View
3
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
çß™ææÙ
MALHOTRA BOOK DEPOT(Producers of Quality Books)
Based on the latest syllabus and textbook(s) issued by CBSE/NCERT
Price of Term I & II: ` 330.00
TERM II
By S. Krishnan Puri Neera Sharma
Edited ByGurdarshan Singh
SeemaVinod Shakya
OUR ADDRESSES IN INDIA New Delhi: MBD House, Gulab Bhawan, 6, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg Ph. 30912330, 30912301, 23318301
Mumbai: A-683, T.T.C. Industrial Area, M.I.D.C. Off. Thane-Belapur Road, Navi Mumbai Ph. 32996410, 27780821, 8691053365
Chennai: No. 26 B/2 SIDCO Estate, North Phase, Pataravakkam Ambattur Industrial Estate, Ambattur Ph. 26359376, 26242350
Chennai: Plot No. 3018, Old Y Block, 3rd Street, 12th Main Road, Anna Nagar West Ph. 23741471
Kolkata: Jalandhar City: MBD House, Railway Road Ph. 2458388, 2457160, 2455663
Bengaluru: 124/31, 1st Main, Industrial Town (Near Chowdeshwari Kalyan Mantap), West of Chord Road, Rajajinagar
Ph. 23103329, 23104667
Hyderabad: 3-4-492, Varun Towers, Barkatpura Ph. 27564788, 9985820001
Ernakulam: Surabhi Building, South Janatha Road, Palarivattom Ph. 2338107, 2347371
Pune: Survey No. 44, Behind Matoshree Garden, Kondhwa - Khadi Machine, Pisoli Road, At. Post-Pisoli Ph. 65271413, 65275071
Nagpur: Near N.I.T. Swimming Pool, North Ambazari Road, Ambazari Layout Ph. 2248104, 2248106, 2248649, 2245648
Ahmedabad: Godown No.10, Vedant Prabha Estate, Opp. ONGC Pumping Station, Sarkhej Sanand Road, Sarkhej
Ph. 26890336, 32986505
Cuttack: Badambadi, Link Road Ph. 2367277, 2367279, 2313013
Guwahati: Chancellor Commercial, Hem Baruah Road, Paan Bazar Ph. 2131476, 8822857385
Lucknow: 173/15, Dr. B. N. Verma Road, Old 30 Kutchery Road Ph. 4010992, 4010993
Patna: Ist Floor, Annapurna Complex, Naya Tola Ph. 2672732, 2686994, 2662472
Bhopal: Plot No. 137, 138, 139, Sector-I, Special Industrial Area, Govindpura Ph. 2581540, 2601535
Jabalpur: 840, Palash Chamber, Malviya Chowk Ph. 2405854
Goa: H. No. 932, Plot No. 66, Kranti Nagar (Behind Azad Bhawan), Alto Porvorim, Bardez Ph. 2413982, 2414394
Jaipur: C-66A, In front of Malpani Hospital, Road No.1, V.K. Industrial Area, Sikar Road Ph. 4050309, 4020168
Raipur: Behind Kailash Provision Store, Ravi Nagar Ph. 4052529, 2445370
Karnal: Plot No. 203, Sector-3, HSIDC, Near Namaste Chowk, Opp. New World Ph. 2220006, 2220009
Shimla (H.P.): C-89, Sector-I, New Shimla-9 Ph. 2670221,2670618
Jammu (J&K): Ranchi (Jharkhand): Shivani Complex, 2nd Floor, Jyoti Sangam Lane, Upper Bazar Ph. 9431257111
Sahibabad (U.P.): B-9 & 10, Site IV, Industrial Area Ph. 3100045, 2896939
Dehradun (Uttarakhand): Plot No. 37, Bhagirathipuram, Niranjanpur, GMS Road Ph. 2520360, 2107214
DELHI LOCAL OFFICES:Delhi (Shakarpur): MB 161, Street No. 4 Ph. 22546557, 22518122
Delhi (Daryaganj): MBD House, 4587/15, Opp. Times of India Ph. 23245676
Delhi (Patparganj): Plot No. 225, Industrial Area Ph. 22149691, 22147073
Contributors
Project Manager: Debasish Subudhi Composition & Layout: Dhirender Singh Negi and Team
MBD BOOKS FOR IX (C.B.S.E.) MBD Super Refresher English Communicative MBD Super Refresher Social Science MBD Super Refresher English Language & Literature MBD Super Refresher Science MBD Super Refresher Hindi Course ‘A’ MBD Sanskrit MBD Super Refresher Hindi Course ‘B’ MBD Punjabi MBD Super Refresher Mathematics
General, Map Publication, Survey of India, Dehradun vide their letters no. TB 174/62–A–3/A-3, Dated 6/02/2015. Outline of the other maps included in the book are based upon Survey of India maps printed in 2015. © Government of India copyright 2015
We are committed to serve students with best of our knowledge and resources. We have taken utmost care and attention while editing and printing this book but we would beg to state that Authors and Publishers should not be held responsible for unintentional mistakes that might have crept in. However, errors brought to our notice, shall be gratefully acknowledged and attended to.
© All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Any breach will entail legal action and prosecution without further notice.
Published by: MALHOTRA BOOK DEPOT MBD House, Railway Road, Jalandhar City.
Printed at: MBD PRINTOGRAPHICS (P) LTD. Industrial Area, Ram Nagar, Gagret, Tehsil Amb, Distt. Una (H.P.)
SYLLABUSSOCIAL SCIENCE–IX
TERM IITime: 3 Hrs. Marks: 90
No. Units Term 2
1. India and the Contemporary World-I 23
2. Contemporary India-1 23
3. Democratic Politics-I 22
4. Economics 12 + 10 (OTBA)
5. Disaster Management (Through Project & Assignments) –
Total 90
The Formative Assessment will comprise of projects, assignments, activities and class tests/periodic tests for which Board has already issued guidelines to the Schools. The Summative Assessment will comprise of Theory Paper as per the prescribed design of the Question Paper.
Note: The text of OTBA for SA-II will be from unit-2; Chapter 4; Climate for Session 2016-2017.
UNIT 1: INDIA AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD–I
Themes Objectives
Sub-unit 1.2 : Livelihoods, Economies and Societies:The themes in this section will focus on how different social groups grapple with the changes in the contemporary world and how these changes affect their lives.
Any one theme of the following : IV. Forest Society and Colonialism : (a) Relationship between forests and livelihoods. (b) Changes in
forest societies under colonialism.
Case studies: Focus on two forest movements one in colonial India (Bastar) and one in Indonesia.
(Chapter 4)
V. Pastoralists in the Modern World : (a) Pastoralism as a way of life. (b) Different forms of pastoralism. (c) What happens to pastoralism under colonialism and
modern states? Case studies: Focus on two pastoral groups, one from Africa
and one from India. (Chapter 5)
VI. Peasants and Farmers : (a) Histories of the emergence of different forms of farming and
peasant societies. (b) Changes within rural economies in the modern world. Case studies: Focus on contrasting forms of rural change
and different forms of rural societies (expansion of large-scale wheat and cotton farming in USA, rural economy and the Agricultural Revolution in England, and small peasant production in colonial India). (Chapter 6)
Discuss the social and cultural world of forest communities
Understand how oral traditions can be used to explore tribal revolts.
Point to the varying patterns of developments within pastoral societies in different places.
Look at the impact of colonialism on forest societies, and the
Show the different processes through which agrarian transformation may occur in the modern world.
Consider what happens to pastoralists and pastoralism in the modern world, with the formation of modern states, marking of boundaries, processes of sedentarization, contraction of pastures, and expansion of markets.
Understand how agricultural systems in India are different from that in other countries.
Familiarize students with the idea that large scale farming, small scale production, shifting agriculture operate on different principles and have different histories.
Map Work Based on theme 4/5/6. (Internal choice will be provided) 3 MarksSub-unit 1.3 : Everyday Life, Culture and Politices:The themes in this unit will consider how issues of culture are linked up to the making of contemporary world.
Any one of the following:
VII. History and Sports: The Story of Cricket: (a) The emergence of cricket as an English sport. (b) Cricket and
colonialism. (c) Cricket nationalism and de-colonialization.
(Chapter 7) VIII. Clothing: A Social History: (a) A short history of changes in clothing. (b) Debates over
clothing in colonial India. (c) Swadeshi and the movement for Khadi. (Chapter 8)
Suggest how sports also have a history and that it is linked up with the politics of power and domination.
Introduce students to some of the stories in cricket that have
Show how clothing has a history, and how it is linked to questions of cultural identity.
Discuss how clothing has been the focus of intense social battles.
UNIT 2: CONTEMPORARY INDIA–1
Themes Objectives
4. Climate:
climate and human life. (Chapter 4)
5. Natural Vegetation and Wild Life: Vegetation types, distribution as well as altitudinal variation, need for conservation and various measures. Major species, their distribution, need for conservation and various measures. (Chapter 5)
6. Population: Size, distribution, age-sex composition, population change-migration as a determinant of population change, literacy, health, occupational structure and national population policy : adolescents as under-served population group with special needs. (Chapter 6)
Map Work (3 marks)
To explain the importance and unifying role of monsoons.
distribution. To develop concern about the need to protect the bio-diversity
of our country. To analyse the uneven nature of population distribution and show
concern about the large size of our population. To understand the various occupations of people and explain
various factors of population change. To explain various dimension of national policy and understand
the needs of adolescents as under served group.
Project/Activity:Learners may identify songs, dances, festivals and special food preparations associated with certain seasons in their particular region, and whether they have some commonality with other regions of India.
species of the region and also information regarding efforts being made to save them.
Posters: River pollutionDepletion of forests and ecological imbalance.
UNIT 3: DEMOCRATIC POLITICS–I
Themes Objectives
4. Electoral Politics:
Why and how do we elect representatives? Why do we have a system of competition among political parties? How has the
citizens’ participation in electoral politics changed? What are the ways to ensure free and fair elections? (Chapter 4)
Familiarise with our electoral system and reasons for choosing this.
Develop an appreciation of citizen’s increased participation in electoral politics.
UNUNUNITITIT 222:: COCOCONTNTNTEMEMEMPOPOPORARARARYRYRY IIINDNDNDIAIAIA 11–1
UNUNUNITITIT 333: DEDEDEMOMOMOCRCRCRATATATICICIC PPPOLOLOLITITITICICICSSS–III
5. Working of Institutions:
How is the country governed? What does Parliament do in our democracy? What is the role of the President of India, the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers? How do these relate to one another? (Chapter 5)
Provide an overview of central governmental structures. Sensitise to the key role of the Parliament and its procedures. Distinguish between nominal and real executive authorities and
functions.
6. Democratic Rights:
Why do we need rights in a Constitution? What are the Fundamental Rights enjoyed by the citizen under the Indian Constitution? How does the judiciary protect the Fundamental Rights of the citizen? How is the independence of the judiciary ensured? (Chapter 6)
Understand the parliamentary system of executive’s accountability to the legislature.
Develop citizens awareness of their rights. Introduction to and appreciation of the Fundamental Rights. Recognition of the ways in which these rights are exercised and
denied in real life situations. Introduction to judicial system and key institutions like the Supreme
Court, High Courts and National Human Rights Commission.
UNIT 4: ECONOMICS
Themes Objectives 3. Poverty as a Challenge: Who is poor (through two case studies:
concept but through a few simple examples) – why people are
(Chapter 3) 4. Food Security in India: Source of Foodgrains, variety across the
of government in food security, procurement of foodgrains,
distribution system, role of cooperatives in food security (foodgrains, milk and vegetables, ration shops, cooperative shops, two-three examples as case studies). (Chapter 4)
Understanding of poverty as a challenge and sensitization of the learner.
