient use of scarce resources.
3. Identify the objective of financial reporting.
4. Explain the need for accounting standards.
5. Identify the major policy-setting bodies
and their role in the standard-setting
process.
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Issues in Financial Reporting
GAAP is as
much a product
of politicalaction as they
are of careful
logic or
empiricalfindings.
LO 7 Descr ibe the imp act of user grou ps on the rule-making p rocess.
GAAP in a Political EnvironmentIllustration 1-6
User Groups thatInfluence the Formulation
of Accounting Standards
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1-36 LO 7 Descr ibe the imp act of user grou ps on the rule-making p rocess.
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One of the more difficult issues related to convergence and international
accounting standards is that countries have different cultures and customs. Forexample, the former chair of the IASB explained it this way regarding Europe:
In the U.K. everything is permitted unless it is prohibited. In Germany, it is the
other way around; everything is prohibited unless it is permitted. In the
Netherlands, everything is prohibited even if it is permitted. And in France,
everything is permitted even if it is prohibited. Add in countries like Japan, the
United States and China, it becomes very difficult to meet the needs of each ofthese countries. With this diversity of thinking around the world, it understandable
why accounting convergence has been so elusive.
CAN YOU DO THAT
LO 7 Descr ibe the imp act of user grou ps on the rule-making p rocess.
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What the public thinks accountants should do vs.what
accountants think they can do.
Difficult to close in light of accounting scandals.
Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002).
Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
(PCAOB).
Expectation GAAP
LO 7 Descr ibe the imp act of user grou ps on the rule-making p rocess.
Issues in Financial Reporting
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
6. Explain the meaning of generally accepted
accounting principles (GAAP) and the role
of the Codification for GAAP.
7. Describe the impact of user groups on the
rule-making process.
8. Describe some of the challenges facing
financial reporting.
9. Understand issues related to ethics and
financial accounting.
After studying this chapter, you shou ld be able to:
Financial Accounting and
Accounting Standards11. Identify the major financial statements and
other means of financial reporting.
2. Explain how accounting assists in the
efficient use of scarce resources.
3. Identify the objective of financial reporting.
4. Explain the need for accounting standards.
5. Identify the major policy-setting bodies
and their role in the standard-setting
process.
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Non-financial measurements.
Forward-looking information.
Soft assets.
Timeliness
Understandability
Financial Reporting Challenges
LO 8 Descr ibe som e of the chal lenges facing f inancia l report ing .
Issues in Financial Reporting
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Two sets of standards accepted for international use:
U.S. GAAP, issued by the FASB.
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS),
issued by the IASB.
International Accounting Standards
LO 8 Descr ibe som e of the chal lenges facing f inancia l report ing .
Issues in Financial Reporting
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
6. Explain the meaning of generally accepted
accounting principles (GAAP) and the role
of the Codification for GAAP.
7. Describe the impact of user groups on the
rule-making process.
8. Describe some of the challenges facing
financial reporting.
9. Understand issues related to ethics and
financial accounting.
After studying this chapter, you shou ld be able to:
Financial Accounting and
Accounting Standards11. Identify the major financial statements and
other means of financial reporting.
2. Explain how accounting assists in the
efficient use of scarce resources.
3. Identify the objective of financial reporting.
4. Explain the need for accounting standards.
5. Identify the major policy-setting bodies
and their role in the standard-setting
process.
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1-43
In accounting, we frequently encounter ethical dilemmas.
GAAP does not always provide an answer.
Doing the right thing is not always easy or obvious.
LO 9 Understand issues related to ethics and f inancia l accou nt ing.
Ethics in the Environment of FinancialAccounting
Issues in Financial Reporting
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International standards are referred to as International Financial Reporting
Standards (IFRS), developed by the International Accounting Standards Board
(IASB). Recent events in the global capital markets have underscored the
importance of financial disclosure and transparency not only in the United States
but in markets around the world.
U.S standards, referred to as generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP),
are developed by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). The fact that
there are differences between what is in this textbook (which is based on U.S.
standards) and IFRS should not be surprising because the FASB and IASB have
responded to different user needs. In some countries, the primary users of
financial statements are private investors; in others, the primary users are tax
authorities or central government planners. It appears that the United States and
the international standard-setting environment are primarily driven by meeting the
needs of investors and creditors.
RELEVANT FACTS
LO 10 Comp are the procedures related to f inancia l accoun t ing
and accou nt ing standards u nder GAAP and IFRS.
