Knowledge Fusion Research WorkshopOctober 20 - 22 2004 1 A High-level Language for Military Fusion...

Knowledge Fusion Research Workshop

October 20 - 22 20041

A High-level Language for Military Fusion Problems

Richard Scherl

Computer Science Department

Monmouth University

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October 20 - 22 20042

Cognitive Robotics/GoLog

Integrating reasoning, perception and action within a uniform theoretical and implementation framework.

Logic-based. High-level language.

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The Situation Calculus

McCarthy and Hayes 1969. A predicate calculus formalization of states,

actions, and effects. Reiter 1991,2001.

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GOLOG

GOLOG -- AlGol in logic. Sequences. Nondeterministic choice of actions. Nondeterministic choice of arguments. Conditions, While loops. Recursion.

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Plans Vs Computer Programs

There is a long tradition of viewing plans as computer programs. (Green, manna and Waldinger).

There are many problems with this view of plans.

An agent may not know whether a test is true. Agents may not know enough to execute the

action.

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Incomplete Knowledge

Generally, agents do not have complete knowledge of the world.

Formalism must distinguish between what is true in the world and what the agent knows.

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Incomplete Knowledge (Cont)

Agents must reason about: Actions that produce knowledge --- perception,

reading, comunicative acts. The knowledge prerequisites of actions.

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References

Levesque, Reiter, Lesperance,Lin, Scherl. GOLOG. JLP, 1997.

Reiter. Knowledge in action: logical foundations for specifying and implementing dynamical systems. MIT press, 2001.

Scherl and Levesque. Knowledge, action, and the frame problem. AIJ, 2003.

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Goal

Can a similar sort of language be used for the specification of high-level and flexible plans useful in domains relevant to the military and also homeland security?

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Example Scenarios

Silent prairie: agricultural bio-terrorism exercise developed by the national strategic gaming center at the national defense university

Battlespace challenge problem: road to war developed by signal solutions for ARL

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Silent Prairie

Foot and mouth disease suspected in north Carolina and Kansas

Bio-terrorism considered a possibility

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Steps

FBI notified – but the 82nd airborne recently returned to north Carolina from Iraq.

Need to notify state officials and farm companies. All leaders of states to which N. Carolina cattle are shipped must be notified.

Send sample to plum island facility for analysis.

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Steps (Cont)

Start initial containment strategy (quarantine zones).

Notify governor and other state officials. Notify USDA, FDA. Enact regional containment strategy. Notify DHS and DOD. Check to see if there was “chatter” about FMD.

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Sample Plan

While ¬knows(x State(x)Considered(x))

( X).state(x)?;

If ¬Kwhether(Shipto(f,a,x)) then

sense_ship(f,a,x) endIf;

If knows(Shipto(f,a,x) then

notify(f,a,x) endIf;

assert(Considered(x));

endWhile;

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Battlespace Challenge Problem

Signal Solutions 2015 North Korea Kim Jung-Il dies Civil War

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Forces Involved

U.S. ROK. DPRK Hardliners. DPRK Reformers.

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Determining Friend from Foe

Sensors(ELINT, SIGINT) HUMINT COP needs to indicate which forces are friends

and which are foes (DPRK Hardliners) based upon both intelligence information and inferences.

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Rules in Knowledge-Base

x ,y hardliner(x) engages(x,y)

¬ hardliner(y)

y,z

x supplies(x,y) hardliner(y)

supplies(x,z)

hardliner(z)

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Identify Threats to Inchon Airport

Sensors and human intelligence are utilized to identify threats.

Which U.S. Units can deal with the threats? How long would it take them to arrive at location of threat given current conditions?

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Implementation

GoLog interpreter written in Prolog Integration into Jade agent platform Http://jade.tilab.com

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Further Topics

Concurrency (ConGolog, IndiGolog) Exogenous actions Probabilistic action occurrences and effects Ability Time Integrating semantic web ontology languages

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Theory of Actions (Cont)

Real time, resource bounded behavior Belief revision Execution monitoring and failure recovery Automated plan construction