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Key cultivation techniques for hemp

Stefano AMADUCCI

Institute of Agronomy, Genetics and Field crops

stefano.amaducci@unicatt.it

Summer School

“Lignocellulosic Crops as Feedstock for Future Biorefineries” Lisbon, 26-31 July 2014

Study material:

Key cultivation techniques for hemp

Layout of the lecture:

• Introduction;

• Hemp botany, biology and resource use efficiency;

• Influence of agronomic factors on industrial hemp;

• Conclusion.

Key cultivation techniques for hemp

Hemp botany, biology and resource use

efficiency

C. erratica Anders

C. indica Lamark

C. macrosperma Stokes

C. chinensis & C. gigantea Delile

C. gigantea Crevost

C. erratica Siev.

C. foetens Gilib

C. lupulus Scop.

C. americana Pharm

C. generalis E.H.L. Krause

C. ruderalis Janischeskii

Fam. Cannabaceae

Cannabis sativa L.

(Anderson, 1980)

C. sativa

C. indica

C. ruderalis

(Small, 1974)

C. sativa subsp. indica

subsp. sativa

Hemp botany, biology and resource use

efficiency

Chemotype I: (drug) THC > 0.3 % D.W.

CBD < 0.5 % D.W.

Chemotype II: (intermediate) THC 0.3 % D.W.

CBD > 0.5% D.W.

Chemotype III: (fibre) THC < 0.3% D.W.

CBD > 0.5% D.W.

Definizione dei chemotipi

SMALL & BECKSTEAD, 1973

Introduction

Origin and diffusion

1545

4-8000 BC

1606

1755 Centre

of origin

Introduction

Origin and diffusion

Introduction

Origin and diffusion

Introduction

Potential uses of hemp

Scheme of the

MULTIHEMP

Biorefinery

concept

www.multihemp.eu

Introduction

Actual European uses of hemp fibre

Introduction

Actual European uses of hemp shives

Introduction

Actual European uses of hemp seeds

Hemp botany, biology and resource use

efficiency

Hemp botany, biology and resource use

efficiency

Young stem/internode Old stem/internode

Hemp botany, biology and resource use

efficiency

Hemp botany, biology and resource use

efficiency

Fibre cell maturity

Hemp botany, biology and resource use

efficiency

Middle lamella Primary cell wall

Layers of secondary cell wall

Hemp botany, biology and resource use

efficiency

15-50 µm

20-80 mm

Hemp botany, biology and resource use

efficiency

Dioecious

Hemp botany, biology and resource use

efficiency

Monoecious

Hemp botany, biology and resource use

efficiency

Hemp phenology

Amaducci, S. et al, 2008. Eur. J. Agron., 28, 90-102.

BVP PIP FDP

*

Hemp botany, biology and resource use

efficiency

Hemp phenology

Amaducci, S. et al, 2008. Eur. J. Agron., 28, 90-102.

BVP FDP

Hemp botany, biology and resource use

efficiency

Hemp phenology

Amaducci, S. et al, 2008. Eur. J. Agron., 28, 90-102.

PIP

Hemp botany, biology and resource use

efficiency

Hemp botany, biology and resource use

efficiency

Hemp botany, biology and resource use

efficiency

Struik, et al., 2000. Industrial crops and products, Vol. 11/2-3, 107-118

50 100 200

RUE 1-9

RUE 1-7

RUE 7-9

K

1.92

2.30

0.86

1.02

1.83

2.26

0.95

0.93

1.72

2.12

0.44

0.86

Plant density (n m-2)

Radiation Use Efficiency

Hemp botany, biology and resource use

efficiency

Cosentino et al., 2013. Ind. Crops Prod. 50, 312–324.

