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Biology 11 - Kingdom Animalia Notes

Kingdom Animalia

Characteristics of animals

Animal cell anatomy

Animal cells differ from those of plants in several respects:

Major trends in animal evolution

1. Body symmetry

There are three symmetries found in animals:

1. asymmetry –

2. radial symmetry –

3. bilateral symmetry –

Evolution of body symmetry

cephalisation =

2. Embryonic germ layers

Each layer forms different adult tissues:

1. ectoderm =

2. mesoderm =

3. endoderm =

3. Body cavities

three types of body cavities are defined by the shape of the germ layers:

1. acoelom =

2. pseudocoelom =

3. coelom =

4. Organ Systems

in animals we see these systems evolve:

1. digestive –

2. excretory –

3. circulatory –

4. nervous –

Animal phyla we will study:

Porifera -

Cnidaria -

Platyhelminthes -

Nematoda -

Annelida -

Arthropoda -

Mollusca -

Echinodermata -

Chordata -

Phylum Porifera

Sponge anatomy

sponges have four different cells:

1. choanocytes =

2. porocytes =

3. pinacocytes =

4. amoebocytes =

Sponge feeding

Sponge skeleton

Organ systems

The birth of animals

Phylum Cnidaria

Cnidarian anatomy

Cnidarians come in two different forms:

1. polyp –

2. medusa –

Organ systems

Feeding in cnidarians

gastrovascular cavity =

Anatomy of Obelia

there are two kinds of polyps:

1. feeding polyps –

2. medusa polyps –

Life cycle of Obelia

Cnidarian diversity

Class Hydrozoa

Class Cubozoa

Class Anthozoa

Class Scyphozoa

Phylum Platyhelminthes – the flatworms

Digestive system

Nervous systemFlatworms are the first to show cephalisation:

eyespots =

auricles =

Excretory system

flame cells =

Flatworm reproduction

testes =

ovary =

uterus =

yolk gland =

genital pore =

Flatworm diversity

Class Turbellaria

Class Trematoda – the flukes

divided into two groups:

Class Cestoda – the tapeworms

Tapeworm anatomy

The body of tapeworms is divided into:

scolex =

proglottids =

Life cycle of a tapeworm

Phylum Nematoda

Organ systems

Roundworm reproduction

Parasitic roundworms

Importance of roundworms

Phylum Annelida

Anatomy of annelids

Organ systems

nephridium =

Feeding in segmented worms

Annelid reproduction

Annelid diversity

There are three main groups of annelids:

Class Oligochaeta –

Class Polychaeta –

Class Hirudinea –

Class Oligochaeta

Class Polychaeta

Class Hirudinea

Phylum Mollusca

Basic mollusc body plan

A typical mollusc has these 4 features:

1. shell =

2. mantle =

3. foot =

4. visceral mass =

Organ systems

Circulatory system

Life cycle of molluscs

trochophore larva =

Molluscan diversity

There are 3 main groups of living molluscs:

1. Class Bivalvia –

2. Class Gastropoda –

3. Class Cephalopoda –

Class Bivalvia

Class Gastropoda

Cephalopoda

Phylum Arthropoda

Basic arthropod body plan

The body is made of 3 main parts:

1. head –

2. thorax –

3. abdomen –

Digestive systemThe gut contains, in order from mouth to anus, the following organs:

1. pharynx =

2. crop =

3. caeca =

4. stomach =

5. intestine =

6. rectum =

Excretory system

Malphigian tubules =

Nervous system

Circulatory system

Exoskeleton

Arthropod diversityWe will look at three groups of arthropods:

1. Crustaceans –

2. Arachnids –

3. Insects –

Crustaceans

Diversity of crustaceans

barnacles =

krill =

sea lice =

Arachnids

Diversity of arachnids

spiders =

scorpions =

mites =

The insects

Diversity of insects

About 85% of insects are found in 4 Orders:

1. Coleoptera –

2. Lepidoptera –

3. Diptera –

4. Hymenoptera –

Invertebrate evolution

Phylum Echinodermata

Water vascular system

madreporite =

Echinoderm anatomy

Echinoderm diversityThere several important groups of living echinoderms:

1. asteroids –

2. ophiuroids –

3. echinoids –

4. holothuroids –

5. crinoids –

Phylum Chordata

Basic chordate body plan

All chordates have, at some time in their life, these three characteristics:

1. notochord –

2. pharynx with slits –

3. dorsal hollow nerve cord (DHNC) –

Organ systems1. digestive system =

2. excretory system =

3. circulatory system =

4. nervous system =

Invertebrate chordates

Vertebrate chordates

Vertebrate diversityThere are 7 Classes of living vertebrates:

1. Agnatha –

2. Chondrichthyes –

3. Osteichthyes –

4. Amphibia –

5. Reptilia –

6. Mammalia –

7. Aves –

Class Agnatha

Class Chondrichthyes

Class Osteichthyes

Terrestrial vertebrates

swim bladder =

lung =

Class Amphibia

Class Reptilia

Class Mammalia

Class Aves

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