Appreciation of the government initiative to alleviate poverty. Exposing the child to an economic issue which is basic necessities
of life. Appreciate and critically look at the role of government in ensuring
food supply.
Suggested Activities/Instructions:Theme I: Give more examples of activities done by different workers and farmers.Numerical problems can also be included.Some of the ways through which description of villages are available in the writings of Prem Chand, MN Srinivas and RK Narayan. They may have to be referred.Theme II: Discuss the impact of unemployment.Debate on whether all the activities done by women should be included or not.Is begging an economic activity? Discuss.Is it necessary to reduce population growth or family size? Discuss.Theme IV: Visit a few farms in a village and collect the details of foodgrains cultivated.Visit a nearby ration shop and collect the details of goods available.Visit a regulated market yard and observe how goods are transacted and get the details of the places where the goods come and go.
UNIT 5: DISASTER MANAGEMENT
1. Man-made disasters: Nuclear, Biological and Chemical. (Chapter 3) 2. Community Based Disaster Management. (Chapter 4)
Note: Projects, activities and other exercises in Unit 5 should encourage students to place ‘disasters’ and “disaster management” in: (i) The wider context of Social Science knowledge as covered through History, Geography, Political Science and Economics textbooks of
class IX/X. (ii) Other problems faced by our country and the world from time to time.
UNUNUNUNITITITIT 4444:: ECECECECONONONONOMOMOMOMICICICICSSSS
Question Paper DesignSocial Science (Code No. 087)
Class IX
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 90
S. No. Typology of Questions
Very Short
Answer (VSA)
(1 Mark)
ShortAnswer-II
(SA)(3 Marks)
Long Answer
(LA)(5 Marks)
TotalMarks
%Weightage
1
Remembering (Knowledge based Simple
concepts, principles, or theories, Identify, .
2 2 2 18 20%
2
Understanding (Comprehension—to be familiar with meaning and to understand conceptually, interpret, compare, contrast, explain, paraphrase or interpret information).
2 1 2 15 17%
3
Application (Use abstract information in concrete situation, to apply knowledge
interpret a situation, provide an example, or solve a problem).
2 4 2 24 26%
4
Higher Order Thinking Skills (Analysis & Synthesis—Classify, compare, contrast, or differentiate between different pieces
unique pieces of information from a variety of sources).
2 2 2 18 20%
5
Creating, Evaluation and Multi-Creating, Evaluation and Multi-Disciplinary (Generating new ideas, product or ways of viewing things Appraise, judge, and/or justify the value or worth of a decision or outcome, or to predict outcomes based on values).
– 3* – 9 10%
6 Map 2 – 6 7%
Total 8×1=8 14×3=42 8×5=40 90 100%
Note: The question paper will include a section on Open Text based assessment (questions of 10 marks). The case studies will be supplied to students in advance. These case studies are designed to test the analytical and higher order thinking skills of students.
* One question of 3 marks will be included to assess the values inherent in the texts.
II.
1 ß‹Ø â×æÁ ¥æñÚU ©UÂçÙßðàæßæÎ H-2 – H-13
2 H-14 – H-27
3 H-28 – H-43
III.
4 H-44 – H-55
5 H-56 – H-66
1 G-2 – G-27
2 G-28 – G-45
3 G-46 – G-60
1 C-2 – C-18
2 C-19 – C-42
3 C-43 – C-60
1 E-2 – E-17
2 E-18 – E-34
M-1 – M-12
ßÁÄUÊ‚(÷Ê⁄Uà •ÊÒ⁄U ‚◊∑§Ê‹ËŸ Áfl‡fl-v)
π¢«U ∑§
π¢«U II. ¡ËÁfl∑§Ê, •Õ¸√ÿflSÕÊ ∞fl¢ ‚◊Ê¡
flãÿ ‚◊Ê¡ •ÊÒ⁄U ©U¬ÁŸfl‡ÊflÊŒ
•ÊœÈÁŸ∑§ Áfl‡fl ◊¥ ø⁄UflÊ„U
Á∑§‚ÊŸ •ÊÒ⁄U ∑§Ê‡Ã∑§Ê⁄U
π¢«U III. ⁄UÊ ÊÊŸÊ ∑§Ë Á¡¢∏ŒªË, ‚¢S∑ΧÁÃ, •ÊÒ⁄U ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ
ßÁÄUÊ‚ •ÊÒ⁄U π‹ — Á∑˝§∑§≈U ∑§Ë ∑§„UÊŸË
¬„UŸÊfl ∑§Ê ‚Ê◊ÊÁ¡∑§ ßÁÄUÊ‚
12/31/2015, 2:45 PM
•äÿÊÿ ∑§ ◊ÈÅÿ •¢‡ÊflŸÙ¥ ‚ „U◊¥ ß◊Ê⁄UÃË ‹∑§«∏UË, ßZœŸ, »§‹, ªÙ¥Œ, ‡Ê„UŒ, ∑§Êª Ê, ’Ë«∏UË ’ŸÊŸ ∑§ ¬ûÊ ÃÕÊ •ãÿ ∑§ß¸ ©Uà¬ÊŒ ¬˝Êåà „UÙà „Ò¥U–
ß◊Ê⁄UÃË ‹∑§«∏UË ◊ Ê’Íà ÃÕÊ ∑§ΔUÙ⁄U „UÙÃË „ÒU– ÿ„U ◊ÈÅÿ L§¬ ‚ ‚Ê‹ ÃÕÊ ≈UË∑§ ∑§ flΡÊÙ¥ ‚ Á◊‹ÃË „ÒU–
’SÃ⁄U ¿UûÊË‚ª…∏U ∑§ ‚’‚ ŒÁˇÊáÊË Á∑§ŸÊ⁄U ¬⁄U ÁSÕà „ÒU– ß‚∑§Ê ∑¥§º˝Ëÿ ÷ʪ ¬ΔUÊ⁄UË „ÒU–
’SÃ⁄U ◊¥ ◊Á⁄UÿÊ •ÊÒ⁄U ◊ÈÁ⁄UÿÊ ªÊ«∏U, œÈ⁄UflÊ, ÷Ã⁄UÊ, „U‹flÊ •ÊÁŒ ‚◊ÈŒÊÿÊ¥ ∑§ ‹Êª ⁄U„Uà „Ò¥U– ÷ÊcÊÊ∞¢ •‹ª-•‹ª ’Ê‹Ÿ flÊ‹ ߟ ‹ÊªÊ¢ ∑§ ⁄UËÁÃ-
Á⁄UflÊ¡ ÃÕÊ Áfl‡flÊ‚ ∞∑§ ¡Ò‚ „Ò¥U–flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ê ◊„Uûfl ôÊÊà „UÙŸ ∑§ ’ÊŒ •ı¬ÁŸflÁ‡Ê∑§ ‡ÊÊ‚∑§Ù¥ Ÿ flŸ Áfl÷ʪ ∑§Ë SÕʬŸÊ ∑§Ë •ı⁄U flŸ •ÁœÁŸÿ◊ ¬ÊÁ⁄Uà ∑§⁄U∑§ flŸÙ¥ ¬⁄U ÁŸÿ¢òÊáÊ
∑§⁄U Á‹ÿÊ–flŸÙ¥ ¬⁄U ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U ∑§ ÁŸÿ¢òÊáÊ ‚ flŸÙ¥ ¬⁄U ÁŸ÷¸⁄U ⁄U„UŸ flÊ‹ •ÊÁŒflÊ‚Ë ∑§’Ë‹Ù¥ ∑§Ë ⁄UÙ ÊË-⁄UÙ≈UË Á¿UŸ ªß¸ •ı⁄U ©UŸ◊¥ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U ∑§ ÁflL§Œ˜œ Áflº˝Ù„U
∑§ ÷Êfl ¡Êª ©UΔU–flŸ ÁŸÿ¢òÊáÊ ‚ ¬˝÷ÊÁflà ’SÃ⁄U ∑§ •ÊÁŒflÊ‚Ë ∑§’Ë‹Ù¥ Ÿ •¢ª˝ ÊË ‡ÊÊ‚Ÿ ∑§ ÁflL§Œ˜œ Áflº˝Ù„U Á∑§∞– ߟ Áflº˝Ù„UÙ¥ ∑§Ê •Ê⁄¢U÷ œ˝Èfl ∑§’Ë‹ Œ˜flÊ⁄UÊ
„ÈU•Ê–¡ÊflÊ ß¢«UÙŸÁ‡ÊÿÊ ∑§Ê ∞∑§ ¬Œ‡Ê „ÒU– «Uø ‡ÊÊ‚∑§Ù¥ Ÿ ÿ„UÊ° ∑§ flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ê πÍ’ ‡ÊÙ·áÊ Á∑§ÿÊ •ı⁄U fl„UÊ° ∑§ SÕÊŸËÿ ‹ÙªÙ¥ ∑§Ù ◊ ÊŒÍ⁄U ’ŸÊ∑§⁄U ⁄Uπ ÁŒÿÊ–
»§‹SflM§¬ ©Uã„UÙ¥Ÿ Áflº˝Ù„U ∑§⁄U ÁŒÿÊ Á¡‚ Œ’ÊŸ ◊¥ ÃËŸ ◊„UËŸ ‹ª ª∞–
¡ÊflÊ ∑§ ∑§‹Ê¢«UÊ ‚◊ÈŒÊÿ ∑§ ‹Êª ∑ȧ‡Ê‹ ‹∑§«∏U„UÊ⁄U ÃÕÊ ÉÊÈ◊¢ÃÍ Á∑§‚ÊŸ Õ–
¬„U‹ •ÊÒ⁄U ŒÍ‚⁄ Áfl‡fl‡ÿÈh ∑§ ¡¢ª‹Ê¥ ¬⁄U •ë¿U ¬˝÷Êfl Ÿ„UË¥ ¬«∏U– ÷Ê⁄Uà ∑§Ë ©U¬ÁŸflÁ‡Ê∑§ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U Ÿ ÿÈhÊ¥ ∑§ ŒÊÒ⁄UÊŸ •¬ŸË ‚÷Ë ¬Á⁄UÿÊ¡ŸÊ•Ê¥
∑§Ê •œÍ⁄UÊ ¿UÊ«∏, flŸ Áfl÷ʪ Ÿ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë ÊM§⁄UÃÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¬Í⁄UÊ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ’ÄUʇÊÊ ¬«∏U ∑§Ê≈U–
¡ÊflÊ ¬⁄U ¡Ê¬ÊÁŸÿÊ¥ ∑§ •Áœ∑§Ê⁄U ∑§⁄UŸ ‚ ¬Ífl¸ fl„UÊ° «Uø ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U Ÿ ÷S◊-∑§⁄UÊ-÷ÊªÊ ŸËÁà ∑§Ê •ŸÈ‚⁄UáÊ ∑§⁄Uà „ÈU∞ •Ê⁄UÊ ◊‡ÊËŸ¥ •ÊÒ⁄U ‚ʪÊÒŸ
∑§ Áfl‡ÊÊ‹ ‹≈U˜ΔUÊ¥ ∑§Ê •ÁÇŸ ∑§Ë ÷¥≈U ∑§⁄U ÁŒÿÊ ÃÊÁ∑§ fl„U ‚¢¬ŒÊ ¡Ê¬ÊÁŸÿÊ¥ ∑§ „UÊÕ ŸÊ •Ê ¡Ê∞–
∞Á‡ÊÿÊ߸ •ÊÒ⁄U •»˝§Ë∑§Ê ∑§Ë ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄Ê¥ ∑§Ê v~}Æ ∑§ Œ‡Ê∑§ ◊¥ ÿ„U ‚◊¤Ê •Ê ªÿÊ Á∑§ flÒôÊÊÁŸ∑§ flÊÁŸ∑§Ë ÃÕÊ flŸ ‚◊ÈŒÊÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¡¢ª‹Ê¥ ‚ ’Ê„U⁄U
⁄UπŸ ∑§Ë ŸËÁÃÿÊ¥ „UÃÈ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U •ÊÒ⁄U flŸ ‚◊ÈŒÊÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ≈U∑§⁄UÊfl ¬ÒŒÊ „UÊà „Ò¥U– •’ ¡¢ª‹Ê¥ ‚ ß◊Ê⁄UÃË ‹∑§«∏UË „UÊÁ‚‹ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§Ë ¡ª„U ¡¢ª‹Ê¥ ∑§Ê
‚¢⁄UˇÊáÊ ∞∑§ ◊„Uûfl¬Íáʸ ¬„U‹Í ’Ÿ ªÿÊ–÷Ê⁄Uà ∑§ ∑ȧ¿U ˇÊòÊ ¡„UÊ° ÉÊŸ ¡¢ª‹ ¬Ê∞ ¡Êà „ÒU fl„UÊ° ∑§ ª˝Ê◊ËáÊÊ¥ Ÿ ¡¢ª‹Ê¥ ∑§Ê ¬ÁflòÊ ‚◊¤Ê ∑§⁄U ߟ∑§Ë ⁄UˇÊÊ ∑§Ë ÃÕÊ ∑ȧ¿U ªÊ°flÊ¥ ◊¥ ÃÊ flŸÊ¥
¬⁄U •Ê⁄UÁˇÊà ⁄U„Ÿ flÊ‹ ‹ÊªÊ¥ Ÿ ߟ∑§Ë øÊÒ∑§‚Ë ∑§Ê ∑§Ê◊ πÈŒ Á∑§ÿÊ–
flãÿ ‚◊Ê¡ •ÊÒ⁄U ©U¬ÁŸfl‡ÊflÊŒ
π¢«U . ¡ËÁfl∑§Ê, •Õ√ÿflSÕÊ ∞fl¢ ‚◊Ê¡
(¬ÊΔ˜Uÿ-¬ÈSÃ∑§ ∑§Ê •äÿÊÿ y)
H-2
flŸÊ¥ ∑§Ê ÁflŸÊ‡Ê ÄÿÊ¥√ÿÊ√Ê‚ÊÁÿ∑ flÊÁŸ∑§Ë ∑§Ë ‡ÊÈL§•ÊÃflŸ-ÁflºÊ„¡ÊflÊ ∑§ ¡¢ª‹Ê¢ ◊¥ „ÈU∞ ’Œ‹ÊflflÊÁŸ∑§Ë ◊¥ Ÿ∞ ’Œ‹Êfl
d
2
Super Refresher
⁄UøŸÊà◊∑§ ◊ÍÀÿÊ¢∑§ŸI. ’„ÈU-Áfl∑§À¬Ëÿ ¬˝‡ŸÁŒ∞ ª∞ Áfl∑§À¬Ê¥ ◊¥ ‚ ‚„UË Áfl∑§À¬ ∑§Ê øÈŸÊfl ∑§⁄¥U—
¬˝‡Ÿ v. Ã¥ŒÍ ∑§ ¬àÃÙ¥ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÿÙª Á∑§‚ ∑§Ê◊ ◊¥ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU?
