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Akzo Nobel, headquartered in Arnhem, The Netherlands, is a world-
wide operating company with activities in more than 50 countries and
about 68,000 employees. Consolidated sales aggregated 14 billions
Euro in 2000. The product range includes chemicals, coatings and
health care products.
The production and marketing of the Ketjenlube Polymer Ester range is concentrated
in Arese, a Sub-Business Unit within Akzo Nobel Chemicals.
The Arese product portfolio includes fatty acid esters, chlorides and amides, phos-
phorous acid and lubricating oil additives (antioxidants, friction modifiers) in addition
to the range of Ketjenlube Polymer Esters. A significant part of the Arese activities is
toll production for third parties both inside and outside of Akzo Nobel. Arese has a
strong international presence with 90% of its production being exported.
The Arese site is located in northern Italy near Milan. Various
reactors (glass lined; stainless steel) of different sizes with an
overall capacitiy of approx. 12,000 mt/year are available. A
consistent and high product quality is ensured by a team of
experienced and skilled people. The Arese site is certified
according to ISO9002 and ISO14001.
For more information please call the Marketing Center Arese
(see address list inside of the back cover of this brochure).
Ketjenlube Polymer Esters Dithiocarbamates Di-esters
Polyol Esters
Amides
____1
C O N T E N T S
Ketjenlube Polymers Esters
Ketjen-Ox Dithiocarbamates
Di-esters, Polyol Esters, Amides
Chemistry, properties, Product range
Automotive applicationsIndustrial applicationsOther applications
Chemistry, properties, applicationsProduct range
Properties, product range
HSE-data, regulatory status, food approval informationAddress list Sales Offices
General Information
2
6
15
17
18
Lubricant Chemicals
____2
Ketjenlube Polymer Esters are unique, patented specialty components used in the for-
mulation of synthetic and semi-synthetic high performance lubricants and industrial fluids.
They reduce wear much more effectively than other conventional synthetic base fluids.
This feature has made Ketjenlube Polymer Esters an important tool in the lubricating oil
market during the last 15 years.
Currently more than 15 different Ketjenlube Polymer Ester types are commercially
available, ranging in viscosity from 5 mm2/s to 700 mm2/s and varying in polarity from
compatible with unpolar fluids like Polyalphaolefins to completely watersoluble.
All Ketjenlube Polymer Esters are produced in dedicated reactors which guarantees a
consistent high product quality and product availability.
Ketjenlube Polymer Esters
G E N E R A L I N F O R M A T I O N
Ketjenlube Polymer Esters are copolymers of alpha-olefins
and dicarboxylic acids which are esterified with short or
medium chain length alcohols. The Ketjenlube molecules
have a unique, patented “double-comb” structure in which
the ester and hydrocarbon groups are present in the side
chains with the main polymer chain consisting of carbon
atoms only.
Despite viscosities of up to 700 mm2/s at 100°C the average
molecular weights (Mw) range from 600 to about 7,000.
Consequently even the high viscous Ketjenlube Polymer Ester
types are completely shear stable.
Chemistry
Carbonside chain
Ester sidegroups
Carbon“back bone”
Ketjenlube Polymer EsterStructure (idealized)
View on a Ketjenlube reactor
____3
Applications
Properties
Ketjenlube Polymer Esters are approved and used commercially in:
• Crankcase oils for Gasoline and Diesel engines (semi-synthetic and synthetic; viscosity grades from SAE 0W-30 to 20W-50)
• Two-stroke engine lubricants (air cooled, water cooled engines)
• Automotive and Industrial gear oils
• Fluids for metal cutting and metal forming operations (both neat oils and emulsion systems).
• Greases
• Special applications (shock absorber fluids, spin finishing lubricants, drilling fluids)
The polymeric nature and special structure of the Ketjenlube Polymer Esterscontribute to some outstanding features compared to conventional esters:
Superior hydrolytic stability (stable for more than six months in aqueous emulsions at pH 9).This makes Ketjenlube Polymer Esters for example a valuable tool in metal working
fluids (e.g. in soluble oils).
Outstanding inherent lubricity.Ketjenlube Polymer Esters exhibit the highest load carrying capacity compared to all
other lubricating oil base fluids of comparable viscosities available in the market. This
feature helps to keep the engine wear low under cold starting conditions (cf. page 6).
Powerful synergy with EP/AW-additives.This makes it possible to replace
e.g. chloroparaffins in metal
working fluids by a combination of
Ketjenlube Polymer Esters and
Sulfur/Phosphorus additives without
losing EP-performance (cf. page 10).
