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E d i t o r i a lThisisthefirstissueoftheMEDUSANewsletter devotedtoinformation abouttheplantl ifeoftheMediterraneanregionand themanywaysinwhichit isused inhuman activities. Itwillincludearticles andnotesabouttheplants,theorganizationsinvolvedintheirstudy,utilization andconservation,projectsand initiatives,newsofmeetingsheldandforthcomingandnoticesofbooksandrelevant newliterature.
TheMediterraneanbasin hasbeenthecradleofsuccessivecivilizationsandalsooneofthemajorcentresoforiginanddiversification o f m any plantsofagriculture.Nowhereelseonthisplanethavehumansbeensocloselyandintimately associated withtheenvironmentandperhapsnowhereelsehasthelandsodeeplyinfluencedhuman behaviourandculture: inturnthesehaveshapedthepast andpresentlandscapesthroughtranshumance,agriculture,fellingoftheforests,grazing, fire,terracing, urbanization,tourism andpollution. Thesefabledshoreshouseabouttenpercent of theworld'stotaloffloweringplantsandfernsin 1.6percentoftheearth'slandsurfaceand abouthalfoftheseareendemictotheregion.
TheMEDUSANetwork of theMediterranean Region wasestablishedbyCIHEAM-MAICh,withthesupportofthe EuropeanUnionDirectorateGeneral I, fortheidentification, conservationand
sustainableuseofthewild plantsoftheMediterraneanRegion. TheNetworkcomprises National FocalPointCoordinators fromthecountriesoftheregionand alsoincludesrepresentativesofinternational organizations(CIHEAM-MAICh, I UBS, FAO,IPGRI-WANA,LEAD)thatformtheSteering Committee. Already ithasheldtwo regionalworkshops,thefirstinChania,Greece on28-29June1996on'Identificationofwild food andnon-foodplantsoftheMediterraneanRegion'andthesecondinHammam-Sousse,Tunisiaon1-3 May 1997 o n ' Wildfood andnon-foodplants-Information Networking' at which aseriesofcountryprofileswerepresented a n d wi l l b e i ncludedintheProceedingsofthemeeting.The ProceedingsofthefirstWorkshophavejustbeenpublished(see NewPublications). Alistofpriorityspecieshas been compiledandthattoo will be availableshortly. Plansarein hand f o r thedesignandestablishmentofanInteractiveRegional InformationSystem(MEDUSAIRIS)anddetailsoftheseandotheractivitieswill begiveninforthcomingissuesof t h i s Newsletter.TheaimofthisNewsletter iscommunicationofinformationandall readersareinvitedtosubmitshort articles, newsornotesthatwouldhelp achievethis. Welcometo M E DUSA!
ERNON EYWOODV HEditorandChairoftheMEDUSASteering Committee
June 1997
Issue 1
Insidethis Issue
Editorial
NewsfromMEDUSA
Fifteenyearsof
Spanishethnobotanygroups
A centreforon-farmconservationontheislandofLinosa(Italy)
TheIUCNMediterraneanIslandGroup
WildplantsofTunisia:their conservationanduse
BibliographicresearchintheMaghreb
GeneticresourcesinitiativesinItaly
ActivitiesofMAICh
TBAM structureandactivities
Country News
CountryPresentations
NewsfromOrganisations
Newsandnotes
Bookreviews
Forthcomingevents
Reportsofmeetings
FloraIberica
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N e w s f r o mM E D U S A
TheFirstRegionalWorkshop,June 1996, Chania,Greece
Publicationand distribution of aleaflet
ListofPriority species
TheProceedingsof theFirstRegionalWorkshophavebeen edited byV.Heywood(Emeritus Professor,UniversityofReading,UK, ChairmanoftheSteeringCommitteeofMEDUSANetwork) andM.Skoula(MAICh,Executive SecretaryofMEDUSANetwork).Thiswillbepublishedin theCahiersOptionsMediterraneensSeries:Title:
Aleafletannouncing theestablishmentoftheMEDUSANetwork, itsaims,objectivesandintentions,includinginformation onthedatainformationsystemandthepublicationoftheNewsletterwaspublishedanddistributedto expertsrelated withtheMediterraneanRegi on.Thedistributionof t henewsletterwasdonebyMAICh,bytheFocal PointCoordinators(FPCs)andbythemembersoftheSteeringCommittee.