(∑§) ’Ë«∏UË ’ŸÊŸ ◊¥ (π) ø◊«∏UÊ ⁄¢UªŸ ◊¥(ª) øÊÚ∑§‹≈U ’ŸÊŸ ◊¥ (ÉÊ) ©U¬⁄UÙÄà ‚÷Ë
©UàÃ⁄ (∑§) ’Ë«∏UË ’ŸÊŸ ◊¥U¬˝‡Ÿ w. øÊÚ∑§‹≈U ◊¥ ¬˝ÿÙª „UÙŸ flÊ‹Ê Ã‹ ¬˝Êåà „UÙÃÊ „ÒUó(∑§) ≈UË∑§ ∑§ ’Ë¡Ù¥ ‚ (π) ‡ÊˇÊ◊ ∑§ ’Ë¡Ù¥ ‚ (ª) ‚Ê‹ ∑§ ’Ë¡Ù¥ ‚
©UàÃ⁄ (ª) ‚Ê‹ ∑§ ’Ë¡Ê¥ ‚U¬˝‡Ÿ x. •Ê¡ ÷Ê⁄Uà ∑§Ë ∑ȧ‹ ÷ÍÁ◊ ∑§Ê ‹ª÷ª Á∑ ÃŸÊ ÷ʪ(∑§) øıÕÊ©UàÃ⁄ (π) •
ŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ ŒËÁ¡∞–ÕÊŸËÿ ßÁ«UÿŸÊ¥ ¬⁄U ÁŸ÷¸⁄U ÕË ¡Ê „ÈUßÃÊÃÊ‚ ∑§„U‹Êà Ֆ
‹ª÷ª vzÆ ◊ ÊŒÍ⁄U SòÊË, ¬ÈL§cÊÊ¥ •ÊÒ⁄U ’ìÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ◊ÊÒà ∑§ ÉÊÊ≈U ©UÃÊ⁄U ÁŒÿÊ •ÊÒ⁄U Á Ê¢ŒÊ ’ëøÊ¥ •ÊÒ⁄U ◊ ÊŒÍ⁄UÊ¥ ∑§Ê ◊ ÎÃ∑§Ê¥
∑§Ë ‹Ê‡ÊÊ¥ ∑§ ‚ÊÕ Á Ê¢ŒÊ ¡‹Ê ÁŒÿÊ–III. ÁøòÊ-Áfl‡‹cÊáÊŸËø ÁŒÿÊ ªÿÊ ÁøòÊ •ÊÒ¬ÁŸflÁ‡Ê∑§ ‡ÊÊ‚∑§Ê¥ ∑§Ë flãÿ ¡ËflŸ ∑§ ¬˝Áà Á∑§‚ ‚Êø ∑§Ê Œ‡ÊʸÃÊ „Ò?
©UàÃ⁄ ÿ„U ÁøòÊ Œ‡ÊʸÃÊ „ÒU Á∑§ •ÊÒ¬ÁŸflÁ‡Ê∑§ ‡ÊÊ‚∑§ ¡¢ª‹Ë ¡ÊŸfl⁄UÊ¥ ∑§Ê Á‡Ê∑§Ê⁄U ∑§⁄UŸ ◊¥ •¬ŸË ‡ÊÊŸ ‚◊¤Êà Ֆ fl ÿ„U ÁŒπÊŸÊ øÊ„UÃ
Õ Á∑§ Á„¢U‚∑§ ¡¢ª‹Ë ¡ÊŸfl⁄U ’’¸⁄U •ÊÁŒ ‚◊Ê¡ ∑§ ¬˝ÃË∑§ „ÒU– ©UŸ∑§Ê ◊ÊŸŸÊ ÕÊ Á∑§ Á„UãŒÈSÃÊŸ ∑§Ê ‚èÿ ’ŸÊŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ߟ πÃ⁄UŸÊ∑§
¡ÊŸfl⁄UÊ¥ ∑§Ê •¢Ã ∑§⁄UŸÊ •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ „Ò–Sfl-◊ÍÀÿÊ¢∑§Ÿ ¬⁄UˡÊáÊÁŸœÊ¸Á⁄Uà ‚◊ÿ— yÆ Á◊Ÿ≈U
•Áœ∑§Ã◊ •¢∑§ — wz
ÁŸêŸÁ‹Áπà ¬˝‡ŸÊ¥ ∑§ ©UûÊ⁄U ŒËÁ¡∞—•Áà ‹ÉÊÈ-©UàÃ⁄UËÿ ¬˝‡Ÿv. •ÊÒ¬ÁŸflÁ‡Ê∑§ (•¢ª˝ ÊË) ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U Œ˜flÊ⁄UÊ ÷Ê⁄Uà ◊¥ flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ù ∑§Ê≈U ∑§⁄U ∑ΧÁ· ∑§Ê ÁflSÃÊ⁄U Á∑§‚ ©UŒ˜ÔŒ‡ÿ ‚ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ? ∑§Ê߸ ŒÊ Á’¢ŒÈ Á‹Áπ∞– v
w. v}zÆ ∑§ Œ‡Ê∑§ ◊¥ ◊ÈÅÿ M§¬ ‚ Á∑§‚ ’Êà Ÿ ‹∑§«∏UË ∑§ Á‹∞ Ÿß¸ ◊Ê°ª ¬ÒŒÊ ∑§Ë?
v
x. Œ‡Ê (÷Ê⁄UÃ) ∑§Ê ¬„U‹Ê flŸ ◊„UÊÁŸŒ‡Ê∑§ Á∑§‚ ÁŸÿÈÄà Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ?
v
y. v}|} ∑§ flŸ •ÁœÁŸÿ◊ ◊¢ ‚’‚ •ë¿U ¡¢ª‹Ù¥ ∑§Ù Á∑§‚ üÊáÊË ◊¥ ⁄UπÊ ªÿÊ?
v
‹ÉÊÈ-©UàÃ⁄UËÿ ¬˝‡Ÿz. ’SÃ⁄U •ÊÒ⁄U ¡ÊflÊ ∑§ •ÊÒ¬ÁŸfl‡Ê∑§ flŸ ¬˝’¢œŸ ◊¥ ÄÿÊ ‚◊ÊŸÃÊ∞° „Ò¥U?
{. v}}Æ ‚ v~wÆ ∑§ ’Ëø ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ©U¬-◊„UÊŒ˜flˬ ∑§ flŸÊë¿UÊÁŒÃ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥
„UÄ≈Uÿ⁄U ‚ ÉÊ≈U∑§⁄U ÿ„U ˇÊòÊ ~.}~ ∑§⁄Ù« „Ä≈ÿó ⁄U‹fl
Ÿ∞ flÎS‹Ë¬⁄U— ⁄U‹ ∑§Ë ¬≈U⁄UË ∑§ •
ß ÊÊ⁄UŒÊ⁄UË— Á∑§‚Ë flSÃÈ ∑§ √ÿʬÊ⁄U ¬⁄U ∞∑§ÊÁœ∑§Ê⁄U „
flŸ ª˝Ê◊— fl ªÊ¢fl ¡„UÊ¢ ª˝Ê◊ËáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ß‚ ‡Êø ¬⁄U ⁄U„UŸ ∑§Ë •ŸÈ◊Áà ŒË ªß Á∑§
•Êª ‚ ’øÊ∞¢ª–
ÉÊÈ◊¢ÃÍ (¤ÊÍ◊) ∑ΧÁcÊ— ¡ª„U ’Œ‹-’Œ‹ ∑§⁄U ∑§Ë ¡ÊŸ flÊ‹Ë ∑ΧÁcÊ–
◊„Uààfl¬Íáʸ ÉÊ≈UŸÊ∑˝§◊
v{ÆÆUó ¡ÊflÊ ∑§Ë •ŸÈ◊ÊÁŸÃ ¡Ÿ‚¢ÅÿÊ ‹ª÷ª xy ‹Êπ, ÷Ê⁄Uà ∑§ ∑ȧ¿U v/{ Á„US‚ ¬⁄U πÃË ∑§Ë ¡ÊÃË ÕË–
v||ÆUó Ä‹Ê¢ªÊ ∑§Ê ∞∑§ «Uø Á∑§‹ ¬⁄U „U◊‹Ê
v||zUó ¡ÊflÊ ∑§Ë ◊ÊÃÊ⁄U◊ Á⁄UÿÊ‚Ã ∑§Ê ’°≈UflÊ⁄UÊ
v}{Æ ∑§Ê Œ‡Ê∑§ ó ÷Ê⁄Uà ◊¥ ⁄U‹ ∑§Ê ¬˝‚Ê⁄U
v}{yUó èÊÊ⁄UÃËÿ flŸ ‚flÊ ∑§Ë SÕʬŸÊ
v}{zUó ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ flŸ •ÁœÁŸÿ◊ ¬ÊÁ⁄Uà „È•Ê
v}|}Uó flŸ •ÁœÁŸÿ◊ ◊¥ ¬„U‹Ê ‚¢‡ÊÊœŸ
v~Æ{ó Œ„U⁄UÊŒÍÍŸ ◊¥ ßê¬ËÁ⁄U¬‹ »§ÊÚ⁄US≈U Á⁄U‚
ø¸ ߢS≈UË≈U˜ÿÍ≈ ∑§Ë SÕʬŸÊ
v~w|ó flŸ •ÁœÁŸÿ◊ ◊¥ ŒÍ‚⁄UÊ ‚¢‡ÊÊœŸU
∞Ÿ0‚Ë0ß0•Ê⁄U0≈UË0 ¬ÊΔ˜UÔÿ¬ÈSÃ∑§ ¬˝‡ŸÊààÊ⁄U
¬˝‡Ÿ v. •ı¬ÁŸflÁ‡Ê∑§ ∑§Ê‹ ◊¥ flãÊ ¬˝’¢œŸ ◊¥ •Ê∞ ¬Á⁄UfløŸÙ¥ Ÿ ߟ ‚◊Í„UÙ¥ ∑§Ù ∑Ò§‚ ¬˝÷ÊÁflà Á∑§ÿÊ?