Clean burning, clean evaporation (no smoke, no fumes).Ketjenlube Polymer Esters burn or evaporate at high temperatures without giving rise
to smoke or hazardous fumes. This favourable property allows the formulation of
low-smoke two-stroke engine oils (cf. page 8) or industral oils for high temperature
applications (cf. page 12).
Ketjenlube
mineral oils
conventionalesters
Polyalpha-olefins
100
80
60
40
20
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Viscosity 100 °C (mm2/s)
Reichert wear scar (150 N oil = 100)Inherent Lubricity
of base fluidsReichert test;
standard conditions
200
150
100
50
0A B C D A B C D
without Ketjenlube 135 with 5 % Ketjenlube 135
wear teeth
fail!safety pin break
ZDDP-Level adjusted to 0.1% PhosphorusZDDP-Type: A: prim. B: Prim/sec. C: sec. D: aryl
ZDDP-Synergy of KetjenlubePolymer Esters demonstrat-ed in the Falex Pin & VeeWear test ASTM D 2670.Mineral oil solutions ofvarious ZDDP types weretested with and without 5% Ketjenlube PolymerEster addition.
____4
K E T J E N L U B E P O L Y M E R E S T E R S
Product Range – Physical and applicational properties
Ketjenlube type Method KL 115 KL 135 KL 165 KL 1300 KL 215
Physical and Chemical Characteristics
Viscosity at 100°C (mm2/s) ASTM D-445 15 34 65 260 16
Viscosity at 40 °C (mm2/s) ASTM D-445 112 340 770 4100 120
Viscosity index ASTM D-2270 135 139 152 200 140
Pour point (°C) ASTM D-97 – 28 – 32 – 23 – 15 – 31
Flash point (°C) ASTM D-92 250 250 255 260 250
Acid number (mgKOH/g) ASTM D-974 0.4 0.2 0.3 < 0.1 0.3
Density 20 °C (g/cm3) ASTM D-1217 0.93 0.96 0.98 0.99 0.92
Colour Gardner ASTM D-1500 < 1 < 1 < 1 < 1 < 1
Applicational properties
Volatility Noack (%) DIN 51581 4 3 3 1 4
Hydrolytic stability ASTM D-2619Acid number (mgKOH/g) after 48 h
oil phase 0.32 0.29 0.25 0.10 0.22water phase 0.18 0.24 0.03 0.24 0.14
Thermo-oxidative stability IP 48(200°C; 15 liter air/hour)
Weight loss (%) 7 6 4 4 6Viscosity increase (%) 160 150 140 90 155
Lubricity Reichert(% wear volume; 150 N oil =100%)
pure Ketjenlube 33 25 13 6 3210% Ketjenlube in 150 N oil 82 70 66 50 78
Compatibility10% in PAO 6 (48 h at –25 °C) + ± – – +10% in 150 N oil (48 h at – 10 °C) + + + ± +10% in water – – – – –
Seal compatibility (for details refer toCEC L-39-X-95 neutral behaviour
the corresponding data leaflets
Major applicational areas two-stroke; four stroke (gasoline and gear oils, hydraulic oils, greases, MWF (neat oils,
Nomenclature: first digit: 1 = polar version subsequent digits: Viscosity at 100°C2 = low polar version (except KL 502; KL 522; KL 6300)3 = unsaturated product
4,5 = metal working applications
____5
KL 230 KL 250 KL 2300 KL 2700 KL 19 KL 207 KL 305 KL 445 KL 522
30 51 300 700 6.0 6.6 5.5 45 192
280 540 4300 11000 27 34 27 450 2500
138 155 225 255 174 153 138 – –
– 33 – 29 – 18 –10 <– 50 – 30 – 42 – 12 – 4
250 250 270 270 235 250 230 220 180
0.3 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.1 0.08 0.08 1.1 ca. 10 ca. 65
0.94 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.92 0.95 0.93 1.06 1.05
< 1 < 1 < 1 < 1 < 1 2 <1 6 2
3 3 1 < 1 11 4 14 – –
0.36 0.29 0.42 0.07 0.10 0.15 1.21 – –0.27 0.08 0.11 0.02 0.38 0.21 0.13 – –
6 5 4 4 15 9 15 – –150 145 40 40 70 50 320 – –
26 18 5 5 38 36 44 5% in water:74 69 60 55 93 88 80 21 20
+ + + + + + + – –+ + + + + + + – –– – – – – – – ± +
neutral behaviour slightly swelling
Diesel); gear oilssoluble oils) (automotive; 4-stroke, two-stroke; MWF MWF (soluble oils)
industrial)
For details about a specific product please refer to the corresponding technical data sheet
____6
K E T J E N L U B E P O L Y M E R E S T E R S
Performance in four-stroke applications
Ketjenlube Polymer Esters are used commercially both in Diesel and Gasoline engine oils of all
major viscosity grades as a means of achieving improved performance, especially from the
point of view of wear reduction.