Aspecificquestionnairetoestablishthepriorityspeciesoftheregionwasdesigned, following theuse categoriesasdefinedin theMEDUSAobjectives.Itwasdistributedandcompletedbymost ofthecurrentcountriesmembersoftheNetwork.Countrymembershave been askedtoselectthe100mostlywidelyused speciesoftheircountry.The dataobtainedfromthequestionnaireshavebeenenteredintoadatabase(ACCESS 2.0)heldatMAICh.Currentlyi tholdsapproximatelyc.1200entriesthatcorrespondtoc.600 differenttaxabutfurtherdatahavestilltobeadded.Thedatabaseiscurrently beingeditedandpreparedforpublication.
IDENTIFICATIONOF WILDFOODANDNON-FOODPLANTSOFTHE M E DITERRANEANREGIONPages:165,Volume 23,Year1997,ISSN no:1022-1379,400copieswillbeprinted(publicationexpected July1997)
TheSecond Regional WorkshopofMEDUSANetwork
SteeringCommittee
Country Members (FocalPointCoordinators)
ThesecondMEDUSAWorkshop washeldinPortElKantaoui, TunisiaonMay1st-3rd,1997.Itwasattendedbyrepresentativesfrom11MeduterraneancountriesandbyrepresentativesofvariousinternationalorganizationssuchasFAO,IUCN,ICUCandICMAP.AnumberofscientificpresentationsweremadeandCountryReportson thewildplant resourcesandGovernmental andNon-GovernmentalOrganizationsinvolvedin anyaspectsof theirstudy,cultivation,sustainableuse, conservation ofplantgeneticresourcesusedorofpotentialuseinagriculture, andhabitatconservationandrestor ation,werepresented. TheProceedingsareinpreparation.
Mrs.MelpoSKOULA-JOHNSON,ExecutiveSecretaryMediterranean AgronomicInstituteatChania,
Prof.VernonH.HEYWOOD,ICMAPandDIVERSITASSchool ofPlantSciences,TheUniversityofReading,UK,Chair
Mr.PeterGRIFFEE,FAO,AGPC, Rome,ITALY
Ass.Prof.L.JanSLIKKERVEERLeiden University,InstituteofCultural andSocialStudies,Leiden,THENETHERLANDS
Dr.YousefBARKOUDAHIPGRI-WANAoffice, SYRIA
Mr.AlkinoosNIKOLAIDISMediterranean AgronomicInstituteatChania,
Mrs.ZahiaHOUMANIUniversitedeBlida,Instituted'AgronomieProf.LahouabiABEDCentreHospitalo-Universitaire,Hopital PARNET, Alger
Prof.MohammedYOUNESHAGGAGDepartmentofPahrmacognosy,FacultyofPharmacy,UniversityofCairo, Cairo
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Dr.AgnesVANNEREAULaboratoiredeBotanique etPhytochimie, FacultedePharmacie, Chatenay-MalabryDr. JamesMOLINAConservatoireBotaniqueNationalMediterraneendePorquerolles,InstitutBotanique, Montpellier
Ass.Prof.GregoriosIATROUUniversity ofPatras, Department ofBiology,DivisionofPlant Biology,PatrasAss.Prof.EugeniosKOKKALOUAristotleUniversityofThessaloniki,SchoolofPharmacy,Dept.Pharmacognosy, Thessaloniki
Dr. DomenicoPIGNONEGermplasm Institute,NationalResearchCouncil, Bari
Prof.MohammedHMAMOUCHIUniversitee MohammedV, FaculteedeMedecineetdePharmacie,PlantMedicinalesetAromatiques,RabatProf.MohammedFENNANEInstitutScientifique,Agdal,Rabat
Prof.AntonioProencaDACUNHADepartment ofPharmacognosy,University ofCoimbra,Coimbra
Prof.Diego RIVERANUNEZUniversidad deMurcia,DepartamentodeBotanica,Facultadde Biologia,MurciaDrFranciscoCentrodeEdafologiayBiologiaAplicadadelSegura,Lab.Fitoquimica,Murcia
Prof.RachidCHEMLIFacultedePharmaciedeMonastir,LaboratoiredePharmacognosie-Phytotherapie,Monastir
Prof.K.Husnu Can BASERMedicinalandAromaticPlantandDrug, ResearchCentre(TBAM),AnadoluUniversity,Eskisehir
DrAyseKITIKIAegeanAgriculturalResearchInstitute,MedicinalandAromaticPlantsSection,Izmir
TOMAS BARBERAN
June1997
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A c t i v i t y R e p o r t s
MEDUSA Newsletter
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F i f t e e n y e a r so f t h e F l o r ai b e r i c a p r o j e c t
