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©2003 K8 Ltd slide 1
K8
Keynote Paper: Contaminated SitesWasteMINZ, Nelson 2003
Historic part: Managing Contaminated Sites
in Europe from a Dutch Perspective;
Application Part:Moving from Selling Certainties
to Managing Uncertainties
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 2
K8Background Drs Ben Keet
Free University of Amsterdam : Physics & Hydrogeology
Work experience• 5 years Ass. Lect. Physics & Groundwater Models
• 5 years Shell International : UK, Algeria, Gabon, London
• 16 years Geo & Hydro: New Zealand, Australia, US, Europe Proj. manager 2500 site assessments, 1500 remediations Design & manage : 400 in situ & biological remediations
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 3
K8Europe
• Site identification progressing
• Development of investigation and remedial tools
• Integration– Partnering with project developers – Sustainable Land Management
• Emerging emphasis shift Macro Micro contaminants
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 4
K8
Holland Lekkerkerk made 1980 year ‘0’
Year No. Sites Costs ‘clean’=
1981 4,000 400 Million “A”
1988 111,000 11 Billion “A”
1997 350,000 36 Billion “A”
1999 18 Billion “S – I“
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 5
K8
NZ 1997: 7000 2002: 70.000+NZ 1997: 7000 2002: 70.000+Plate from Bateman Contemporary Atlas New Zealand
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 6
K8Aim of Remediation
• 1980 “B” level (at discretion of govt.)
• 1984 “A” level (standard guideline)
• 1989 Isolate or “A” level
• 1993 Re-use of A+ cont. soil permitted
• 1995 Aim = make site fit for intended use
& add Active Soil Management
• 2003 Decision model dep. on land use
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 7
K8Role of Government
• 1980 Organizes, Finances, Manages
and makes Legislation• 1985 Decentralization to Reg./City councils• 1995 intro: Polluter Pays Principle• 1996 Govt still pays 75% of all remediation• 2002 Large (and complex) subsidy schemes
set up to encourage private participation
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 8
K8Industry Participation
• Remedial action based on financial incentive• Area schemes
– Historical areas: mining / tanning/zinc smelting
• Branch related actions– Fuel SUBAT– Railways– Gasworks
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 9
K8Example trade scheme: SUBAT
• Project Management Organization (Co-op)• Contracts all consultants & contractors• Own central expertise• Funded by members + extra fuel tax• 10 year ‘life’ 1991 – 2001• Closed / Remediated 1000 service stations• Total cost 1.5 Billion $NZ
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 10
K8
What we know is not much
What we know we don’t know is limited
But what don’t we know we don’t know ?
Uncertainties
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 11
K8Groups of Uncertainties
1. Initial conditions Heterogeneity : soil / contaminants / time ESA not made with alternative remediation in mind
2. Effect of chosen remedial technique(s)
3. Quality of implementation
4. Changes in legislation
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 12
K8
Detection limit
2010200019901980197019601950,001
,01
,1
1
10
EVOLUTION OF DETECTION LIMIT
micro
nano
pico
femto
10E-9
10E-12
10E-15
10E-18
‘Contamination only exists when it can be analyzed
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 13
K8
ESEMERGING SUBSTANCES
ENDANGERED ENVIRONMENTS
Surface watersGround waterDrinking waterFood chain
ENDANGERED PRODUCTS
toys & children care articles (Flame retardants,plasticizers)textiles (flame retardants; PFOS)pesticidespersonal care productspharmaceuticalsbuilding materials and furniturebiocides (disinfectants)industrial products (detergents, lubes and greases)
SO-F
FF
F
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
FO
OLi+
PFOS: perfluorooctanesulfonate
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 14
K8
Phase-out of PFOS
• 3M recently announced its phase-out of Scotchgard products after it was found that its primary ingredient - a fluorinated compound called perfluorooctanyl sulfonate (PFOS) - was found in all tested blood bank examinations. 3M research had found that the substance showed strong tendencies to persist and bioaccumulate in animal and human tissue.