Wear-reducing effect
The wear reduction due to Ketjenlube Polymer Esters in four stroke oils is a function of
• its inherently high affinity to metal surfaces: This helps on the one hand
to maintain a strong oil film at high oil temperatures, whilst permitting
the start of a cold engine without excessive wear after longer periods of
engine shut-down.
• its strong synergy with zinc-dialkyl-dithiophosphates (ZDDP). Ketjenlube
Polymer Esters are able to lower the activation temperature of ZDDP
which results in an efficient EP-protection over a wider temperature
range. This synergistic effect is illustrated for example on page 3.
In the field these features result in reduced engine wear (especially cam
wear) which has been proven and demonstrated by a series of engine tests.
As an example here are the summarized comparative test results of two
oils (with and without a Ketjenlube Polymer Ester) in the Nissan KA 24E
valve train wear test which is an ILSAC GF 3 specification test (Sequence IVA).
Oil A Oil Bno Ketjenlube 8% Ketjenlube
• Scuffing area on rocker arm padsintake (average) 62.2% 13.4%exhaust (average) 58.5% 5.5%
• Wear of rocker arm padsintake (average) 4.0 µm 2.0 µmexhaust (average) 5.5 µm 1.0 µm
• Wear of cam lobesintake (average) 34.5 µm 5.2 µmexhaust (average) 28.5 µm 3.5 µm
Composition of the test oils: Oil A Oil B
API/SH ad-pac 12.0% 12.0%VI-improver (OCP) 8.5% 8.2%Pour point depressant 0.1% 0.1%Ketjenlube 135 – 8.0%Polyalphaolefin 20.0% 15.0%150 N mineral oil 59.4% 56.7%
Viscosity 100°C 14.1 mm2/s 13.6 mm2/sViscosity –20°C 3300 mPas 3300 mPas
Table 1: Nissan KA 24E valve train
wear test results of anAPI/SH oil with and without
Ketjenlube Polymer Ester
____7
With Ketjenlube Polymer Esters it is even
possible to formulate low ZDDP oils without
losing anti-wear performance.
For further performance data of Ketjenlube Polymer Esters in four-stroke engine oils pleaserefer to the data leaflet Ketjenlube Polymer Esters in four-stroke applications.
120
100
80
60
40
20
0no Polymer Ester 5% Polymer Ester 10% Polymer Ester reference
Cam wear (µm)
failpass
� average cam wear � maximum cam wear
Trial oils: 500 ppm PhosphorusReference oil: 1100 ppm Phosphorus
VW Cam & Tappet results of a low ZDDP 10W-40 oil
(500 ppm Phosphorus) with and without Ketjenlube 135
Other benefits of using in 4T-oils
Typical treat rates in 4T-oils
Fuel efficiencyKetjenlube Polymer Esters assist in reducing the internal friction between engine parts and thus help
to reduce the fuel consumption. One customer reported a 5W-30 engine oil passing the US fuel
efficiency limit upon addition of 3% of Ketjenlube 1300.
Oil C Oil D Oil Edescription no friction modifier; no friction modifier; with commercial friction modifier;
no Ketjenlube 3% Ketjenlube 1300 no Ketjenlube
EFEI (%) 2.4 2.7 3.2
Clean enginesKetjenlube Polymer Esters are not classical dispersants, however due to their “double-comb”-structure
they exhibit an inherent dispersancy power which often acts synergistically with ash-containing and
ash-free dispersants. This results in exceptionally clean engines and low piston deposits as demon-
strated in a Daimler Benz OM 602 A and other engine tests. For detailed results please refer to the
data leaflet Ketjenlube Polymer Esters in four-stroke applications.
To achieve an optimum wear reducing effect in semi-synthetic 5W
or 10W oils Ketjenlube Polymer Ester treat rates of 6% to 12%
are recommended. In fully synthetic premium oils Ketjenlube con-
centrations up to 33% are commercially used; a typical example
for a semi-synthetic 10W-40 oil is the oil B given in table 1.
Both the low and high temperature thickening effect of the
Ketjenlube Polymer Esters is unexpectedly low compared to
other base fluids of similar viscosity. This phenomenon allows the
formulation of both 5W and 10W oils including substantial
quantities of Ketjenlube 115 or Ketjenlube 135, the two most
widely used Ketjenlube types in the four-stroke area.