Gonzalo Nieto F eliner,RealJardinBotanico,MadridFifteenyears after theprojectbegan,theFloraIbericaprojecthaspublishedaround32%ofthetotalnumberofvascularplantspeciesthatitisplannedtocover.Itisnotafastpacewemustadmit.However, desirableasitmightbe, speedof completionhasnotbeenourfirstpriority.Rather,foraFlorathathadbeen awaitedforsuchalongtime (ahundredyearsinfact),ourmain goal wastoproduceaworkwhich made thewaitingworthwhile.That is,tooffernot justamodernupdateofthe v ascularplant speciesrecordedinourterritorybuttoreachthehighestpossible scientificstandards.To achievethisweneededtoguaranteethatevery generic accountwasbasedon original detailedtaxonomicresearch ratherthanonamerebibliographicsynthesisasissometimesthecase infloristicprojects.InareviewofvolumeII,KaiLarsen(NordicJ.Bot.11:92,1991)saidreferringtooneoftheaccounts'itisalmostamonographonthegenus'.Thisis, infact,ourobjectivenotonlytoavoidwhatcould otherwisebean exofficiocompilationbutalso todemonstrate thatregionalFlorasneednotnecessarilyproducelocallybiasedtaxonomiesasopposedtocontinentalFloras.
There isonly a way to try to speedthingsupwhilemaintaining ourrequirements forthoroughtaxonomicrevisionineachgroup:wideningthenumberofauthorsandeditorsinvolved.We h avemovedin thisdirectionand theresultisthat135authorsfrom tendifferentcountrieshave contributedor arecurrentlyworkingongeneric accounts.Infact,ourlastapplicationforfinancialsupportwas signedby 37botanists,11of whomwillberesponsiblefortheeditingofentirefamilies.Whatismoreimportantis thatthe editorsbelong infourdifferentinstitutions:besidestheBotanicGardenofMadrid, whichcontinuestohosttheSecretariat,theuniversitiesofSevilla,Barcelona,SalamancaandBadajoz.
Plansforthenext5yearsincludethepublicationofeightvolumes:IX
, X,XI
, XII, XIII
,XIV
, XV, and
XVIII. VolumeVI
isscheduledforautumn1997andVII for theendof1998).
Prospectsforthefuturecontinuetobepromising bothfinanciallyandscientifically.VolumesVIandVIIIwerepresentedon 28May1997inapublicceremony chaired bytheMinisterofEducationandCulture,EsperanzaAguirre, who withherassistancesupportedthecontinuityoftheproject.
As tothescientificparticipation, ournowmiddle-aged project isnottotal lydevoidofproblemsbutwhichscientificendeavourinvolvingsuchalargenumberofresearchersisnot?Paradoxicallyperhaps, forsomeofusthehealthandthestrengthoftheprojectrestsonthenowwideparticipation.Iftheresultsofourworkcontinuetobeasenthusiasticallyacknowledgedashavebeenthevolumesalreadypublished,Ithinkthattheprojectwillcontinue soonerorlater,fasterorslower towardscompletion.Thedemand forthisworkevenincreaseseverytimeanewvolumeispublishedandtherateofca.20%moretaxa(species+ subspecies)thanthoserecognisedin theFloraEuropaeafortheterritoriescoveredholds.
Recentinnovationsincludetheproduction ofaCD-Romversionofthe firstfourvolumesthatwillbeperiodicallyupdated.Thisversionincorporatesalltheinformationpresentedintheprintedvolumes,aswellasenablingplantidentificationwithoutnecessarilyfollowingthedichotomouskeys.MorphologicaltermscanbeinputtedeitherinSpanishor English toobtainthebestmatches.Computersearchesusing specificrestrictions,geographical ordescriptive, canalsobemadeandthe
(RhamnaceaetoPolygalaceae)(AraliaceaeandUmbelliferae)(Gentianaceaeto Boraginaceae)(Labiatae andallies)(PlantaginaceaetoScrophulariaceae)
(MyoporaceaetoCampanulaceae)(RubiaceaetoDipsacaceae)
(CyperaceaetoPontederiaceae)(Rosaceae)
(Leguminosae)
corresponding listsgenerated. Unlikethehard copy,adistributionmapthatpops-up isprovidedforeachtaxon.Whilenotbeingtheperfectelectronicsolution foraFlora(quantitativecharacterscannotbeused),the systemhasundeniable advantagesand itshasbeenadoptedbytwosuchimportantprojects asthe Floraof North Americaandthe world-wideSpeciesPlantarumproject.