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The internal control standards applicable to Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) apply only to
large public companies listed on U.S. exchanges. There is a continuing debate as
to whether non-U.S. companies should have to comply with this extra layer of
regulation. Debate about international companies (non-U.S.) adopting SOX-type
standards centers on whether the benefits exceed the costs. The concern is thatthe higher costs of SOX compliance are making the U.S. securities markets less
competitive.
The textbook mentions a number of ethics violations, such as WorldCom, AIG,
and Lehman Brothers. These problems have also occurred internationally, for
example, at Satyam Computer Services (India), Parmalat (Italy), and Royal Ahold
(the Netherlands).
RELEVANT FACTS
LO 10 Comp are the procedures related to f inancia l accoun t ing
and accou nt ing standards u nder GAAP and IFRS.
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IFRS tends to be simpler in its accounting and disclosure requirements; some
people say more principles-based. GAAP is more detailed; some people say
more rules-based. This difference in approach has resulted in a debate about
the merits of principles-based versus rules-based standards.
The SEC allows foreign companies that trade shares in U.S. markets to file their
IFRS financial statements without reconciliation to GAAP.
RELEVANT FACTS
LO 10 Comp are the procedures related to f inancia l accoun t ing
and accou nt ing standards u nder GAAP and IFRS.
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ABOUT THE NUMBERS Illustration IFRS1-1Global Companies
LO 10 Comp are the procedures related to f inancia l accoun t ing
and accou nt ing standards u nder GAAP and IFRS.
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IFRS stands for:
a. International Federation of Reporting Services.
b. Independent Financial Reporting Standards.
c. International Financial Reporting Standards.
d. Integrated Financial Reporting Services.
LO 10 Comp are the procedures related to f inancia l accoun t ing
and accou nt ing standards u nder GAAP and IFRS.
IFRS SELF-TEST QUESTIONS
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International Organization of SecuritiesCommissions (IOSCO)
Does not set accounting standards.
Dedicated to ensuring that global
markets can operate in an efficient
and effective basis.
http://www.iosco.org/
LO 10 Comp are the procedures related to f inancia l accoun t ing
and accou nt ing standards u nder GAAP and IFRS.
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The major key players on the international side are the:
a. IASB and FASB.
b. SEC and FASB.
c. IOSCO and the SEC.
d. IASB and IOSCO.
LO 10 Comp are the procedures related to f inancia l accoun t ing
and accou nt ing standards u nder GAAP and IFRS.
IFRS SELF-TEST QUESTIONS
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International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)
Composed of four organizations
International Accounting Standards
Committee Foundation (IASCF).
International Accounting Standards
Board (IASB).
Standards Advisory Council.
International Financial Reporting
Interpretations Committee (IFRIC).
http://www.iasb.org
LO 10 Comp are the procedures related to f inancia l accoun t ing
and accou nt ing standards u nder GAAP and IFRS.
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Illustration IFRS1-2
International Standard-Setting Structure
LO 10 Comp are the procedures related to f inancia l accoun t ing
and accou nt ing standards u nder GAAP and IFRS.
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International Financial Reporting Standards.
Framework For Financial Reporting.
International Financial Reporting Interpretations.
Types of Pronouncements
LO 10
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Companies first look to:
1. International Financial Reporting Standards;
2. International Accounting Standards; and
3. Interpretations originated by the International Financial
Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC) or the former
Standing Interpretations Committee (SIC).
Hierarchy of IFRS
LO 10 Comp are the procedures related to f inancia l accoun t ing
and accou nt ing standards u nder GAAP and IFRS.
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IFRS is comprised of:
a. International Financial Reporting Standards and FASB financial
reporting standards.
b. International Financial Reporting Standards, International
Accounting Standards, and international accounting
interpretations.
c. International Accounting Standards and international accounting
interpretations.
d. FASB financial reporting standards and International Accounting
Standards.
LO 10 Comp are the procedures related to f inancia l accoun t ing
and accou nt ing standards u nder GAAP and IFRS.
IFRS SELF-TEST QUESTIONS
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The SEC appears committed to move to IFRS, assuming that
certain conditions are met.Illustration IFRS1-3
SEC Roadmap
International Accounting Convergence
Any U.S. incorporation of IFRS in GAAP will occur over several years.
LO 10
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Which of the following statements is true?
a. The IASB has the same number of members as the
FASB.b. The IASB structure has both advisory and interpretation
functions, but no trustees.
c. The IASB has been in existence longer than the FASB.
d. The IASB structure is quite similar to the FASBs, except
the IASB has a larger number of board members.
LO 10 Comp are the procedures related to f inancia l accoun t ing
and accou nt ing standards u nder GAAP and IFRS.
IFRS SELF-TEST QUESTIONS
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