Table 2: Sequence VI engine test results of API/SH 5W-30 oils with and without Ketjenlube Polymer Esters
____8
K E T J E N L U B E P O L Y M E R E S T E R S
Performance in two-stroke engine oils
The high inherent lubricity together with their clean burning make the
Ketjenlube Polymer Esters an ideal base fluid for two-stroke motor bike
engine oils. In table 3 the ISO-L-EGD results of four different formulation
examples (semi-synthetic, synthetic, high solvent oils) containing Ketjen-
lube Polymer Esters as ester component are summarized.
Table 3: Ketjenlube Polymer Esters in two-stroke engine oils
Oil 1 2 3 4
Type synthetic; synthetic semi semihigh solvent synthetic synthetic
Composition (wt %)
Ad-pac A – – 5.2 –
Ad-pac B 9.3 – – 5.2
Ad-pac C – 5.2 – –
Polyisobutylene 40.7 49.8 30.0 30.0
Ketjenlube 305 – 25.0 15.0 –
Ketjenlube 135 – – – 10.0
Ketjenlube 115 15 – – –
150 SN mineral oil – – – 30.0
600 SN mineral oil – – 34.8 10.0
Solvent 35.0 20.0 15.0 14.8
Viscosity 100°C (mm2/s) 8.8 9.6 9.5 9.5
ISO-L-EGD-engine test results:
Exhaust smoke index(FC limit: 85 min)
193 172 85 89
Lubricity index(FC limit: 95 min
116 100 103 97
Torque index(FC limit: 98 min)
98 100 102 100
Detergency index 1 hour not not108
(FC limit: 95 min) determined determined105
Detergency index 3 hours not(GD limit: 125 min)
135 137 125determined
Exhaust port blocking index (FC limit: 90 min)
210 111 110 125
As a top-of-the-line product the Ketjenlube Polymer Esters are commonly
used for racing purposes. Several customers also have run Ketjenlube
based oils in the Piaggio Hexagon test with outstanding lubricity results.
For further engine test results please refer to the data leaflet Ketjenlube
Polymer Esters in two-stroke applications.
Due to their limited biodegradability Ketjenlube Polymer Esters are not
recommended for use in biodegradable two-stroke engine oils.
Biodegradable two-stroke engine oils
____9
Performance in automotive gear oils
One lubricating oil area where synthetic base fluids are becoming more and more
predominantly used instead of mineral oil base stocks is that of automotive and
industrial gear oils.
The two high viscous Ketjenlube types Ketjenlube 2300 and Ketjenlube2700 are tailormade for applications in gear oils and are a cost effectivealternative to high viscosity polyalphaolefins. In principle the lower viscousKetjenlube Polymer Esters can be used, too (and in fact are commerciallyused). Besides their superior load carrying capacity they exhibit• Excellent thermo-oxidative and hydrolytic stability (similar to high viscous
PAO);• Absolute temporary as well as permanent shear stability;• Compatibility both with non polar base stocks and with polar additives;• Neutral seal behaviour;• Superior viscosity characteristics at low temperature.
It is in particular the shear stability and low temperature behaviour of theKetjenlube Polymer Esters which allow the formulation of outstanding highperformance multi-grade automotive gear oils. As an example in table 4 both a 75W-90 and a 75W-140 synthetic gear oilis given based on Ketjenlube 2300 and Ketjenlube 2700 respectively.
Viscosity grade 75W-90 75W-140
Composition (wt%)Ketjenlube 2300 44 –Ketjenlube 2700 – 50.5Polyalphaolefin 4/6 36 30Di-ester 10 9.5Commercial API GL-5 ad-pac 10 10
Performance dataViscosity 100°C (mm2/s) 15.9 24.2
Brookfield viscosity –40 °C (mPas) 64,000 125,500
Shear loss after 20 h (%); CEC L-45-T-93 < 1 < 1
Elastomer swell (Viton); DIN 53521 neutral neutral
GFC oxidation test (160°C, 192 h); CEC L-48-A-95acid no. after test (mgKOH/g) 0.55 0.45viscosity increase (%) 41 32
Automotive gear oils
The 75W-90 gear oil of table 4 was also tested in the CRC L-60 gear
oil test. Besides a very low viscosity increase it achieved an excellent
carbon/varnish and sludge merit rating which clearly outperformed
comparable oils based on high viscous polyalphaolefins.
Table 4: Automotive gear oil examples with Ketjenlube PolymerEsters as base fluids
____10
K E T J E N L U B E P O L Y M E R E S T E R S
Performance in metalworking fluids
Ketjenlube Polymer Esters are used commercially in a wide range of metal
working applications at average treat levels of 3% to 25% depending on
the application
• in neat oils
• in emulsion systems
• for metal cutting operations (e.g. broaching, tapping, milling)
• for metal forming operations (e.g. hot and cold rolling, drawing, stamping)
The performance of Ketjenlube Polymer Ester containing fluids is increased
even further when combined with antiwear/EP agents, so enabling high
performance formulations to be made which are entirely chloroparaffin-free.
