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Kingdom Plantae
Autotrophs (photosynthesis)Eukaryotic
MulticellularBy Diana L. Duckworth
Rustburg High School, Campbell County
Plants were first life to invade land some 400 million years ago
• Three major problems to solve:• (1) How to get nutrients out of bare rock
– Partnership with fungi - mycorrhizae
• (2) How to keep from drying out– Developed watertight covering – cuticle– Also kept out gases – developed stomata (singular –
stoma)
• (3) How to reproduce without water medium– Sperm enclosed in pollen – wind or insect dispersal;
prevents drying out
cuticle
Stomata
http://www.agr.gc.ca/nlwis-snite/index_e.cfm?s1=pub&s2=ha_sa&page=73
http://www.learner.org/jnorth/spring2001/species/tulip/Update051801.html
Demands of land environment led to cell differentiation & thus different tissues and enabled
larger sized plants• Stems – provide support; contain vascular tissue to carry
nutrients & water to leaves from roots• Roots – anchor plant in soil; take up nutrients and water• Vascular tissue
– Xylem – carries water & minerals from roots– Phloem – carries food made in leaves by photosynthesis to rest
of plant• Seeds – multicellular; contain embryo of plant
– Protection – seed coat prevents injury & dessication of embryo– Nourishment – food for plant embryo as it starts to grow– Dispersal – by animals or wind or water– Delayed growth – can remain dormant until conditions are right
to germinate• Leaves – structures specialized to carryout
photosynthesis• Flowers – specialized structures to make reproduction
more efficient
http://arnica.csustan.edu/photos/800/Cucurbita_vascular_tissue_LS_100x.jpg
http://www.karencarr.com/gallery_stem_diagram.html
http://grandpacliff.com/Plants/Glossary-Plants.htm
Kinds of Plants - Nonvascular
• Small – no specialized structures for taking up nutrients or water; each cell for itself
• Gametophyte generation is larger & photosynthetic; sporophyte non photosynthetic & grows on gametophyte
• Need water for sexual reproduction – sperm swim to eggs
Nonvascular Examples
• Mosses – leaves arranged in spiral around stem– Have cuticle, stomata,
water conducting cells
• Liverworts – lack conducting cells, cuticle & stomata
• Hornworts – lack conducting cells, cuticle, stomata http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/interesting/lichens/whatnot.shtml
Seedless Vascular Plants
• Have a vascular system
• Sporophyte is larger & photosynthetic
• Do need water to reproduce
• Have drought-resistant spores
• Example: Ferns
http://eclipsetheatrecompany.wordpress.com/2008/02/29/can-you-see-the-light-part-iii/
http://www.pbase.com/rak_929/image/41482294
Gymnosperms – naked seed• Produces seeds not
enclosed in fruit• Gametophytes are male
& female; greatly reduced– Male are grains of pollen– Female form within
structures that become seeds
– Have male & female cones
• Wind pollination• Example - conifers
http://countrysidecreek.typepad.com/photos/pictures/p1000246.html
Angiosperms – Flowering Plants
• Male & Female gametophytes develop within a flower – promotes pollination
• Seeds are enclosed in a fruit – promotes dispersal
• Seeds contain supply of food called endosperm
Two kinds of angiosperms: monocots & dicots
• Monocots– One seed leaf– Flowers have parts in
multiples of 3– Long narrow leaves
with parallel veins– Examples – grass;
corn; lilies
• Dicots– Two seed leaves– Flower parts in
multiples of 2, 4, 5– Leaves with branching
veins– Examples: roses– Daisies; fruits such as
apples, peaches, etc.
Comparison of Monocots & Dicotshttp://encarta.msn.com/media_461549076_761558348_-1_1/monocot_and_dicot_seeds.html
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