(∑§) ¤ÊÍ◊ πÃË ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹Ù¥ ∑§Ù
(π) ÉÊÈ◊¢ÃÍ •ı⁄U ø⁄UflÊ„UÊ ‚◊ÈŒÊÿÙ¥ ∑§Ù
(ª) ‹∑§«∏UË •ı⁄U flŸ ©Uà¬ÊŒÙ¥ ∑§Ê √ÿʬÊ⁄U ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹Ë ∑¢§¬ÁŸÿÙ¥ ∑§Ù
(ÉÊ) ’ʪʟ ◊ÊÁ‹∑§Ù¥ ∑§Ù
(æU) Á‡Ê∑§Ê⁄U π‹Ÿ flÊ‹ ⁄UÊ¡Ê•Ù¥ •ı⁄U •¢ª Ê •»§‚⁄UÙ¥ ∑§Ù–
©àÃ⁄ (∑§) ¤ÊÍ◊ πÃË ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹Ù¥ ∑§Ù— •ı¬ÁŸflÁ‡Ê∑§ ‡ÊÊ‚∑§Ù¥ Ÿ ¤ÊÍ◊ πÃË ¬⁄U ⁄UÙ∑§ ‹ªÊ ŒË– ß‚ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ¤ÊÍ◊ ∑§Ë πÃË ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹
¡Ÿ-‚◊ÈŒÊÿÙ¥ ∑§Ù ©UŸ∑§ ÉÊ⁄UÙ¥ ‚ Ê’⁄UŒSÃË ÁflSÕÊÁ¬Ã ∑§⁄U ÁŒÿÊ– ¬Á⁄UáÊÊ◊SflM§¬ ∑ȧ¿U Á∑§‚ÊŸÙ¥ ∑§Ù •¬ŸÊ √ÿfl‚Êÿ ’Œ‹ŸÊ
¬«∏UÊ •ı⁄U ∑ȧ¿U Ÿ ß‚∑§ Áfl⁄UÙœ ◊¥ Áflº˝Ù„U ∑§⁄U ÁŒÿÊ–
(π) ÉÊÈ◊¢ÃÍ •ı⁄U ø⁄UflÊ„UÊ ‚◊ÈŒÊÿÙ¥ ∑§Ù— flŸ ¬˝’¢œŸ ∑§ Ÿÿ ∑§ÊŸÍŸ ’ŸŸ ‚ SÕÊŸËÿ ‹ÙªÙ¥ Œ˜flÊ⁄UÊ flŸÙ¥ ◊¥ ¬‡ÊÈ ø⁄UÊŸ ÃÕÊ Á‡Ê∑§Ê⁄U
∑§⁄UŸ ¬⁄U ¬˝ÁÃ’¢œ ‹ªÊ ÁŒÿÊ ªÿÊ– »§‹SflM§¬ ∑§ß¸ ÉÊÈ◊¢ÃÍ ÃÕÊ ø⁄UflÊ„UÊ ‚◊ÈŒÊÿÙ¥ ∑§Ë ⁄UÙ ÊË Á¿UŸ ªß¸– ∞‚Ê ◊ÈÅÿ× ◊º˝Ê‚
¬˝¡Ë«¥U‚Ë ∑§ ∑§Ù⁄UÊflÊ, ∑§⁄UÊøÊ ÃÕÊ ÿL¢§∑ȧ‹Ê ‚◊ÈŒÊÿÙ¥ ∑§ ‚ÊÕ ÉÊÁ≈Uà „ÈU•Ê– ÁflÔfl‡Ê „UÙ∑§⁄U ©Uã„¥U ∑§Ê⁄UπÊŸÙ¥, πÊŸÙ¥ ÃÕÊ ’ʪʟ٥
◊¥ ∑§Ê◊ ∑§⁄UŸÊ ¬«∏UÊ– ∞‚ ∑ȧ¿U ‚◊ÈŒÊÿÙ¥ ∑§Ù “•¬⁄UÊœË ∑§’Ë‹” ÷Ë ∑§„UÊ ¡ÊŸ ‹ªÊ–
(ª) ‹∑§«∏UË •ı⁄U flŸ ©Uà¬ÊŒÙ¥ ∑§Ê √ÿʬÊ⁄U ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹Ë ∑¢§¬ÁŸÿÙ¥ ∑§Ù— flŸÙ¥ ¬⁄U flŸ-Áfl÷ʪ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ¢òÊáÊ SÕÊÁ¬Ã „UÙ ¡ÊŸ ∑§ ¬‡øÊÃ
flŸ ©Uà¬ÊŒÙ¥ (∑§ΔUÙ⁄U ‹∑§«∏UË, ⁄U’«∏U •ÊÁŒ) ∑§ √ÿʬÊ⁄U ∑§Ù ’‹ Á◊‹Ê– ß‚ ∑§Êÿ ∑§ Á‹∞ ∑§ß √ÿʬÊÁ⁄U∑§ ∑¢§¬ÁŸÿÊ° SÕÊÁ¬Ã „UÙ
ªßZ– ÿ SÕÊŸËÿ ‹ÙªÙ¥ ‚ ◊„Uààfl¬ÍáÊ flŸ ©Uà¬ÊŒ π⁄UËŒ∑§⁄U ©UŸ∑§Ê ÁŸÿÊà ∑§⁄UŸ ‹ªË¥ •ı⁄U ÷Ê⁄UË ◊ÈŸÊ»§Ê ∑§◊ÊŸ ‹ªË¥– ÷Ê⁄Uà ◊¥
‚∑§ÃÊ „U–¬àË •ı⁄U ŒÙŸ ’ŸÊ∞ ¡Ê ‚∑§Ã „Ò¥U–
) ∑§Ë ‹ÃÊ•Ù¥ ‚ ⁄US‚Ë ’ŸÊÿË ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃË „ÒU–
Í⁄ (‚ÍÃË ⁄U‡Ê◊) ∑§Ë ∑§Ê°≈UŒÊ⁄U ¿UÊ‹ ¬⁄U ‚Áé ÊÿÊ° ¿UË‹Ë ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃË „Ò¥U–
(¤Ê) ◊„ÈU∞ ∑§ ¬«∏U ‚ πÊŸÊ ¬∑§ÊŸ •ı⁄U ⁄UÙ‡ÊŸË ∑§ Á‹∞ Ë ÁŸ∑§Ê‹Ê ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒU–
©UëëÊ ∑§Ê҇ʋ ¬⁄U •ÊœÊÁ⁄Uà ¬˝‡Ÿ U(HOTS)¬˝‡Ÿ v. ©UãŸË‚flË¥ ‡ÊÃÊéŒË ∑§ •Ê⁄¢U÷ ◊¥ •ı¬ÁŸflÁ‡Ê∑§ ‡ÊÊ‚∑§ flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ë ‚$»§Ê߸ ÄÿÙ¥ øÊ„Uà Õ? ∑§Ù߸ ∞∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ’ÃÊß∞–
©àÃ⁄U fl flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ù ™§‚⁄U ÃÕÊ ’Ë„U«∏U SÕ‹ ‚◊¤Êà Ֆ
¬˝‡Ÿ w. ∑ΧÁ· ◊¥ ÁflSÃÊ⁄U Á∑§‚ ’Êà ∑§Ê ¬˝ÃË∑§ ◊ÊŸÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU?
©àÃ⁄U ¬˝ªÁà ∑§Ê–¬˝‡Ÿ x. •ı¬ÁŸflÁ‡Ê∑§ ‡ÊÊ‚∑§Ù¥ ∑§Ù Á∑§Ÿ ŒÙ ©UŒŒ‡ÿÙ¥ ∑§Ë ¬ÍÁà ∑§ Á‹∞ ’«∏U ¬Ò◊ÊŸ ¬⁄U ◊ Ê’Íà ‹∑§«∏UË ∑§Ë ÊM§⁄Uà ÕË?
©àÃ⁄U ⁄U‹fl ∑§ ÁflSÃÊ⁄U ÃÕÊ Ÿı-‚ŸÊ ∑§ Á‹∞ ¡‹ÿÊŸ ’ŸÊŸ ∑§ Á‹∞–
¬˝‡Ÿ y. ⁄U‹fl ∑§ ÁflSÃÊ⁄U ∑§Ê flŸÙ¥ ¬⁄U ÄÿÊ ¬˝÷Êfl ¬«∏UÊ?
©àÃ⁄U ’«∏U ¬Ò◊ÊŸ ¬⁄U flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ê ∑§≈UÊfl–¬˝‡Ÿ z. v}wÆ ∑§ ’ÊŒ ÷Ê⁄Uà ◊¥ flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ù ’«∏U ¬Ò◊ÊŸ ¬⁄U ∑§Ê≈UÊ ¡ÊŸ ‹ªÊ– ß‚∑§ Á‹∞ ∑§ıŸ-∑§ıŸ ‚ ∑ Ê⁄∑ ©àÃ
©àÃ⁄U v}wÆ ∑§ Œ‡Ê∑§ ◊¥ Á’˝Á≈U‡Ê ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ù ◊ Ê’Íà ‹∑§«∏UË ∑§Ë ’„Èà •Áœ∑§ •Êfl‡ÿ∑ Ã
¬Ò◊ÊŸ ¬⁄U ∑§Ê≈UÊ ¡ÊŸ ‹ªÊ– ‹∑§«∏UË ∑§Ë ’…∏UÃË „È߸ •Êfl‡ÿ∑
(∑§) ߢNjҥ«U ∑§Ë ⁄UÊÚÿ‹ ŸflË (‡ÊÊ Ë ı‹åà Ù
âæ×æçÁ· çß™ææÙ
¬˝‡Ÿ y©UàÃ⁄U ÿÈŒ˜œÙ¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸêŸÁ‹
(∑§) ÿÈŒœ ∑§Ë ÊM§⁄UÃÙ¥ ∑§Ù ¬Í⁄UÊ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑
§
(π) ÿÈŒ˜œ ◊¥ Áfl‡ÊÊ‹ flŸ ˇÊòÊ •ÁÇŸ ∑§Ë ÷¥≈U ø…∏U ¡Êà „U–
(ª) ÿÈŒ˜œ ∑§ ‚◊ÿ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄¥U ‹∑§«∏UË ∑§ Áfl‡ÊÊ‹ ÷¢«UÊ⁄UÙ¥ ÃÕÊ •Ê⁄UÊ Á◊‹Ù¥ ∑§Ù Sflÿ ÷
„UÊÕ Ÿ ‹ª ¡Ê∞°– ß‚ “S∑§Êø«¸U •Õ¸” (÷S◊-∑§⁄U ÷ʪÙ) ŸËÁà ∑§„Uà „Ò¥U– ߢ«UÙŸÁ‡ÊÿÊ ∑§ «Uø ‡ÊÊ‚∑§Ù Ÿ ÿ„UË
•¬Ÿ flŸ ‚¢‚ÊœŸÙ¥ ∑§Ù ¡Ê¬ÊŸ ∑§ „UÊÕÙ¥ ◊¥ ¡ÊŸ ‚ ⁄UÙ∑§ŸÊ øÊ„Uà Ֆ
Á∑˝§ÿÊ∑§‹Ê¬
¬˝‡Ÿ v. ¡„UÊ° •Ê¬ ⁄U„Uà „Ò¥U ÄÿÊ fl„UÊ° ∑§ ¡¢ª‹Ë ß‹Ê∑§Ê¥ ◊¥ ∑§Ê߸ ’Œ‹Êfl •Ê∞ „Ò¥U? ÿ ’Œ‹Êfl ÄÿÊ „ÒU •ÊÒ⁄U ÄÿÊ¥ „ÈU∞ „Ò¥U?