Major achievements in overall performance are
• extended tool life;
• increased productivity;
• improved tolerance and surface finish of machined parts.
All Ketjenlube Polymer Esters can be emulsified using state-of-the-art
emulsifiers, enabling high performance soluble oils to be formulated.
Various guideline formulations are available for fine-tuning; examples are
given in table 5:
Soluble oils (emulsions)
Table 5: Guideline formulations for
metal working concentratesusing Ketjenlube Polymer
Esters as anti-wear additive.
Concentrate A B C
Concentrate type amine/boron boron free amine free/containing boron free
Composition (wt%)
Mineral oil (paraffinic or naphthenic) 58.5 61.25 61.25
Oleyl/cetylalcohol + 2 EO (emulsifier) 14.0 16.0 16.0
Glycole derivate 3.0 7.0 7.0
Vegetable oil fatty acids 5.0 4.0 4.0
6-Carboxy-4-hexyl-2-cyclohexen-1-
octanoic acid („Di-acid“) 2.5 3.0 3.0
Amine borate 9.0 – –
Biocide 3.0 –* –*
Diglycolamine – 3.75 –
Potassium hydroxide 50% in water – – 3.75
Ketjenlube 135 5.0 5.0 5.0
* biocide to be included as necessary
____11
A 10% emulsion of the amine and boron free concentrate in table 5 has
been tested on a CNC cutting machine. The chosen operations were face
turning and grooving of hardened steel (17 CrNiMo 6). In both cases the
tool wear was considerably lower (up to 50%) compared to the same
emulsion without Ketjenlube Polymer Ester.
Tool wear vs. running time:Face turning (constant revolution speed)
running time (m)
µm
140120100806040200
0 100 200 300 400 500
no KL 135KL 135
Tool wear vs. running time:Grooving
running time (m)
µm
140120100806040200
0 100 200 300 400 500
no KL 135KL 135
Synthetic concentrates
More formulation examples (including detailed composition) and test results
can be found in the data leaflet „Ketjenlube Polymer Esters in soluble oils“.
With Ketjenlube Polymer Esters it is also possible to formulate aqueous
solutions, using Ketjenlube 445 or Ketjenlube 522.
Ketjenlube 445 is not truly watersoluble, but is easily emulsifiable due to
its ethoxylated side chains which give the product an HLB-value of 11.5.
Ketjenlube 445 improves the surface finish in metal processing, for example
in aluminium or copper metal working. The effect on the tool wear of the
addition of 0.5% Ketjenlube 445 to an aqueous cutting formulation is
shown in the subsequent graphs:
Performance of a 10%emulsion (concentrate Cin table 5) with andwithout Ketjenlube 135in face turning andgrooving of hardenedsteel (17CrNiMo 6)
Performance of anaqueous cutting formu-lation with and without0.5% Ketjenlube 445 in face turning andgrooving of aluminiumalloy (AlMgSi 1).
In addition to ethoxylated side chains Ketjenlube 522 contains free acid
groups which can react with amines. Aqueous solutions of Ketjenlube 522
show an outstanding lubricity which still is unsurpassed in the area of syn-
thetic aqueous solutions, however, without careful formulation Ketjenlube
522 can exhibit a foaming tendency in line with its degree of ethoxylation,
which may restrict its application to low agitation operations.
For more detailed information about the use of Ketjenlube 445 and
Ketjenlube 522 please refer to the corresponding data leaflets.
Tool wear vs. running time:Face turning (constant revolution speed)
running time (m)
µm80706050403020100
0 200 400 600
no KLKL 445
Tool wear vs. running time:Grooving
running time (m)
µm80706050403020100
0 200 400 600
no KLKL 445
____12
K E T J E N L U B E P O L Y M E R E S T E R S
The performance improvement of neat oils with Ketjenlube Polymer Esters
for instance is demonstrated in the Falex tapping torque test1) which is
designed to evaluate cutting oils:
In cutting operations one of the major functions of the oil is to minimize
wear on the cutting edge of the tool. This tool wear can be determined
indirectly by measuring the torque generated during the tapping operation
in the so-called tapping torque machine. High torques are an indication of
poor lubrication and thus accelerated wear.
Several neat oils with and without added Ketjenlube Polymer Ester were
tested. The performance differences are expressed in terms of the torque
difference ∆ Tq between the reference oil (chloroparaffin based; ∆ Tq = 0)
and the test oils. A positive ∆ Tq means less torque than the reference and
therefore less wear. The results are summarized in table 6.