T h e S p a n i s he t h n o b o t a n yg r o u p s a n dM E D U S A
DiegoRiveraandConchitaObon,revisedbyF.TomasBarberanThestudyoftraditionalusesofplantsintheIberianPeninsulaattractedtheinterest ofSpanishbotanistsin thefirsthalfof thisCentury.Anexampleofthisinterest wasshownby Dr.PiusFontQuer,whoinhisDioscorides' bookversion hadgatheredmuchlocalinformation, collected byhimselfandotherpharmacists.Thistaskhasbeenreassumedinrecenttimes(beginningoftheeighties)byresearchteamsatseveral Biology and PharmacyFaculties,Agricultural HighSchoolsandSpanishResearch CouncilCentres(CSIC).Several Ph.D. Thesis werepresentedandotheraregoing oninthefieldsofGeneralEthnobotany andEthnopharmacology.Muchefforthasbeendevoted toimprovetheircooperationby thedifferentteams workinginSpainand indevelopingcommonmethods.
TheInternationalEthnobotanicalCongressheld atCordobain1992wasanimportantmeetingpointforthedifferentresearchgroupsworkinginSpain,havingtheopportunity ofsharing theirexperienceswithcolleaguesfrom abroad, mainlyfromSouthernandCentralAmerica.TheCordobaBotanicGarden,with theMuseum ofEthnobotanyareinvolvedintheexhaustiverecoveringofethnobotanical informationinAndalusia,mainlyfrom Cordobaandneighbouringprovinces.Theheadof
A c t i v i t y R e p o r t s
thisinstitutionisProfessorHernandez Bermejowhoisalsodevelopingmuch workinthef ie ldofp lantconservation.NearCordoba, attheGranadaUniversity i n theDept.ofPlant BiologyoftheFaculty ofPharmacy,Dra.ReyesGonzalezTejero, Prof. JoaquinMoleroandco-workershavestudiedthoroughlythetraditionalmedicinaluses ofplantsinEasternAndalusia,inasimilarwaybutmorerecentlycameinthisfieldtheProfessorsNietoCalderaofMalagaUniversityandFernandezLopezof JaenUniversity andtheirresearchteams.
AtMadridthereareseveral groupsinterestedin Ethnobotanyandusesofplantswildandcultivatedfromdifferentapproaches.ThePharmacyFacultyoftheComplutense University(Prof.Villar andCarretero)devotedsome attentiontochemicals fromSpanishendemicspeciesandtheirbiological activities. ProfessorVelascoNeguerueladirected several thesisinvolvingethnobotanicalandphytochemical researchconcerningCentral SpainandcarriedoutatthePlant BiologyDepartmentoftheBiologyFacultyofthisUniversity.Prof. MargaritaCostaTenorio,atthesame department, directeda Ph.D.thesis (byS.Mesa)concerningGeneralEthnobotany ofSierraMagina(Jaen,Andalusia).Dr.RamonMorales(MadridRoyalBotanicGardens)tookcareofthedirection ofthemuchcomplexThesisofDr.EmilioBlancoinvolvingcomparativeethnobotanical researchatGaliciaandExtremadura.
It i s no teworthythe splendidmonographbyDr.LuisMuletPascualconcerningmedicinalplants ofCastellonand theirtraditionalusesinthisprovince,thispublicationis based i nthePh.DThesisoftheauthor,madeunder thedirectionofProfs.M.CostaandJ.B.Peris,PharmacyFaculty,ValenciaUniversity. Alsoaconsiderable researchhas beendevelopedin CataloniabyProf.JoanVallesandco-workers,atthePharmacyFaculty(BarcelonaUniversity).ThisresultedinseveralThesis(AngelsCardona, JoanMuntane,etc.) andregionalmonographs.ThePyrenaeanResearch Centre atJaca
(Huesca)havepublishedamuchcomprehensivemonographconcerningmedicinal plantsof'AltoAragon',thisisnowinhissecondedition.AtJacamostofthebotanistsnowworkingtherehaveinheritedtheethnobotanicalconcernandenthusiasmofDr.PedroMontserrat, formerhead ofthisgroup.In thepresenttimeDr.LuisVillarisanactiveorganizerofthegroup,involvingresearchanalsoethnobotanicaltraininginsummercourses,with co-workerssuchasJoseMariaPalacin.