Water Use Efficiency

1.91 - 2.48 g biomass L−1 beginning of flowering

2.73 - 3.45 g biomass L−1 beginning of flowering

Hemp botany, biology and resource use

efficiency

Nitrogen Use Efficiency

Influence of agronomic factors on

industrial hemp

Agronomic factors

• Soil preparation

• Variety choice

• Sowing time

• Plant density

• Plant nutrition

• Crop rotation and weed management

• Irrigation

• Harvesting time

Influence of agronomic factors on

industrial hemp

Agronomic factors

• Soil preparation

• Variety choice

• Sowing time

• Plant density

• Plant nutrition

• Crop rotation and weed management

• Irrigation

• Harvesting time

Crop parameter

Biomass yield

Influence of agronomic factors on

industrial hemp

Agronomic factors

• Soil preparation

• Variety choice

• Sowing time

• Plant density

• Plant nutrition

• Crop rotation and weed management

• Irrigation

• Harvesting time

Crop parameter

Fibre yield

Influence of agronomic factors on

industrial hemp

Agronomic factors

• Soil preparation

• Variety choice

• Sowing time

• Plant density

• Plant nutrition

• Crop rotation and weed m.

• Irrigation

• Harvesting time

Crop parameter

Fibre quality:

• Primary/secondary fibre

• Degree of maturity

• Fibre diameter

• Fibre lenght

• Lignification

Influence of agronomic factors on

industrial hemp

Agronomic factors

• Soil preparation

• Variety choice

• Sowing time

• Plant density

• Plant nutrition

• Crop rotation and weed management

• Irrigation

• Harvesting time

Crop parameter

Fibre quality

Influence of agronomic factors on

industrial hemp

Variety choice: Effect on flowering time

Influence of agronomic factors on

industrial hemp

Variety choice: …and on stem yield

Influence of agronomic factors on

industrial hemp

Cultivars bred in northern environments have lower

biomass yield when grown in the South, mainly due to

shortened growth duration and early-flowering

Finola in Latvia Finola in Italy

Variety choice – Effect on flowering time

Influence of agronomic factors on

industrial hemp

Variety choice – Effect on flowering time

Amaducci, et al., 2012. Industrial Crops and Products, 37, 100-112

Influence of agronomic factors on

industrial hemp

Amaducci, et al., 2005. Journal of Industrial Hemp, Vol. 10 (1), 31-48.

Effect of variety and sowing time on flowering time

Influence of agronomic factors on

industrial hemp

Plant density – Effect on stem yield

Amaducci, et al., 2002. Journal of industrial hemp, Vol. 7 (2), 33-60

Actual hemp cultivation and future

perspectives

Plant density – Effect on yield

Amaducci, et al., 2002. Journal of industrial hemp, Vol. 7 (2), 33-60

Influence of agronomic factors on

industrial hemp

Plant density – Effect on stem yield

Amaducci, et al., 2002. Journal of industrial hemp, Vol. 7 (2), 33-60

Influence of agronomic factors on

industrial hemp

Amaducci, et al., 2002. Journal of industrial hemp, Vol. 7 (2), 33-60

Influence of agronomic factors on

industrial hemp

Amaducci, et al., 2002. Journal of industrial hemp, Vol. 7 (2), 33-60

Influence of agronomic factors on

industrial hemp

Plant density – Effect on stem yield

Extinction of incident PAR (%)

0

20

40

60

80

100

6-Apr 16-Apr 26-Apr 6-May 16-May 26-May 5-JunDate

PA

R E

xti

nc

tio

n

D30

D45

D90

D180

D270

Amaducci, et al., 2002. Journal of industrial hemp, Vol. 7 (2), 33-60

Influence of agronomic factors on

industrial hemp

Amaducci, et al., 2005. Journal of Industrial Hemp, Vol. 10 (1), 31-48.

Plant density – Effect on fibre lenght?

Influence of agronomic factors on

industrial hemp

Amaducci, et al., 2005. Journal of Industrial Hemp, Vol. 10 (1), 31-48.

Plant density – Effect on fibre yield

Influence of agronomic factors on

industrial hemp

Amaducci, et al., 2005. Journal of Industrial Hemp, Vol. 10 (1), 31-48.

Plant density –

Effect on fibre yield

and quality

Influence of agronomic factors on

industrial hemp

Amaducci, et al.., 2008. Field crops Research, 107,161-169.

Influence of agronomic factors on

industrial hemp

Amaducci, et al., 2005. Journal of Industrial Hemp, Vol. 10 (1), 31-48.

Plant density x Harvesting time – Effect on fibre yield

A relatively large scientific literature dealing with the

effect of environment and cultivation practices on

hemp production is available, while limited

information is available on the effect of environment

and management on plant quality characteristics (of

fibre, seed and secondary metabolites).

Conclusion

Conclusion