Neat oils
Hot drawing oils
Table 6: Falex Tapping torque
test results
These results clearly demonstrate the lubricity improvement which can be
achieved by the addition of Ketjenlube Polymer Esters. Comparable for-
mulations containing conventional esters do not exhibit this superior level
of performance.
1) a detailed description of the Falex Tapping Torque Test is given for instance in Lubr. Eng. 52, 1, 31-38 (1996).
∆ Tq
ISO VG 46 mineral oil approx. – 3Mineral oil + 2% TNPS* – 0.50Mineral oil + 25% Ketjenlube 135 – 0.25Chloroparaffin based reference oil 0Mineral oil + 2% TNPS* + 25% Ketjenlube 135 + 0.30
*Di-tert.nonylpolysulfide
Ketjenlube 6300 has been specially developed to lubricate hardened-steel
forming dies in the drawing of non-ferrous tubes. The use of Ketjenlube
6300 results in longer tool life and high surface finish with a concomitant
low fume emission.
____13
For industrial gear oils the thermo-oxidative stability is of paramount
importance, consequently there are a variety of specification tests dealing
with this performance criterium. Industrial gear oils based on Ketjenlube
Polymer Esters exhibit an excellent stability performance as is demonstrated
for a synthetic ISO VG 220 oil (table 7):
Table 7: Performance data of an ISO VG 220 gear oil based on Ketjenlube 2300
Composition
Ketjenlube 2300 55%Polyalphaolefin 6 33.2%
Trimellitate ester 10.0%
Additive package 1.8%
Test results
Oxidation test ASTM D 2893 (121°C; 312 h)
precipitation number 0
acid number increase 1%
viscosity increase 6%
GFC oxidation test (150°C; 192 h)
acid number after test 1.51 mgKOH/g
viscosity increase 5%
Panel Coker deposits (250°C; 6 h) 5 mg
FZG-test (16.6 m/s; 140 °C) pass load stage 12
Industrial gear oils
Performance in other applications
The outstanding load carrying capacity of the ISO VG 220 gear oil
described in table 7 is demonstrated in the FZG test; even in the severe
mode (gear speed 16.6 m/s; oil temperature 140°C) the oil reached the
final load stage 12.
For more detailed information on automotive and industrial gear
oils please refer to the corresponding Ketjenlube Polymer Ester
data leaflets.
____14
Ketjenlube Polymer Esters are used commercially in semi-synthetic and
synthetic greases. They do significantly improve the AW/EP-properties
without disturbing the grease texture. Greases with Ketjenlube Polymer
Esters also show significantly increased ageing resistance in the presence
of iron.
Greases
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
00 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
time (min)
temperature (°C)
Grease without KL 135
Grease with KL 135
For more detailed information and test results about the use of Ketjenlube
Polymer Esters please refer to the data-leaflet Ketjenlube Polymer Esters in
Greases.
Recent investigations into the use of Ketjenlube Polymer Esters as an
additive for environmentally safe, water based drilling muds have provided
promising results which also have been confirmed by field tests in the
Gulf of Mexico:
• The use of Ketjenlube Polymer Esters as a rate of penetration (ROP)
enhancer resulted in a dramatic increase of about 8.5 times ROP
compared to a state-of-the-art water based mud.
• In a silicate mud system the addition of small amounts of Ketjenlube
Polymer Esters reduced the internal friction by more than 50%.
• In bentonite drilling slurries Ketjenlube Polymer Esters improved the
lubricity by up to 40%.
For further information about the use of Ketjenlube Polymer Esters
please refer to our specialists in our Denver Sales Office
(cf. address list on page 20).
Four-ball endurance test of a lithium
soap grease with andwithout Ketjenlube 135
(load: 2000 Newton)
Drilling fluids
____15
K E T J E N - O X D I T H I O C A R B A M A T E S
Ketjen-Ox Dithiocarbamates
Metal dithiocarbamates are versatile additives for automotive and industrial lubricants as
well as for rubber processing. The production of solid and liquid dithiocarbamates is a core
technology within Akzo Nobel.
The Akzo Nobel dithiocarbamates produced for lubricant applications areeither of a unique composition or are offered as high quality products (highpurity) at a very competitive price. Currently Akzo Nobel is the only Europe-based producer of these components. Products which are currently avail-able are summarized in table 8.
