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KENT A MCVAYCROPPING SYSTEMS SPECIALIST
SOUTHERN AG RESEARCH CENTERMONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY
Crop Rotation Benefits
Harvested biomass production is a function of:
Energy InputEnergy captureLosses to competitionHarvest loss
Energy Input
All energy comes from the sun
Efficiency of energy conversion to biomass is dependent on crop management
C4 vs C3 Corn vs wheat
Grass vs legume Barley vs pea
So what is the optimum system for converting energy into biomass?
Full canopied forests, like this
Or Native rangeland
These convert a large portion of the energy received into biomass
Cropland Captures a Fraction of Total Energy
Although silage corn comes close !
So would sugarcane
www.farmphoto.com
What about Montana?
Rainfall limits production potentialAverage growing season limits most
production to C3 metabolism: wheat, barley, peas, canola
It will be hard to compete head to head against other less stressful environments. Targeting markets is a good idea e.g. high protein wheat Specialty crops like camelina for special purpose
industrial oils, or food grade oils, or pharmaceuticals Crops that have multiple markets. Peas for human or
animal consumption
Crop Rotation Benefits
Usually a positive yield responseChance to use alternate herbicides
Cleans up some weed problems
Disease pressure can be reducedIncreases diversity
Spreads out planting and harvesting dates More commodities to sell
Rotation Yield Benefits
Tanaka et al. 1999. Agron J. 97:385-390
Mandan, ND 1999
Previous crop Canola CrambeDry
bean Dry pea FlaxSaf-
flower Soy-beanSun-
flowerSpring wheat Barley
Canola
Crambe
Dry bean
Dry pea
Flax
Safflower
Soybean
Sunflower
Spring wheat
Barley
Year 1
Year 2
Rotation Yield Benefits
Tanaka et al. 1999. Agron J. 97:385-390
Mandan, ND 1999
Previous crop Canola CrambeDry
bean Dry pea FlaxSaf-
flower Soy-beanSun-
flowerSpring wheat Barley
----------------------------------------------- lbs / acre ------------------------------------------------------------
Canola 1413 1688 1241 2335 1639 1012 2032 1597 3591 4680
Crambe 1290 1769 968 2148 1605 869 2039 1738 3217 4981
Dry bean 1400 1559 1175 2550 1521 888 2237 1609 3308 4189
Dry pea 1530 2362 1216 2581 1430 1042 2112 1768 3114 4674
Flax 1543 1791 1131 2660 690 597 1995 769 3651 4617
Safflower 1220 1518 816 2532 1387 458 1735 1096 3031 4579
Soybean 1239 1649 1098 2300 1752 886 2501 1498 3466 4363
Sunflower 1363 1763 989 2610 1625 760 1951 1306 3388 4852
Spring wheat 1312 1879 758 3045 1571 1026 1844 1499 3428 4728
Barley 1480 2025 1332 2549 1641 1106 2090 1758 3385 4482
Rotation Yield Benefits
Mandan, ND 1999
Previous crop Canola Crambe
Dry bean
Dry pea Flax
Saf-flower
Soy-bean
Sun-flower
Spring wheat Barley
Rot. Benefit
Canola 1.00 0.95 1.06 0.90 2.38 2.21 0.81 1.22 1.05 1.04 1.26
Crambe 0.91 1.00 0.82 0.83 2.33 1.90 0.82 1.33 0.94 1.11 1.20
Dry bean 0.99 0.88 1.00 0.99 2.20 1.94 0.89 1.23 0.96 0.93 1.20
Dry pea 1.08 1.34 1.03 1.00 2.07 2.28 0.84 1.35 0.91 1.04 1.29
Flax 1.09 1.01 0.96 1.03 1.00 1.30 0.80 0.59 1.07 1.03 0.99
Safflower 0.86 0.86 0.69 0.98 2.01 1.00 0.69 0.84 0.88 1.02 0.98
Soybean 0.88 0.93 0.93 0.89 2.54 1.93 1.00 1.15 1.01 0.97 1.22
Sunflower 0.96 1.00 0.84 1.01 2.36 1.66 0.78 1.00 0.99 1.08 1.17
Spring wheat 0.93 1.06 0.65 1.18 2.28 2.24 0.74 1.15 1.00 1.05 1.23
Barley 1.05 1.14 1.13 0.99 2.38 2.41 0.84 1.35 0.99 1.00 1.33
Rot. Benefit 0.98 1.02 0.91 0.98 2.15 1.89 0.82 1.12 0.98 1.03 1.19
Tanaka et al. 1999. Agron J. 97:385-390
Rotation Yield Benefits
------------------ Year ---------------Rotation BenefitCrop 2003 2004 1999 2000
Flax 2.15 2.57 2.36G. Sorghum 2.35 2.35Corn 2.39 1.25 1.82Chickpea 0.97 2.58 1.77Safflower 1.89 1.33 1.61Sunflower 2.80 1.12 1.12 1.36 1.60Lentil 1.10 1.37 1.23Proso millet 1.30 1.06 1.18Barley 1.03 1.21 1.12Buckwheat 1.21 1.02 1.11Dry Pea 1.16 1.16 0.98 1.14 1.11Canola 1.06 0.92 0.98 1.29 1.06Wheat 1.03 0.84 0.98 1.16 1.00Crambe 1.02 0.99 1.00Dry bean 0.91 0.97 0.94Soybean 0.82 0.81 0.82
Tanaka et al. 1999. Agron J. 97:385-390
Alternate Herbicides
Wheat-Wheat What is the dominant weed? Downy Brome Wild oat
Wheat –Pea: Downy Brome easily controlled with herbicides like Select,
Assure, or Spartan during the Pea crop cycle
Note: Research at Bozeman showed wheat/pea/fallow rotation compared to continuous wheat decreased downy brome density from 60 to 10 plants/ft2
The Disease Triangle
Environment
Susceptible Host
Organism
Remember: All three must be present in order for the disease to be expressed
Increased Diversity
Growing more crops spreads out the workload Planting time Spraying time Harvest time
More diversity requires greater management skills Record keeping becomes even more critical Time management Rotation restrictions
More commodities greater flexibility in marketing
Crop Rotation Can Be Beneficial
Yield increasesReduced need for herbicides Reduced disease pressureDiversified markets and crop management
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