• average concentrations fish blood surface watersLake biwa 345 µg/L 7.4 ng/L
• Tokyo Bay 172 µg/L 26 ng/L• Osaka Bay 100 µg/L 12 ng/L• Seto Inland Sea 29 µg/L <4.3 ng/L• Ariake Bay 28 µg/L 9.0 ng/L
SO-F
FF
F
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
FO
OLi+
Concentrations in blood of students and workers at Yokohama Universities (2001):
range: <1.3-4.8 µg/L whole bloodaverage: 1.7 µg/L whole blood (n=26)
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 15
K8
Insect repellentPesticides /herbicides
SolventsFire retardants
PAH'sReproductive hormones
Other prescription drugsFragrances
AntioxidantsDisinfectants
AntibioticsNonprescription drugs
Plasticizers
Steroids
Detergent metabolites
Composition of organic wastewater contaminants in surface waters in the U.S. in 1999-2000
Are we looking at the right compounds ?
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 16
K8
Risk evaluation
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 17
K8
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 18
K8Coffee and chocolate
N
N N
N
O
O
caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine)
HN
N N
N
O
O
theobromine (TB) 3,7-dimethylxanthine
in coffee and thea in chocolate
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 19
K8
Caffeine degradates
N
N N
N
O
O
N
N N
N
O
O
N
N NH2
N
O
O
HN
N N
N
O
O
N
N H
N
N
O
O
N
N N
H N
O
O
N N H
O
O
HN
N
N H
O
O
N
N N H
N
O
O
HN
N N
H N
O
O
N
N H
N
H N
O
O
HN
N H
N
N
O
O
N
N N
N
O
O
N
N N
N
O
O
N
N N H
H N
O
O
HN
N N
H N
O
O
OO
caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) 3,7-dimethylaminouracil
(3,7-DAU)1,7-dimethylaminouracil (1,7-DAU)
5-acetyl-6-amino-3-methyluracil (AAMU)
1-monomethyluric acid (1-MU)
O
7-monomethyluric acid (7-MU)
1,3,7-trimethyl uric acid (1,3,7-TMU)
N H
6-amino-5-(N-formylmethylamino)-1,3-dimethyluracil (1,3,7-TAU)
paraxine (PX) (1,7-dimethylxanthine)
theobromine (TB) 3,7-dimethylxanthine
O
theophylline (TP) 1,3-dimethylxanthine
1,7-dimethyluric acid (11,7-DMU)
O
O
1-monomethylxanthine (1-MX)
3-monomethylxanthine (3-MX)
7-monomethylxanthine (7-MX)
HN
N N
NH2
O
O
1,3-dimethyluric acid (1,3-DMU)
5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil (AFMU)
O
OO
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 20
K8
incorporation
OH
Cl
Cl
O
OH
O
OH
+
2,4-dichlorophenol syringic acid
OH
Cl
Cl
O
OH
O
OH
Cl
Cl
O
OH
O
OO
OH
OH
Cl
Cl
O
OH
O
O
O
O
HO
O
OH
Cl
Cl
O
OH
O
OO
OH
OH
O
O
Scheme of oxidative coupling products resulting from the combined incubation of syringic acid, a humic acid monomer, and 2,4-dichlorophenol with a laccase from Rhizoctonia praticola [2]
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 21
K8
A humus molecule
O
(CH3)0-3O
OH OH
O OHHO O
OH
O
O HOO OH
OH
O
O
OH
N H
(CH3)0-3
OH
HO O
HO
O OH
OH
HO O
N(CH3)0-2
OHO
O OH
OH
O OH
HO
O
N
O OH
OH
O
O
HO(CH3)0-3
N H
(CH3)0-3
CN
OH
OH
OH
O
OH
OH
O
OH
O
O
O
OH
O
OH
O
OH
OH
O OH
O
CH2OHOH
O
O
O
(CH3)0-3
HO
OHO OH
O
O
HO
OH
O
OH
HO
OH
O
O
OH
O
O
OH
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 22
K8
INVENTORIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
ELINCSEuropean List of New Chemical Substances (± 4000)
EINECSEuropean Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances (± 105.000)
ECICSEuropean Customs Inventory of Chemical Substances (± 24.000)
CASRNChemical Abstracts Services Registry Numbers (±20.000.000)
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 23
K8Ranking Uncertainties
First consider the Action options:
Any uncertainty can only be:
Removed
Reduced
Accepted
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 24
K8Characterizing Uncertainties
Main properties:
Nature
Hardness
Size
Essence
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 25
K8Nature of Uncertainties
Example:Legal
ProceduralTechnical
EconomicalSplit further (e.g.. Technical)
Distribution of ContaminantsHeterogeneity of SoilRemedial Techniques