Molybdenum dithiocarbamates as friction modifiers in engine oils:Molybdenum dithiocarbamate complexes belong to the most powerfulfriction reducing agents available for four-stroke engine oils. They are ableto lower the internal friction in an engine by more than 50 per cent.Whereas Ketjen-Ox 77M is very cost-efficient but dark coloured, the molyb-denum dithiocarbamate complex Ketjen-Ox 77TS displays a light colour inthe final formulation and is fully compatible even with very low polarGroup 3 and Group 4 base oils. Ketjen-Ox 77TS furthermore shows a bet-ter thermo-oxidative stability than other molybdenum dithiocarbamates.
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
Friction
Test conditions: High frequency reciprocating rig; load increasingin 6 steps from 10 N to 150 N. Oil temperature:100°C
� no Molybdenumdithiocarbamate
� with 1%Ketjen-Ox 77TS
Friction properties of a 10W-30 engine oil with and without
Ketjen-Ox 77TS
Compatibility of Ketjen-Ox 77TS in PAO 6 (left) compared to other commercial Molybdenum dithiocarbamates(500 ppm Mo)
____16
Appearance of 1% Ketjen-Ox 77TS in mineral
oil (right) after ageing inthe CEC L-39-T-96 elas-
tomer test compared to aconventional Mo-dtc (left)
Table 8:Metal dithiocarbamates;product range
Type zinc-dithiocarbamatesantimony-
molybdenum-dithiocarbamatesdithiocarbamate
Product name Ketjen-Ox 71 Ketjen-Ox-71 S Ketjen-Ox 7458 Ketjen-Ox 77M Ketjen-Ox 77TS
mixture of antimony molybdenum sulfurized molybdenumComposition zinc diamyldithiocarbamate diamyl- and diisooctyl diisooctyldithio- diisotridecyl dithio-
dithiocarbamates carbamate complex carbamate complex
Purity 100% pure 55% in mineral oil 55% in mineral oil 80% in mineral oil 50% in mineral oil
Appearance yellow liquid orange-brown liquid dark liquid reddish liquid
Product viscosity (40°C)
4,500 cSt 75 cSt 120cSt 1,500 cSt 90 cSt
Metal content Zn: 11.0 % Zn: 6.1 % Sb: 6.9 % Mo:10.5 % Mo: 5.0 %
Sulfur content S: 22.0 % S: 12.0 % S: 11.5 % S: 15.0 % S: 6.6 %
unique: free of state-of-the-art very low crystal- state-of-the-artunique: light colour,
Specialtysolvent, but liquid product lization point product
compatible with low polar oils
Main multi-purpose additives friction modifiers for engine oils;applications (antioxidants, AW/EP-additives) for greases AW/EP-additives for greases
Dithiocarbamates for grease applications:
Metal dithiocarbamates are multi-functional additives for greases which
help to keep the additive level low and thus limit the interferance with
the grease texture (no „oil bleeding“). Zinc-, antimony- and molybdenum
dithiocarbamates are efficient antioxidants as well as AW/EP-additives.
The friction modifying properties of the molybdenum dithiocarbamate
complexes are also displayed in greases.
Although antimony compounds usually are reputed as toxic and harmful
to the environment, the antimony-dithiocarbamate Ketjen-Ox 7458 is
not toxic (neither to rats, rabbits or fish) or irritating, as was proven by
appropriate testing.
Competitive Molybdenumdithiocarbamate
Ketjen-Ox 77TS
After Elastomer-Swell Test 168 h/150°C
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D I - E S T E R S , P O L Y O L E S T E R S , A M I D E S
Di-esters, Polyol Esters, Amides
Di-esters, Polyol Esters
Amides
Akzo Nobel Chemicals is one of the leading ester manufacturers worldwi-de. The site Arese is specialized in the production of high quality/high per-formance esters for various markets. The ester range comprises fatty acidesters, di-esters, hindered esters, sorbitane esters and many more. A selec-tion of esters offered for the lubricant area is given in table 9.
Trade name Ester kinematic Acid pour flash type viscosity value point point
100°C (mm2/s) (mgKOH/g) (°C) (°C)
Ketjenlube 09 dimeric acid ester 13.2 < 0.1 < –40 280
Ketjenlube10 hindered ester 5.0 < 0.1 < –40 > 240
Ketjenlube 15 di-ester 5.2 < 0.2 < –50 > 240
Ketjenlube 16 di-ester 4.0 < 0.2 < –50 > 230
Table 9: Examples of conventionalesters manufactured for the use in lubricants
Special ester types can be tailored according to customer demands. For further information please refer to the Marketing Center in Arese (cf. address list on page 20).
In addition to ester derivatives the Arese product range comprises alsovarious fatty acid amides which are used among others as fuel additives for lubricants (friction modifiers). The amides commercially available aresummarized in table 10.
