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Karyotypes and Sex-Linked Traits
Karyotype
Karyotype – a picture of chromosomes
Autosomes: the first 22 homologous pairs of chromosomes. Autosomes are the same for both males
and females.
Sex chromosomes: determines the sex of the individual. The sex chromosomes are the 23rd pair
of chromosomes.
Male of Female?
Female: XX Male: XY
Determining Gender Which parent determines the sex of an
offspring – DAD
Why?
All moms have the genotype XX. When egg cells are made, they will all carry a single X chromosome.
All dads have the genotype XY. When sperm cells are made, 50% will have an X chromosome and 50% will have a Y chromosome.
Therefore, males and females are born in roughly a 50:50 ratio
Diagnosing Disorders from Karyotypes Some disorders can be diagnosed by looking at a
person’s karyotype
Most are caused by nondisjuction during meiosis
Nondisjunction – failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis
Disorders:
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) – individual has 3 of the 21st chromosome instead of 2
Turner Syndrome – female has only one X for her sex chromosome
Klinefelter’s Syndrome – male has or more extra X chromosome
Autosomal
Sex-Linked
Sex-Linked Traits SEX-LINKED TRAITS: those traits that are
controlled by genes on the X or Y chromosomes.
Most sex-linked traits are on the X chromosome.
The Y chromosome is much smaller than the X chromosome and only contains a few genes.
Ex:
Hemophelia
Colorblindness
Example
In humans, hemophilia is a sex-linked trait. Having hemophilia is recessive (XH) to being normal (X). The heterozygous female is called a carrier. Cross a carrier female with a normal male.
XHX x XY
Genotype Ratio:
Phenotype Ratio:
XH X
X
Y
Example
Cross a carrier female with a male with hemophilia.
XHX x XHY
Genotype Ratio:
Phenotype Ratio:
XH X
XH
Y
Example In humans, red-green colorblindness is a sex-linked trait.
People with red-green colorblindness can not tell the difference between red and green. Colorblindness is the result of a recessive allele. Cross a female with colorblindness with a male with normal vision.
XCXC x XY
Genotype Ratio:
Phenotype Ratio:
XC XC
X
Y
Why are sex-linked traits more common in males than in females?
Because a male only has to inherit ONE recessive allele in order to get a sex-linked trait and a female has to inherit TWO recessive alleles in order to acquire the sex-linked trait. It is easier to inherit one recessive allele than two. If the female only inherits one recessive allele, then they are a carrier but have the normal phenotype.
X’s are dominant to Y’s.
If female gets a “bad” from one parent, she could still get a “good” X, and become a carrier (has the trait but isn’t expressed). The only way for the female to express the trait is to inherit two “bad” X’s.
If a male gets a “bad” X, the only other sex chromosome is a Y. The “bad” X is dominant to the Y, therefore, the male will express the trait.
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