¬˝‡Ÿ w. ∞∑§ •ÊÒ¬ÁŸflÁ‡Ê∑§ flŸ¬Ê‹ •ÊÒ⁄U ∞∑§ •ÁŒflÊ‚Ë ∑§ ’Ëø ¡¢ª‹ ∑§ Á‡Ê∑§Ê⁄U ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§ ◊‚‹ ¬⁄U „UÊŸ flÊ‹Ë ’ÊÃøËà ∑§
‚¢flÊŒ Á‹π¥–
©UàÃ⁄ U •¬Ÿ •äÿʬ∑§ ∑§Ë ‚„UÊÿÃÊ ‚ Sflÿ¢ ∑§⁄¥U–
∞Ÿ0‚Ë0ß0•Ê⁄U0≈UË0 ¬ÊΔ˜UÔÿ ¬˝‡ŸÊààÊ⁄U
¬˝‡Ÿ v. ∞∑§ ◊Ë‹ ‹¢’Ë ⁄U‹ ∑§Ë ¬≈U⁄UË ∑§ Á‹∞ v,|{Æ ‚ w,ÆÆÆ Ã∑§ S‹Ë¬⁄U ∑§Ë ÊM§⁄Uà ÕË– ÿÁŒ x ◊Ë≈U⁄U ‹¢’Ë ’«∏UË ‹Êߟ ∑§Ë ¬≈U⁄UË
Á’¿UÊŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ∞∑§ •ÊÒ‚Ã ∑§Œ ∑§ ¬«∏U ‚ x-z S‹Ë¬⁄U ’Ÿ ‚∑§Ã „Ò¥U ÃÊ Á„U‚Ê’ ‹ªÊ∑§⁄U Œπ¥ Á∑§ ∞∑§ ◊Ë‹ ‹¢’Ë ¬≈U⁄UË Á’¿UÊŸ ∑§
Á‹∞ Á∑§ÃŸ ¬«∏U ∑§Ê≈UŸ „UÊ¥ª?
©àÃ⁄ ∞∑§ ¬«∏U ‚ x ◊Ë. ‹ê’Ë ¬≈U⁄UË ∑§ Á‹∞ S‹Ë¬⁄U ¬˝Êåà „UÊà „Ò¥U– ߟ∑§Ë ‚¢ÅÿÊ •ÊÒ⁄U M§¬ 3+5 4
2= ‚ „UÊÃË „ÒU– •Ã— v|{Æ ŒÊ w
ÆÆÆ
S‹Ë¬⁄U ¬˝Êåà ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ 1760 = 440
4
‚ 2000 500
4
Ã∑§ ¬«∏U ∑§Ê≈UŸ „UÊ¥ª–
÷ͬʂ •ãÿ ◊ÍÀÿflÊŸ˜ flÎ ÊÙ¥ ∑§Ù •Êª ‹ª ¡ÊŸ ∑§
Á‹∞ ∑§⁄UÙ ∑§Ë ªáÊŸÊ ∑§⁄UŸÊ ∑§ÁΔUŸ „UÙ ⁄U„UÊ ÕÊ–
⁄UË πÃË ¬⁄U ⁄UÙ∑§ ‹ªŸ ‚ SÕÊŸËÿ ‚◊ÈŒÊÿÙ¥ ∑§Ù flŸÙ¥ ‚ Ê’⁄UŒSÃË ’Ê„U⁄U ÁŸ∑§Ê‹ ÁŒÿÊ ªÿÊ– ∑ȧ¿U ‹ÙªÙ¥ ∑§Ù •¬ŸÊ
√ÿfl‚Êÿ ’Œ‹ŸÊ ¬«∏UÊ •ı⁄U ∑ȧ¿U Ÿ Áflº˝Ù„U ∑§⁄U ÁŒÿÊ–◊ÍÀÿ •ÊœÊÁ⁄Uà ¬˝‡ŸU
¬˝‡Ÿ v. •ÊÒ¬ÁŸflÁ‡Ê∑§ ∑§Ê‹ ◊¥ ∑ΧÁcÊ ∑§ ÁflSÃÊ⁄UË∑§⁄UáÊ ‚ ’«∏U ¬Ò◊ÊŸ ¬⁄U flŸÊ¥ ∑§Ê ÁflŸÊ‡Ê „ÈU•Ê Á¡‚‚ •Ÿ∑§ ª¢÷Ë⁄U ‚◊SÿÊ∞° ©Uà¬ãŸ
„UÊ ªßZ– „U◊ flŸÊ¥ ∑§ ÁflŸÊ‡Ê ∑§Ê ∑Ò§‚ ⁄UÊ∑§ ‚∑§Ã „Ò¥U? ∑§Ê߸ ÃËŸ ’ÊÃ¥ ’ÃÊß∞–
©àÃ⁄U (∑§) „U◊¥ flŸÊ¥ ∑§Ë •¢œÊœÈ¢œ ∑§≈UÊ߸ Ÿ„UË¥ ∑§⁄UŸË øÊÁ„U∞–(π) „U◊ Á¡ÃŸ ¬ÊÒœ ∑§Ê≈¥U, ∑§◊-‚-∑§◊ ©Uß Ÿ∞ ¬ÊÒœ •fl‡ÿ ©UªÊŸ øÊÁ„U∞–
(ª) πÊ‹Ë ¬«∏UË ’¢¡⁄U ÷ÍÁ◊ ∑§Ê „U⁄UÊ-÷⁄UÊ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÿÊ‚ ∑§⁄UŸÊ øÊÁ„U∞–
¬˝‡Ÿ w. •ÊÒ¬ÁŸflÁ‡Ê∑§ flŸ ∑§ÊŸÍŸÊ¥ Ÿ ÉÊÈ◊¢ÃÍ ‚◊ÈŒÊÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¡ËŸÊ ßÃŸÊ ŒÍ÷⁄U ∑§⁄U ÁŒÿÊ Á∑§ fl •Ê¡ Ã∑§ ÷Ë Ÿ„UË¥ ‚°÷‹ ¬Ê∞– ߟ ‹Êª ¥
∑§ ¬˝Áà „U◊Ê⁄UÊ ÃÕÊ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ê ÄÿÊ ∑§Ã¸√ÿ „ÒU?
©UàÃ⁄U (∑§) „U◊¥ ߟ ‹ÊªÊ¥ ∑§ ¬˝Áà ‚„UÊŸÈ÷ÍÁà ÁŒπÊŸË øÊÁ„U∞ •ÊÒ⁄U ©UŸ∑§ SflÊÁ÷◊ÊŸ ∑ Ê Δ
øÊÁ„U∞–(π) ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ê øÊÁ„U∞ Á∑ fl„(ª) ‚⁄∑
CBSE_GR_SOS_G9_T2_FM.indd 10 1/11/2016 12:02:41 PM
ßÁÄUÊ‚(÷Ê⁄Uà •ÊÒ⁄U ‚◊∑§Ê‹ËŸ Áfl‡fl-v)
π¢«U ∑§
π¢«U II. ¡ËÁfl∑§Ê, •Õ¸√ÿflSÕÊ ∞fl¢ ‚◊Ê¡flãÿ ‚◊Ê¡ •ÊÒ⁄U ©U¬ÁŸfl‡ÊflÊŒ•ÊœÈÁŸ∑§ Áfl‡fl ◊¥ ø⁄UflÊ„UÁ∑§‚ÊŸ •ÊÒ⁄U ∑§Ê‡Ã∑§Ê⁄Uπ¢«U III. ⁄UÊ ÊÊŸÊ ∑§Ë Á¡¢∏ŒªË, ‚¢S∑ΧÁÃ, •ÊÒ⁄U ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃßÁÄUÊ‚ •ÊÒ⁄U π‹ — Á∑˝§∑§≈U ∑§Ë ∑§„Uʟˬ„UŸÊfl ∑§Ê ‚Ê◊ÊÁ¡∑§ ßÁÄUÊ‚
CK
CK
•äÿÊÿ ∑§ ◊ÈÅÿ •¢‡Ê
flŸÙ¥ ‚ „U◊¥ ß◊Ê⁄UÃË ‹∑§«∏UË, ßZœŸ, »§‹, ªÙ¥Œ, ‡Ê„UŒ, ∑§Êª Ê, ’Ë«∏UË ’ŸÊŸ ∑§ ¬ûÊ ÃÕÊ •ãÿ ∑§ß¸ ©Uà¬ÊŒ ¬˝Êåà „UÙà „Ò¥U–ß◊Ê⁄UÃË ‹∑§«∏UË ◊ Ê’Íà ÃÕÊ ∑§ΔUÙ⁄U „UÙÃË „ÒU– ÿ„U ◊ÈÅÿ L§¬ ‚ ‚Ê‹ ÃÕÊ ≈UË∑§ ∑§ flΡÊÙ¥ ‚ Á◊‹ÃË „ÒU–’SÃ⁄U ¿UûÊË‚ª…∏U ∑§ ‚’‚ ŒÁˇÊáÊË Á∑§ŸÊ⁄U ¬⁄U ÁSÕà „ÒU– ß‚∑§Ê ∑¥§º˝Ëÿ ÷ʪ ¬ΔUÊ⁄UË „ÒU–’SÃ⁄U ◊¥ ◊Á⁄UÿÊ •ÊÒ⁄U ◊ÈÁ⁄UÿÊ ªÊ«∏U, œÈ⁄UflÊ, ÷Ã⁄UÊ, „U‹flÊ •ÊÁŒ ‚◊ÈŒÊÿÊ¥ ∑§ ‹Êª ⁄U„Uà „Ò¥U– ÷ÊcÊÊ∞¢ •‹ª-•‹ª ’Ê‹Ÿ flÊ‹ ߟ ‹ÊªÊ¢ ∑§ ⁄UËÁÃ-Á⁄UflÊ¡ ÃÕÊ Áfl‡flÊ‚ ∞∑§ ¡Ò‚ „Ò¥U–flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ê ◊„Uûfl ôÊÊà „UÙŸ ∑§ ’ÊŒ •ı¬ÁŸflÁ‡Ê∑§ ‡ÊÊ‚∑§Ù¥ Ÿ flŸ Áfl÷ʪ ∑§Ë SÕʬŸÊ ∑§Ë •ı⁄U flŸ •ÁœÁŸÿ◊ ¬ÊÁ⁄Uà ∑§⁄U∑§ flŸÙ¥ ¬⁄U ÁŸÿ¢òÊáÊ∑§⁄U Á‹ÿÊ–flŸÙ¥ ¬⁄U ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U ∑§ ÁŸÿ¢òÊáÊ ‚ flŸÙ¥ ¬⁄U ÁŸ÷¸⁄U ⁄U„UŸ flÊ‹ •ÊÁŒflÊ‚Ë ∑§’Ë‹Ù¥ ∑§Ë ⁄UÙ ÊË-⁄UÙ≈UË Á¿UŸ ªß¸ •ı⁄U ©UŸ◊¥ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U ∑§ ÁflL§Œ˜œ Áflº˝Ù„U∑§ ÷Êfl ¡Êª ©UΔU–flŸ ÁŸÿ¢òÊáÊ ‚ ¬˝÷ÊÁflà ’SÃ⁄U ∑§ •ÊÁŒflÊ‚Ë ∑§’Ë‹Ù¥ Ÿ •¢ª˝ ÊË ‡ÊÊ‚Ÿ ∑§ ÁflL§Œ˜œ Áflº˝Ù„U Á∑§∞– ߟ Áflº˝Ù„UÙ¥ ∑§Ê •Ê⁄¢U÷ œ˝Èfl ∑§’Ë‹ Œ˜flÊ⁄UÊ„ÈU•Ê–¡ÊflÊ ß¢«UÙŸÁ‡ÊÿÊ ∑§Ê ∞∑§ ¬˝Œ‡Ê „ÒU– «Uø ‡ÊÊ‚∑§Ù¥ Ÿ ÿ„UÊ° ∑§ flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ê πÍ’ ‡ÊÙ·áÊ Á∑§ÿÊ •ı⁄U fl„UÊ° ∑§ SÕÊŸËÿ ‹ÙªÙ¥ ∑§Ù ◊ ÊŒÍ⁄U ’ŸÊ∑§⁄U ⁄Uπ ÁŒÿÊ–»§‹SflM§¬ ©Uã„UÙ¥Ÿ Áflº˝Ù„U ∑§⁄U ÁŒÿÊ Á¡‚ Œ’ÊŸ ◊¥ ÃËŸ ◊„UËŸ ‹ª ª∞–¡ÊflÊ ∑§ ∑§‹Ê¢«UÊ ‚◊ÈŒÊÿ ∑§ ‹Êª ∑ȧ‡Ê‹ ‹∑§«∏U„UÊ⁄U ÃÕÊ ÉÊÈ◊¢ÃÍ Á∑§‚ÊŸ Õ–¬„U‹ •ÊÒ⁄U ŒÍ‚⁄ Áfl‡fl‡ÿÈh ∑§ ¡¢ª‹Ê¥ ¬⁄U •ë¿U ¬˝÷Êfl Ÿ„UË¥ ¬«∏U– ÷Ê⁄Uà ∑§Ë ©U¬ÁŸflÁ‡Ê∑§ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U Ÿ ÿÈhÊ¥ ∑§ ŒÊÒ⁄UÊŸ •¬ŸË ‚÷Ë ¬Á⁄UÿÊ¡ŸÊ•Ê¥∑§Ê •œÍ⁄UÊ ¿UÊ«∏, flŸ Áfl÷ʪ Ÿ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë ÊM§⁄UÃÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¬Í⁄UÊ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ’ÄUʇÊÊ ¬«∏U ∑§Ê≈U–¡ÊflÊ ¬⁄U ¡Ê¬ÊÁŸÿÊ¥ ∑§ •Áœ∑§Ê⁄U ∑§⁄UŸ ‚ ¬Ífl¸ fl„UÊ° «Uø ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U Ÿ ÷S◊-∑§⁄UÊ-÷ÊªÊ ŸËÁà ∑§Ê •ŸÈ‚⁄UáÊ ∑§⁄Uà „ÈU∞ •Ê⁄UÊ ◊‡ÊËŸ¥ •ÊÒ⁄U ‚ʪÊÒŸ∑§ Áfl‡ÊÊ‹ ‹≈U˜ΔUÊ¥ ∑§Ê •ÁÇŸ ∑§Ë ÷¥≈U ∑§⁄U ÁŒÿÊ ÃÊÁ∑§ fl„U ‚¢¬ŒÊ ¡Ê¬ÊÁŸÿÊ¥ ∑§ „UÊÕ ŸÊ •Ê ¡Ê∞–∞Á‡ÊÿÊ߸ •ÊÒ⁄U •»˝§Ë∑§Ê ∑§Ë ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄Ê¥ ∑§Ê v~}Æ ∑§ Œ‡Ê∑§ ◊¥ ÿ„U ‚◊¤Ê •Ê ªÿÊ Á∑§ flÒôÊÊÁŸ∑§ flÊÁŸ∑§Ë ÃÕÊ flŸ ‚◊ÈŒÊÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¡¢ª‹Ê¥ ‚ ’Ê„U⁄U⁄UπŸ ∑§Ë ŸËÁÃÿÊ¥ „UÃÈ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U •ÊÒ⁄U flŸ ‚◊ÈŒÊÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ≈U∑§⁄UÊfl ¬ÒŒÊ „UÊà „Ò¥U– •’ ¡¢ª‹Ê¥ ‚ ß◊Ê⁄UÃË ‹∑§«∏UË „UÊÁ‚‹ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§Ë ¡ª„U ¡¢ª‹Ê¥ ∑§Ê‚¢⁄UˇÊáÊ ∞∑§ ◊„Uûfl¬Íáʸ ¬„U‹Í ’Ÿ ªÿÊ–÷Ê⁄Uà ∑§ ∑ȧ¿U ˇÊòÊ ¡„UÊ° ÉÊŸ ¡¢ª‹ ¬Ê∞ ¡Êà „ÒU fl„UÊ° ∑§ ª˝Ê◊ËáÊÊ¥ Ÿ ¡¢ª‹Ê¥ ∑§Ê ¬ÁflòÊ ‚◊¤Ê ∑§⁄U ߟ∑§Ë ⁄UˇÊÊ ∑§Ë ÃÕÊ ∑ȧ¿U ªÊ°flÊ¥ ◊¥ ÃÊ flŸÊ¥¬⁄U •Ê⁄UÁˇÊà ⁄U„Ÿ flÊ‹ ‹ÊªÊ¥ Ÿ ߟ∑§Ë øÊÒ∑§‚Ë ∑§Ê ∑§Ê◊ πÈŒ Á∑§ÿÊ–
flãÿ ‚◊Ê¡ •ÊÒ⁄U ©U¬ÁŸfl‡ÊflÊŒπ¢«U II. ¡ËÁfl∑§Ê, •Õ√ÿflSÕÊ ∞fl¢ ‚◊Ê¡
(¬ÊΔ˜Uÿ-¬ÈSÃ∑§ ∑§Ê •äÿÊÿ y)
H-2
1
CK
CK
flŸÊ¥ ∑§Ê ÁflŸÊ‡Ê ÄÿÊ¥√ÿÊ√Ê‚ÊÁÿ∑ flÊÁŸ∑§Ë ∑§Ë ‡ÊÈL§•ÊÃflŸ-ÁflºÊ„¡ÊflÊ ∑§ ¡¢ª‹Ê¢ ◊¥ „ÈU∞ ’Œ‹ÊflflÊÁŸ∑§Ë ◊¥ Ÿ∞ ’Œ‹Êfl
CK
CK
flãÿ-‚◊Ê¡ •ÊÒ⁄U ©U¬ÁŸfl‡ÊflÊŒ H-3
◊„Uààfl¬Íáʸ ¬ÊÁ⁄U÷ÊÁcÊ∑§ ‡ÊéŒ ∞fl¢ ¬ŒÊfl‹Ë
flŸÙã◊Í‹Ÿ— flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ë ∑§≈UÊ߸–’ʪʟ— ’«∏U-’«∏U »§Ê◊¸ ¡„UÊ° ∞∑§ ‚ËœË ¬¢ÁÄà ◊¥ ∞∑§ „UË ¬˝¡ÊÁà ∑§ flÎ Ê ’Ê∞ ¡Êà „Ò¥U–SÕÊŸÊ¢Ã⁄UË (¤ÊÍ◊) πÃË— ß‚ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë πÃË ◊¥ flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ù ‚Ê$»§ ∑§⁄U∑§ ©UŸ∑§ SÕÊŸ ¬⁄U ∞∑§-ŒÙ fl·¸ Ã∑§ ∑ΧÁ· ∑§⁄U∑§ ©U‚ πÊ‹Ë ¿UÙ«∏U ÁŒÿÊ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU •ı⁄U Á∑§‚Ë •ãÿ SÕÊŸ ¬⁄U πà ’ŸÊ ∑§⁄U πÃË ∑§Ë ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–flÒôÊÊÁŸ∑§ flÊÁŸ∑§Ë— flŸ Áfl÷ʪ ∑§ mÊ⁄UÊ ÁŸÿ¢òÊáÊ ◊¥ ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UÃË „ÒU– ÿ„U flÎˇÊ ∑§Ê≈UŸ ∑§Ë fl„U ¬˝áÊÊ‹Ë Á¡‚◊¥ ¬È⁄UÊŸ flÎˇÊ ∑§Ê≈U∑§⁄U ©UŸ∑§Ë ¡ª„UŸ∞ flÎ Ê ©UªÊ∞ ¡Êà „Ò¥U–S‹Ë¬⁄U— ⁄U‹ ∑§Ë ¬≈U⁄UË ∑§ •Ê⁄U-¬Ê⁄U Á’¿U ‹∑§«∏UË ∑§ ÃÅà ¡Ê ¬≈UÁ⁄UÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê •Ê¬‚ ◊¥ ’Ê°œ ∑§⁄U ⁄Uπà „Ò¥U–ß ÊÊ⁄UŒÊ⁄UË— Á∑§‚Ë flSÃÈ ∑§ √ÿʬÊ⁄U ¬⁄U ∞∑§ÊÁœ∑§Ê⁄U „UÊŸÊ–flŸ ª˝Ê◊— fl ªÊ¢fl ¡„UÊ¢ ª˝Ê◊ËáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ß‚ ‡Êø ¬⁄U ⁄U„UŸ ∑§Ë •ŸÈ◊Áà ŒË ªß¸ Á∑§ fl ¬«∏UÊ¥ ∑§Ë ∑§≈UÊ߸ ÃÕÊ …ÈU‹Ê߸ ◊È$çà ◊¥ ∑§⁄¥Uª ÃÕÊU flŸÊ¥ ∑§Ê•Êª ‚ ’øÊ∞¢ª–ÉÊÈ◊¢ÃÍ (¤ÊÍ◊) ∑ΧÁcÊ— ¡ª„U ’Œ‹-’Œ‹ ∑§⁄U ∑§Ë ¡ÊŸ flÊ‹Ë ∑ΧÁcÊ–
◊„Uààfl¬Íáʸ ÉÊ≈UŸÊ∑˝§◊
v{ÆÆU ó ¡ÊflÊ ∑§Ë •ŸÈ◊ÊÁŸÃ ¡Ÿ‚¢ÅÿÊ ‹ª÷ª xy ‹Êπ, ÷Ê⁄Uà ∑§ ∑ȧ¿U v/{ Á„US‚ ¬⁄U πÃË ∑§Ë ¡ÊÃË ÕË–v||ÆU ó Ä‹Ê¢ªÊ ∑§Ê ∞∑§ «Uø Á∑§‹ ¬⁄U „U◊‹Êv||zU ó ¡ÊflÊ ∑§Ë ◊ÊÃÊ⁄U◊ Á⁄UÿÊ‚Ã ∑§Ê ’°≈UflÊ⁄UÊv}{Æ ∑§Ê Œ‡Ê∑§ ó ÷Ê⁄Uà ◊¥ ⁄U‹ ∑§Ê ¬˝‚Ê⁄Uv}{yU ó èÊÊ⁄UÃËÿ flŸ ‚flÊ ∑§Ë SÕʬŸÊv}{zU ó ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ flŸ •ÁœÁŸÿ◊ ¬ÊÁ⁄Uà „È•Êv}|}U ó flŸ •ÁœÁŸÿ◊ ◊¥ ¬„U‹Ê ‚¢‡ÊÊœŸv~Æ{ ó Œ„U⁄UÊŒÍÍŸ ◊¥ ßê¬ËÁ⁄U¬‹ »§ÊÚ⁄US≈U Á⁄U‚ø¸ ߢS≈UË≈U˜ÿÍ≈ ∑§Ë SÕʬŸÊv~w| ó flŸ •ÁœÁŸÿ◊ ◊¥ ŒÍ‚⁄UÊ ‚¢‡ÊÊœŸU
∞Ÿ0‚Ë0߸0•Ê⁄U0≈UË0 ¬ÊΔ˜UÔÿ¬ÈSÃ∑§ ¬˝‡ŸÊààÊ⁄U¬˝‡Ÿ v. •ı¬ÁŸflÁ‡Ê∑§ ∑§Ê‹ ◊¥ flãÊ ¬˝’¢œŸ ◊¥ •Ê∞ ¬Á⁄UfløŸÙ¥ Ÿ ߟ ‚◊Í„UÙ¥ ∑§Ù ∑Ò§‚ ¬˝÷ÊÁflà Á∑§ÿÊ?