Trade nameChemical
AppearanceMelting Flash
description point point
Armid O oleylamidepellets, flakes,
70°C 210°Chot molten liquid
Armid E erucamidepellets,
79°C 230°Cflakes
Armid HT stearylamidepellets,
100°C 225°Cflakes
Table 10:Fatty acid amides
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General Information
G E N E R A L I N F O R M A T I O N
Health, safety, environment, regulatory statusA representative number of Ketjenlube types have been tested for varioustoxicological and ecotoxicological properties. The test data show thatKetjenlube Polymer Esters can be considered safe to man and friendly tothe environment, concurrent with its chemistry being a polymer of carbon,hydrogen and oxygen only.
Ketjenlube type KL 305 KL 115 KL 135 KL 165 KL 1300 KL 2300 KL 502 KL 445KL 215 KL 230 KL 250 KL 2700 KL 522
Test procedure
Skin irritation (rabbit) non irritating to skin
Eye irritation non irritating to eyes
Acute oral toxicity (rat) > 15 g/kg > 2 g/kg > 15 g/kg > 5 g/kg
Mutagenicity (Ames test) no mutagenic activity
Biodegradability (CEC L-33-A-94) 65% 27% 14% 32%
Bacterial toxity (EC 10; Robra-Test) >10 g/l >10 g/l 7.75 g/l
Acute toxity to fish (zebra fish) >200 mg/l >100 mg/l > 1 g/l
Skin sensitization non (Magnusson/Kligmann test) sensitizing
German Water Hazardous Class one (very slightly water hazardous)
FDA Food approval of Ketjenlube Polymer EstersSome Ketjenlube Polymer Ester types are approved by FDA for the use as acomponent in lubricants for food packaging equipment like can seaminglubricants. The general approval for the use in lubricants with incidentalfood contact (FDA H1 lubricants) is currently under way. For detailed infor-mation please refer to the Marketing Center in Arese.
Registration status of Ketjenlube Polymer Esters
Ketjenlube type KL 115, KL 135 KL 165 KL 2300 KL 207 KL 19 KL 445 KL 522KL 215, KL 230 KL 305 KL 2700
KL 250 KL 1300
CAS-Registry Number 128218-63-3 138208-69-2 173521-40-9 – – 135397-33-0 120366-25-8
EINECS no no no no no no no(Europe) (polymer)* (polymer)* (polymer)* (polymer)* (polymer)* (polymer)* (polymer)*
TSCA (USA) yes yes yes yes yes yes yes
DSL (Canada) yes no no no no no yes
AICS (Australia) yes yes yes yes yes yes no
MITI (Japan) yes yes yes yes yes no no
China yes yes yes yes yes no no
Thailand –** –** –** –** –** –** –**
Korea yes no no no no no no
* Polymers cannot be registered in EINECS. All Ketjenlube Polymer Esters are free to sell in Europe.** Only hazardous products need to be registered. All Ketjenlube Polymer Esters are free to commercialize.
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HSE-Data for Ketjen-Ox Dithiocarbamates
Registration status of Ketjen-Ox Dithiocarbamates
Ketjen-Ox type Ketjen-Ox 71Ketjen-Ox 71S
Ketjen-Ox 7458 Ketjen-Ox 77M Ketjen-Ox 77TS
Test procedure
Skin irritation (rabbit) practically non irritating
Eye irritation (rabbit) minimally irritating
Biodegradability inherently biodegradable
Oral LD 50 (rat) > 14,000 mg/kg > 5,000 mg/kg > 2,000 mg/kg > 2,000 mg/kg
Dermal LD 50 (rabbit) > 2,000 mg/kg > 5,000 mg/kg > 2,000 mg/kg > 2,000 mg/kg
Fish toxicity (zebra fish) > 1,000 mg/kg
German water hazardous class two (slightly water hazardous)
Ketjen-Ox type Ketjen-Ox 71Ketjen-Ox 71S
Ketjen-Ox 7458 Ketjen-Ox 77M Ketjen-Ox 77TS
CAS-Registry Number 15337-18-5 15890-25-2; 68954-53-0 71342-89-715991-76-1
EINECS (Europe) yes (EC-number: yes (EC-numbers: yes (EC-number: yes (EC-number: 2393705) 2400282; 2401307 2732456) 27534476)
TSCA (USA) yes yes yes yes
DSL (Canada) yes yes yes yes
AICS (Australia) yes yes no yes
MITI (Japan) yes (ENCS-number: yes yes (ISHL-number:(2)-2886) 1-(1)-524)
China yes yes yes yes
PICCS (Philippines) yes yes yes yes
Korea yes (KE-35526) yes (KE-25429) yes (KE-03103)
For further information please refer to the material safety data sheets available for these products.
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