Manyotherresearchershaveshowntheirinterestinto thisfield:Prof. J.IzcoandDr.PabloRamil (SantiagoUniversity), Prof. FelixLlamas(LeonUniversity), Prof. J.LastraMenendez(OviedoUniversity),Prof.GonzaloMateo(Valencia University),Prof.BenitoCrespo(AlicanteUniversity), etc.
Althoughthereisnoadirectrel ationshipwith theMEDUSAnetworktherearealsoinSpainseveralresearchersinvolvedinthefieldo fPalaeoethnobotanyboth inUniversitiesandtheResearch CouncilDepartments.
Lastbutnotleast, inMurcia(PlantBiologyDepartment,MurciaUniversity)wehavedevelopedaresearchworkinvolving GeneralEthnobotanyand specialEthnopharmacology.Thewholeoftheregionhasbeencoveredbythef ie ldresearch,carriedoutsince1981.Wehavealso studied neighbouringregionssuchasCastillaLaManchaorSouthofValencia.Threebookshavebeenpublished so farbyProf.DiegoRiveraandDra.ConcepcionOboncontaininginformation onthetraditional usesofplantsinMurcia.AmonographyontheEthnobotanyofSierrasdeSeguraandAlcaraz,isactuallyin press, bytheaforesaidauthorsandAlonsoVerde;andatwovolumesetdescribingthe traditionalnutandfruitcultivarsoftheSeguraBassin(SE ofSpain).On-goingatatourresearchgrouparethe theses ofA.Verde, F.Mendez andC.Sanchez-RocainthefieldsofEthnobotanyandEthnopharmacology.ForeignstudentssuchasAnjaMuller,from BonnUniversity,developedEthnopharmacological researchprojectsin ourlaboratory.CooperationwiththePhytochemistryLaboratory,Dr.F.TomasBarbera
n andco-workers,(CEBAS-CSIC,Murcia)hasbeenvery profitabletoidentify thecompoundswhich couldberesponsiblefor theethnopharmacological use.
From1992severalmeetingsandworkshopshavebeenorganizedinGranada, Cordobaand Madrid andanewsletteroftheSpanishGroupofEthnobotanywasissuedbythecolleaguesofGranada University.Since1994muchoftheaforesaidresearch groupsareinvolvedinamajorcommontask: theSpanishEthnoflora.Workisnowinprogressbuttheattemptsforobtaining aneconomicsupport from theSpanishAcademicauthoritiesfailedintwoconsecutiveopportunities.Thefirstpublicationofthisproject,in theform ofacheck-list,isexpectedfor nextAutumn, t obepresentedatthe EthnobotanicalCongressinMerida(Mexico).
Wehad theopportunityofpresentingtheMEDUSAnetwork toareducedgroupofourcolleaguesinarecentworkshopheld inMadridinJanuary1997.
June1997
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P r o p o s a l t o s e tu p a c e n t r e f o ro n - f a r mc o n s e r v a t i o n o fp l a n t g e n e t i cr e s o u r c e s o n t h ei s l a n d o f L i n o s a( I t a l y )
K. Hammer,IPK,Genbank,Correnstrasse 3, 06446Gatersleben, GermanyOn-farm conservation isaspecialcaseofinsituconservation. Traditionalpartsofagricultureand horticulturemaybepreservedbycontinuingtoproduce crops inatraditional way.Contrarytothe staticmethods ofexsituconservationingenebanks,thiswillprovideforacontinuingevolutionofthecrops. Onlyafewexamplesofon-farm conservationexistso far,
A c t i v i t y R e p o r t s
mainlybecauseoftheproblemsthatarise fromtheneedtoorganizeatthesame timecropproductionandconservation butalsodueto thelackofsuitablesituationssincegeneticerosionhasbeensowidespreadincropspecies.Theislandof Linosa, south ofSici ly,hasstillpreservedtraditionalformsofagriculture. In comparison withthecataloguemadeforthewholeofsouthItaly andSicilybyHammer etal.(1992),more than tenpercentofthecropplantswerefoundatthespecieslevel. Consideringthesmallsizeoftheisland,(5.3km2)thishasto beconsideredanexceptionalsituation. Achecklistcontainedabout100cropspecies. The infraspecificvariation ofthismaterial istillunderinvestigation.