(∑§) ¤ÊÍ◊ πÃË ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹Ù¥ ∑§Ù(π) ÉÊÈ◊¢ÃÍ •ı⁄U ø⁄UflÊ„UÊ ‚◊ÈŒÊÿÙ¥ ∑§Ù(ª) ‹∑§«∏UË •ı⁄U flŸ ©Uà¬ÊŒÙ¥ ∑§Ê √ÿʬÊ⁄U ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹Ë ∑¢§¬ÁŸÿÙ¥ ∑§Ù(ÉÊ) ’ʪʟ ◊ÊÁ‹∑§Ù¥ ∑§Ù(æU) Á‡Ê∑§Ê⁄U π‹Ÿ flÊ‹ ⁄UÊ¡Ê•Ù¥ •ı⁄U •¢ª Ê •»§‚⁄UÙ¥ ∑§Ù–
©àÃ⁄ (∑§) ¤ÊÍ◊ πÃË ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹Ù¥ ∑§Ù— •ı¬ÁŸflÁ‡Ê∑§ ‡ÊÊ‚∑§Ù¥ Ÿ ¤ÊÍ◊ πÃË ¬⁄U ⁄UÙ∑§ ‹ªÊ ŒË– ß‚ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ¤ÊÍ◊ ∑§Ë πÃË ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹¡Ÿ-‚◊ÈŒÊÿÙ¥ ∑§Ù ©UŸ∑§ ÉÊ⁄UÙ¥ ‚ Ê’⁄UŒSÃË ÁflSÕÊÁ¬Ã ∑§⁄U ÁŒÿÊ– ¬Á⁄UáÊÊ◊SflM§¬ ∑ȧ¿U Á∑§‚ÊŸÙ¥ ∑§Ù •¬ŸÊ √ÿfl‚Êÿ ’Œ‹ŸÊ¬«∏UÊ •ı⁄U ∑ȧ¿U Ÿ ß‚∑§ Áfl⁄UÙœ ◊¥ Áflº˝Ù„U ∑§⁄U ÁŒÿÊ–
(π) ÉÊÈ◊¢ÃÍ •ı⁄U ø⁄UflÊ„UÊ ‚◊ÈŒÊÿÙ¥ ∑§Ù— flŸ ¬˝’¢œŸ ∑§ Ÿÿ ∑§ÊŸÍŸ ’ŸŸ ‚ SÕÊŸËÿ ‹ÙªÙ¥ Œ˜flÊ⁄UÊ flŸÙ¥ ◊¥ ¬‡ÊÈ ø⁄UÊŸ ÃÕÊ Á‡Ê∑§Ê⁄U∑§⁄UŸ ¬⁄U ¬˝ÁÃ’¢œ ‹ªÊ ÁŒÿÊ ªÿÊ– »§‹SflM§¬ ∑§ß¸ ÉÊÈ◊¢ÃÍ ÃÕÊ ø⁄UflÊ„UÊ ‚◊ÈŒÊÿÙ¥ ∑§Ë ⁄UÙ ÊË Á¿UŸ ªß¸– ∞‚Ê ◊ÈÅÿ× ◊º˝Ê‚¬˝¡Ë«¥U‚Ë ∑§ ∑§Ù⁄UÊflÊ, ∑§⁄UÊøÊ ÃÕÊ ÿL¢§∑ȧ‹Ê ‚◊ÈŒÊÿÙ¥ ∑§ ‚ÊÕ ÉÊÁ≈Uà „ÈU•Ê– ÁflÔfl‡Ê „UÙ∑§⁄U ©Uã„¥U ∑§Ê⁄UπÊŸÙ¥, πÊŸÙ¥ ÃÕÊ ’ʪʟ٥◊¥ ∑§Ê◊ ∑§⁄UŸÊ ¬«∏UÊ– ∞‚ ∑ȧ¿U ‚◊ÈŒÊÿÙ¥ ∑§Ù “•¬⁄UÊœË ∑§’Ë‹” ÷Ë ∑§„UÊ ¡ÊŸ ‹ªÊ–
(ª) ‹∑§«∏UË •ı⁄U flŸ ©Uà¬ÊŒÙ¥ ∑§Ê √ÿʬÊ⁄U ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹Ë ∑¢§¬ÁŸÿÙ¥ ∑§Ù— flŸÙ¥ ¬⁄U flŸ-Áfl÷ʪ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ¢òÊáÊ SÕÊÁ¬Ã „UÙ ¡ÊŸ ∑§ ¬‡øÊÃflŸ ©Uà¬ÊŒÙ¥ (∑§ΔUÙ⁄U ‹∑§«∏UË, ⁄U’«∏U •ÊÁŒ) ∑§ √ÿʬÊ⁄U ∑§Ù ’‹ Á◊‹Ê– ß‚ ∑§Êÿ ∑§ Á‹∞ ∑§ß √ÿʬÊÁ⁄U∑§ ∑¢§¬ÁŸÿÊ° SÕÊÁ¬Ã „UÙªßZ– ÿ SÕÊŸËÿ ‹ÙªÙ¥ ‚ ◊„Uààfl¬ÍáÊ flŸ ©Uà¬ÊŒ π⁄UËŒ∑§⁄U ©UŸ∑§Ê ÁŸÿÊà ∑§⁄UŸ ‹ªË¥ •ı⁄U ÷Ê⁄UË ◊ÈŸÊ»§Ê ∑§◊ÊŸ ‹ªË¥– ÷Ê⁄Uà ◊¥
CK
CK
MBD Super Refresher ‚Ê◊ÊÁ¡∑§ ÁflôÊÊŸ-IXH-4
Á’Á≈U‡Ê ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U Ÿ ∑ȧ¿U Áfl‡Ê· ˇÊòÊÙ¥ ◊¥ ß‚ √ÿʬÊ⁄U ∑§ •Áœ∑§Ê⁄U ’«∏UË-’«∏UË ÿÍ⁄UÙ¬Ëÿ ∑¢§¬ÁŸÿÙ¥ ∑§Ù Œ ÁŒ∞– ß‚ ¬∑§Ê⁄U flŸ ©Uà¬ÊŒÙ¥∑§ √ÿʬÊ⁄U ¬⁄U •¢ª ÊË ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ¢òÊáÊ SÕÊÁ¬Ã „UÙ ªÿÊ–
(ÉÊ) ’ʪʟ ◊ÊÁ‹∑§Ù¥ ∑§Ù— Á’˝≈UŸ ◊¥ øÊÿ, ∑§„UflÊ, ⁄U’«∏U •ÊÁŒ ∑§Ë ’«∏UË ◊Ê°ª ÕË– •Ã— ÷Ê⁄Uà ◊¥ ߟ ©Uà¬ÊŒÙ¥ ∑§ ’«∏-’«∏U ’ʪʟ‹ªÊ∞ ª∞– ߟ ’ʪʟ٥ ∑§ ◊ÊÁ‹∑§ ◊ÈÅÿ× •¢ª˝ Ê Õ– fl ◊ ÊŒÍ⁄UÙ¥ ∑§Ê πÍ’ ‡ÊÙ·áÊ ∑§⁄UÃ Õ •ı⁄U ߟ ©Uà¬ÊŒÙ¥ ∑§ ÁŸÿʸà ‚ πÍ’œŸ ∑§◊Êà Ֆ
(æU) Á‡Ê∑§Ê⁄U π‹Ÿ flÊ‹ ⁄UÊ¡Ê•Ù¥ •ı⁄U •¢ª Ê •»§‚⁄UÙ¥ ∑§Ù— Ÿÿ flŸ ∑§ÊŸÍŸÙ¥ Œ˜flÊ⁄UÊ flŸÙ¥ ◊¥ Á‡Ê∑§Ê⁄U ∑§⁄UŸ ¬⁄U ⁄UÙ∑§ ‹ªÊ ŒË ªß¸–¡Ù ∑§Ù߸ ÷Ë Á‡Ê∑§Ê⁄U ∑§⁄Uà ¬∑§«∏UÊ ¡ÊÃÊ ÕÊ, ©U‚ Œ¢«U ÁŒÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ ÕÊ– ¬⁄UãÃÈ Á„¢U‚∑§ ¡ÊŸfl⁄UÙ¥ ∑§Ê Á‡Ê∑§Ê⁄U ∑§⁄UŸÊ •’ ⁄UÊ¡Ê•Ù¥ ÃÕÊ⁄UÊ¡∑ȧ◊Ê⁄UÙ¥ ∑§ Á‹∞ ∞∑§ π‹ ’Ÿ ªÿÊ– ◊È$ª‹∑§Ê‹ ∑§ ∑§ß¸ ÁøòÊÙ¥ ◊¥ ‚◊˝Ê≈UÙ¥ ÃÕÊ ⁄UÊ¡∑ȧ◊Ê⁄UÙ¥ ∑§Ù Á‡Ê∑§Ê⁄U ∑§⁄Uà ÁŒπÊÿÊ ªÿÊ„ÒU–Á’˝Á≈U‡Ê ∑§Ê‹ ◊¥ Á„¢U‚∑§ ¡ÊŸfl⁄UÙ¥ ∑§Ê Á‡Ê∑§Ê⁄U ’«∏U ¬Ò◊ÊŸ ¬⁄U „UÙŸ ‹ªÊ– ß‚∑§Ê ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ÿ„U ÕÊ Á∑§ •¢ª˝ Ê •$»§‚⁄U Á‡Ê∑§Ê⁄U ∑§⁄UŸÊ‚◊Ê¡ ∑§ Á„Uà ◊¥ ‚◊¤Êà Ֆ ©UŸ∑§Ê ◊ÊŸŸÊ ÕÊ Á∑§ ÿ ¡ÊŸfl⁄ πÃË ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹Ù¥ ∑§ Á‹∞ πÃ⁄UÊ ©Uà¬ãŸ ∑§⁄Uà „Ò¥U– •Ã— fl•Áœ∑§-‚-•Áœ∑§ ’ÊÉÊÙ¥, øËÃÙ¥ ÃÕÊ ÷Á«∏UÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê Á‡Ê∑§Ê⁄U ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ¬È⁄US∑§Ê⁄U ŒÃ Õ– »§‹SflM§¬ v}|z-v~wz ߸0 ∑§ ’Ëø¬È⁄US∑§Ê⁄U ¬ÊŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ }Æ „U ÊÊ⁄U ’ÊÉÊÙ¥, v ‹Êπ zÆ „U ÊÊ⁄U øËÃÙ¥ ÃÕÊ w ‹Êπ ÷Á«∏UÿÙ¥ ∑§Ê Á‡Ê∑§Ê⁄U Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ– ◊„UÊ⁄UÊ¡Ê ‚⁄UªÈ¡ÊŸ •∑§‹ vvz| ’ÊÉÊÙ¥ ÃÕÊ wÆÆÆ øËÃÙ¥ ∑§Ù Á‡Ê∑§Ê⁄U ’ŸÊÿÊ– ¡Ê¡¸ ÿÍ‹ ŸÊ◊∑§ ∞∑§ Á’˝Á≈U‡Ê ‡ÊÊ‚∑§ Ÿ yÆÆ ’ÊÉÊÙ¥ ∑§Ê Á‡Ê∑§Ê⁄UÁ∑§ÿÊ–