Teken cirkel
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 26
K8Hardness of Uncertainties
Determined by amount of effort to solve it
May require:• Lots of time• Lots of resources• Lots of money
• Types: Hard - Half Hard - Soft
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 27
K8Size of Uncertainties
Is order of magnitude of uncertainty
Often depends on given ranges:
1000 – 10.000 is large uncertainty
1000 – 1100 is small uncertainty
When small often accepted as “calculated risk”
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 28
K8Essence of Uncertainties
Level of essence of uncertainty:
Essential: of vital importance
Less essential: of minor importance
Not essential: only nice to know
Given graphically as position of uncertainty relative to center
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 29
K8Presentation
Economie
Technical
Procedure
Legal
= = HARD
= SOFT
= HALF HARD
= HARD AND SMALL
= HARD AND LARGE
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 30
K8Example
PROCEDUREEL
JURIDISCH
TECHNISCH/ ECONOMISCH1
23
5
4
Figuur 2 : Enkele voorbeelden van onzekerheden
Legal
Technical
Procedural
Uncertainty Disk applied to Remedial Decisions
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 31
K8Nr Description of uncertainty Characterization of uncertainty Decision
1 Will the regulatory authority approve the remediation plan?
This uncertainty is essential, technical / economic in nature, small and soft. It is easy solved by a meeting with the relevant people.
We will opt for solving the uncertainty
2 How well do we know the distribution of contamination on this old industrial site?
The uncertainty is essential technical / economic in nature and fairly hard to solve. The further investigation costs determine partly the willingness to carry it out.
If further investigation is likely to gain a lot of relevant data do it, if expecting more of the same don’t.
3 After the remedial plan was written a new type of contaminant has been encountered: it is unclear if a new plan is required, as the contaminant is not listed on the national priority list.
The uncertainty is procedural in nature, and half-hard to solve, as the parties involved in decision-making are not clear. Expect to spend quite some time to solve this.
If time available start discussion. If no time proceed with original plan and just send letter mentioning the extra contaminant will be removed as well.
4 The analysis of many of the duplo samples gives totally different results. Who is going to pay for extra sampling and analysis?
The uncertainty is not essential, large but soft.
Re-sampling and analysis will need to be done. Claim cost from lab if new duplo’s are similar.
5 Different sampling methods for anaerobic samples were used giving different results.
The uncertainty is not essential, small but hard to solve.
A discussion with several technical parties may solve this.
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 32
K8How to use in practice ?
• Estimate the size of uncertainties
Ask the experts
• The ' worst case' scenario approach • Decision making in the presence of doubt
= a learning process
Q&A spel
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 33
K8
Conclusion
• NZ is well placed due to existing o/s experience
• Uncertainties will be part of every decision process
• Aim of remediation and verification methods need to be very clear before projects start
• Poorly understood are:– Effects on Nature (incl. ourselves)– Assistance from Nature– Hidden Risks – Perception of Risk
©2003 K8 Ltd slide 34
K8 Future
Key elements of Contaminated Site Management will be:
• Integration in town and country planning
• Demonstrable action to the public
• Cost-effectiveness of solutions
• Sustainable land management
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