Completelynewwayshave tobedevelopedso astosetupacentreforon-farmconservationontheisland(cf.Hammeretal.1997). Theuniquewildfloras should alsobeincludedinanynewprogramme. An integratedapproachtonatureconservationandon-farmconservationcould lead to anewmodel. Oneoftheproblemswillbe m aintainingcrop plantstogetherwith theirwildrelatives.Introgressivehybridization willbetheresultofsuchsituationsandthiscouldendangert hegeneticintegrityofthepopulationsofthewildspecies. On theotherhand,introgression constitutesan importantevolutionary factorforthedevelopmentofcrop plants. Thusbothoftheseaspectswill havetobetakenintoaccount inplanningtheintegratedmodel. Itwouldbeofgreat interesttolearn ofsimilarexperiencesinotherparts oftheMediterraneanoraboutpromisingsituations foron-farmconservation.
References
Hammer,K.,Knupffer,G.,Laghetti,G.&Perrino,P.1992.Seedsformthepast.AcatalogueofcropgermplasminSouthItalyandSicily.GermplasmInstitute(CNR).Bari.
Hammer,L.,Laghetti,G.&Perrino,P.1997. ProposaltomaketheislandofLinosa/Italyasacentreforon-farmconservationofplantgeneticresources.GRACE44(inpress).
T h eM e d i t e r r a n e a nI s l a n d s P l a n tS p e c i a l i s t G r o u p
Bertrand deMontmollin,biolconseils, Serre 5, C H-2000Neuchatel, Switzerland.
Thecurrentsituationin theMediterraneanislandsUnknown tomany,theMediterraneanregioncontainsalmost10,000islandsandislets, makingitoneofthelargestislandgroupsintheworld.
Theseislandshouseawealthofspecies,manyendemic,making theregionanimportantcentreofbiodiversity.Inaddition, thehistoryofthe Mediterranean basin,itsflexibilityinreacting toamyriadof changes,andits roleasanaturallaboratorytostudyspeciation,areotherreasonswhy theseislandsareofsuchgreatinterest.
Humanactivities havecausedconstantpressureontheMediterraneanforthousandsofyears,althoughtodayarean integralpartof anyMediterraneanecosystem.Howeverduringthelastfew decades,majorsocio-economicchangeshaverapidlyincreasedthenegativeeffectsofhuman impactintheMediterranean,particularlyalongthecoasts.Islandsare especiallyvulnerable tothisimpact,astheirsmallsizeamplifiessuchdisruptions.
Thelackofdataonspeciesdistributionmeansthatitisdifficulttomakeacompletelyobjectiveassessment ofthecurrentsituation,particularlyforthesmallerislands.Moreinformationisneededaboutthehabitats aswellastheecologyandbiologyofthespeci esconcerned,inordertoorganiseconservationprogrammesforspeciesandtheirhabitats.
In addition,legal protectivemeasuresareingeneralscarce,andpoorlyimplemented.Protectedareasareinsufficientinnumber,andthemanagementofexistingprotectedareasneedssometimestobeimproved.
Itisthereforeurgenttosetupacomprehensiveprogrammetoprotectthe flora(aswell asassociatedfauna),habitats,andlandscapesofthe
Mediterranean Islands,within theframeworkofaglobal strategy forenvironmental protection,sustainabledevelopment,andresourcevalorisationforlocalpopulations.
TheMediterraneanIslandsPlantSpecialistGroup(MIPSG)wascreatedatthebeginningof1995.Its25membersrepresentalmosteverycountry possessingislandsin theMediterranean basin.
TheMIPSGhasdefinedastrategytobeused asaframeworkforconservationaction.ThisstrategyisspecificallygearedtowardsharmonisingtheactivitiesoftheMIPSG withotherconservationworkoccurringinthearea,aswel l a sintegratingthem withexistingMediterranean networks.