¬˝‡Ÿ w. ’SÃ⁄U •ı⁄U ¡ÊflÊ ∑§ •ı¬ÁŸflÁ‡Ê∑§ flŸ ¬˝’¢œŸ ◊¥ ÄÿÊ ‚◊ÊŸÃÊ∞° „Ò¥U?©UàÃ⁄ ’SÃ⁄U ÷Ê⁄Uà ∑§ ¤ÊÊ⁄Uπ¢«U ⁄UÊÖÿ ∑§Ê ‚ÈŒÍ⁄U ŒÁˇÊáÊË ÷ʪ „ÒU, ¡’Á∑§ ¡ÊflÊ ß¢«UÙŸÁ‡ÊÿÊ ◊¥ ÁSÕà „ÒU– ÷Ê⁄Uà •¢ª ÊÙ¥ ∑§Ê ÃÕÊ ß¢«UÙŸÁ‡ÊÿÊ «UøÙ¥
∑§Ê ©U¬ÁŸfl‡Ê ⁄U„UÊ– ߟ ‡ÊÊ‚∑§Ù¥ ∑§ •œËŸ ’SÃ⁄U ÃÕÊ ¡ÊflÊ ∑§ flŸ-¬’¢œŸ ◊¥ ÁŸêŸÁ‹Áπà ‚◊ÊŸÃÊ∞° ÕË¥—(∑§) ’SÃ⁄U ◊¥ •¢ª Ê ‡ÊÊ‚∑§Ù¥ Ÿ flŸÙ¥ ¬⁄U •¬ŸÊ ÁŸÿ¢òÊáÊ SÕÊÁ¬Ã Á∑§ÿÊ •ı⁄U ¡ÊflÊ ◊¥ «UøÙ¥ Ÿ–(π) ŒÙŸÙ¥ SÕÊŸÙ¥ ¬⁄U SÕÊŸËÿ ‹ÙªÙ¥ ∑§Ù Ÿ∞ flŸ ÁŸÿ◊Ù¥ ∑§ •¢Ãª¸Ã ‹∑§«∏UË ∑§Ê≈UŸ ÃÕÊ flãÿ ©Uà¬ÊŒ ß∑§≈˜UΔU ∑§⁄UŸ ‚ ⁄UÙ∑§
ÁŒÿÊ ªÿÊ–(ª) ŒÙŸÙ¥ „UË ¬˝Œ‡ÊÙ¥ ◊¥ SÕÊŸÊ¢Ã⁄UË ∑ΧÁ· ¬⁄U ¬˝ÁÃ’¢œ ‹ªÊ ÁŒÿÊ ªÿÊ–(ÉÊ) ߟ ŒÙŸÙ¥ ˇÊòÊÙ¥ ◊¥ •ı¬ÁŸflÁ‡Ê∑§ ‡ÊÊ‚∑§Ù¥ Ÿ flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÿÙª •¬Ÿ Á„Uà ‚ÊœŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ Á∑§ÿÊ– ߟ flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ë ‹∑§«∏UË ∑§Ê
©U¬ÿÙª ◊ÈÅÿ M§¬ ‚ ¡‹ÿÊŸ ’ŸÊŸ ÃÕÊ ⁄U‹fl ∑§ ÁflSÃÊ⁄U ∑§ Á‹∞ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ–(æU ) ŒÙŸÙ¥ ¬˝Œ‡ÊÙ¥ ◊¥ SÕÊŸËÿ ‚◊ÈŒÊÿÙ¥ ∑§Ë ⁄UÙ ÊË ∑§Ê ‚ÊœŸ Á¿UŸ ¡ÊŸ ‚ ‹ÙªÙ¥ ◊¥ •‚¢ÃÙ· »Ò§‹ ªÿÊ •ı⁄U ©Uã„UÙ¥Ÿ ‡ÊÊ‚Ÿ ∑§
ÁflL§Œ˜œ Áflº˝Ù„U ∑§⁄U ÁŒÿÊ–(ø) ’SÃ⁄U ◊¥ Áflº˝Ù„U ∑§Ê •Ê⁄¢U÷ ∑§Ê¢ª⁄U (Kanger) flŸÙ¥ ∑§ œÈ⁄UflÊ ‚◊ÈŒÊÿ ∑§ ‹ÙªÙ¥ Œ˜flÊ⁄UÊ „ÈU•Ê– œË⁄U-œË⁄U ß‚◊¥ •ãÿ ‚◊ÈŒÊÿ
÷Ë ‡ÊÊÁ◊‹ „UÙ ª∞– ß‚ Áflº˝Ù„U ∑§Ê ◊ÈÅÿ ŸÃÊ ŸÕÊŸÊ⁄U ªÊ°fl ∑§Ê ªÈ¢«UÊ œÍ⁄U (Gunda Dhur) ÕÊ– ©Uã„UÙ¥Ÿ ’Ê ÊÊ⁄UÙ¥ ∑§Ù ‹Í≈UÊ,√ÿʬÊÁ⁄UÿÙ¥ ÃÕÊ •¢ª˝ Ê •Áœ∑§ÊÁ⁄UÿÙ¥ ∑§ ÉÊ⁄UÙ¥ ∑§Ù ¡‹Ê «UÊ‹Ê •ı⁄U ‚’ ∑ȧ¿U ‹Í≈U Á‹ÿÊ– ‹Í≈U ª∞ •ŸÊ¡ ∑§Ù ‹ÙªÙ¥ ◊¥ ’Ê°≈UÁŒÿÊ ªÿÊ– Á’˝Á≈U‡Ê ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U Ÿ Áflº˝Ù„U ∑§Ù Œ’ÊŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ¬ÈÁ‹‚ Œ‹ ÷¡Ê– Áflº˝Ù„U ¬⁄U ÃÙ ÃËŸ ◊„UËŸ ◊¥ ∑§Ê’Í ¬Ê Á‹ÿʪÿÊ, ¬⁄¢UÃÈ ªÈ¢«UÊ äÊÍ⁄ ∑§Ù Ÿ ¬∑§«∏UÊ ¡Ê ‚∑§Ê–¡ÊflÊ ◊¥ Áflº˝Ù„U ∑§Ê ŸÃÎàfl ⁄UÊ¢ŒÈé‹ÊÃÈ¢ª (Randublatung) ªÊ°fl ∑§ ‚È⁄UÙ¥ÁÃ∑§Ù ‚ÊÁ◊Ÿ (Surontiko Samin) ŸÊ◊∑§√ÿÁÄà Ÿ Á∑§ÿÊ– ß‚ ∑§Êÿ¸ ◊¥ ©U‚∑§ ŒÊ◊ÊŒ Ÿ ©U‚∑§Ë ‚„UÊÿÃÊ ∑§Ë– v~Æ| Ã∑§ ‹ª÷ª xÆÆÆ ¬Á⁄UflÊ⁄U ß‚ •Ê¢ŒÙ‹Ÿ ◊¥‡ÊÊÁ◊‹ „UÙ ª∞ Õ– ¡’ «Uø •Áœ∑§Ê⁄UË flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸ⁄UˡÊáÊ ∑§⁄UŸ •Êà Õ, ÃÙ ‚ÊÁ◊Ÿ Áflº˝Ù„UË •¬ŸË ÷ÍÁ◊ ¬⁄U ‹≈U∑§⁄U •¬ŸÊÁfl⁄UÙœ ¬˝∑§≈U ∑§⁄Uà Ֆ ∑ȧ¿U ‚ÊÁ◊ŸÙ¥ Ÿ ∑§⁄U ÃÕÊ ¡È◊ʸŸ ŒŸ ‚ ߢ∑§Ê⁄U ∑§⁄U ÁŒÿÊ •ı⁄U «UøÙ¥ ∑§ Á‹∞ ∑§Ê◊ ∑§⁄UŸÊ ’¢Œ ∑§⁄UÁŒÿÊ–
¬˝‡Ÿ x. v}}Æ ‚ v~wÆ ∑§ ’Ëø ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ©U¬-◊„UÊŒ˜flˬ ∑§ flŸÊë¿UÊÁŒÃ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ ~| ‹Êπ „UÄ≈Uÿ⁄U ∑§Ë Áª⁄UÊfl≈U •ÊÿË– ¬„‹U ∑§ vÆ.}{∑§⁄UÙ«∏U „UÄ≈Uÿ⁄U ‚ ÉÊ≈U∑§⁄U ÿ„U ˇÊòÊ ~.}~ ∑§⁄UÙ«∏U „UÄ≈Uÿ⁄U ⁄U„U ªÿÊ ÕÊ– ß‚ Áª⁄UÊfl≈U ◊¥ ÁŸêŸÁ‹Áπà ∑§Ê⁄U∑§Ù¥ ∑§Ë ÷ÍÁ◊∑§Ê ’ÃÊ∞—(∑§) ⁄U‹fl(π) ¡„UÊ Ê ÁŸ◊ʸáÊ(ª) ∑ΧÁ·-ÁflSÃÊ⁄U(ÉÊ) √ÿÊfl‚ÊÁÿ∑§ πÃË(æU) øÊÿ-∑§ÊÚ»§Ë ∑§ ’ʪʟ(ø) •ÊÁŒflÊ‚Ë •ı⁄U Á∑§‚ÊŸ–
©UàÃ⁄U ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ©U¬◊„UÊŒ˜flˬ ◊¥ flŸ-ÁflSÃÊ⁄U ◊¥ ∑§◊Ë •ÊŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ∑§ß¸ ∑§Ê⁄U∑§ ©UàÃ⁄UŒÊÿË Õ– ¬⁄¢UÃÈ ÁŒ∞ ª∞ ∑§Ê⁄U∑§Ù¥ ∑§Ë ÷ÍÁ◊∑§Ê ‚’‚◊„Uààfl¬Íáʸ ⁄U„UË– ÿ„U ’Êà ŸËø ÁŒ∞ ª∞ Áflfl⁄UáÊ ‚ S¬c≈U „UÙ ¡Ê∞ªË—
MBD Super Refresher Class-IX Term-II CBSE/NCERT
Publisher : MBD GroupPublishers
ISBN : 9789385905674Author : S. Krishnan, Puri,Neera Sharma
Type the URL : http://www.kopykitab.com/product/12374
Get this eBook
40%OFF
Recommended