Themainprinciplesofthestrategyare:
toassessthe conservationstatusofthe floraandvegetationonalltheMediterraneanIslands;
toimproveandintegratecurrentknowledgeoftheflora,habitats,threatsandprotected areas, withtheauthoritiesconcernedwiththeirconservation;
toidentifyconservationpriorities,and d evelop specific action plans;
todefine,promote,supportandimplementactionplansfortheconservation ofspecies, habitats,specificsites,orentireislands;
toproposetoolsfor floraan dvegetationconservationwithinanisland context;
toestablishabiodiversitynetworkformonitoringandimplementation;
tohighlightthevalueoftheseislandecosystemswithina frameworkofdevelopment activities;
toimprove,synthesiseandcirculateknowledgeandinformation;
toenhancetheawarenessof d ecisionmakersaswellasthepublic.
Theseprincipleswillbeexpandedinthe"ConservationofMediterraneanIslands Plants- 1.Strategyfor Action"publishedinoctober1996.Theywill
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TheActionPlanoftheMediterraneanIslandsPlantSpecialistGroup
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serve astheframeworkfor theconservation action programmeof theMIPSGinthecomingyears.
ImplementationoftheMediterraneanIslandsPlant Action Planis scheduledtocoverafour-year period(1997-2000)andwillbestructured asfollows:
regional corespondentswillbeselectedamongsttheMIPSGmembersforeach i s l andorarchipelago.They willberesponsiblefor co-ordinatingongoing work,monitoring thebiodiversityundertheirremit,andsharingtheinformationwiththerest ofthenetwork;
amanagementteamco-ordinated byan executivesecretarywill monitoreachregion, providetechnical andscientificsupport whereneeded, andmobilisefundsto enablethisworktobeundertaken;
localplayerswill implementconservationprogrammes withthehelpandguidanceofthemanagementteam andthe regionalcorrespondents,andwhereneeded,specialised scientificexperts.
This ActionPlanwillfitwithintheframeworkofIUCN'sdevelopingactivitiesintheMediterraneanregion(MediterraneanProgramme).
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Implementationoftheactionprogramme
P l a n t e ss p o n t a n e e s d e laf l o r e d e T u n i s i e :C o n s e r v a t i o n e tu t i l i s a t i o nW i l d p l a n t s o fT u n i s i a : t h e i rc o n s e r v a t i o n a n du s e
R.Chemli,Faculte dePharmaciedeMonastir,M.A.Nabli, FacultedesSciencesdeTunis,Tunisie
LafloredelaTunisie
LaTunisie d'unesuperficiede164,148km2avecdesmontagnespeueleveesetunemosaiqued'ecosystemesdisposed'uneflore relativementpauvreen especes endemiques. LadiversitespecifiqueestcependantassezricheLaflorevasculaire, outrelesespecesintroduites,cultiveesetsubspontanees, comportepresde2150taxonssubdivises,en115 familleset742genres.
307especessontrares,et 99sonttresrares.Parmi ces406plantes335sontdesespecesdistinctesetquiconstituentenviron15%del'ensembledelafloredupays.Surles81especesendemiquesdel"Afriquedu Nordet duNord dusahara, 34 especes sontrencontres enTunisie.
Lesplantesnecessitant uneprotectionprioritaire sont:
Lespressionsanthropiquesassocieesalaseveriteduclimat,essentiellementen milieux fragiles(zonesemiaridesetarides)ontentraineunedegradationdesecosystemesaccompagneed'unediminutiondeleurdiversitefloristiquede nombreusesplantesapparenteesounonadesformescultiveesontdisparuou menaceesdedisparition.
Lesforets(essencecortegefloristique),les pelousesetles steppesquiconstituentl'essentieldelavegetation
Calligonumazel,Cupressus sempervirens,Juglansregia,Phyllitishemionitis,Prunus,Cyclamenpersicum,Euphorbiadendroidesavium,Pyrus syraciaetQuercusfaginea
enTunisie,montrentdessignesderegressionvariables.Desespeces,deplushautinteret(pastoral,ecologique,medicinal, alimentaire...)figurentparmi lesplus menacees.
Lasauvegarde dupatrimoinephytogenetiquenepeutetreenvisagee,entoute prioritequ'atravers uneexploitationraisonneedesressourcesdumilieuquipasseparlaprotectionetlarestaurationdessols cequifavoriserait uneremonteebiologique.
Lacreation desseptsparcsnationaux ,etquatorzereservesnaturelles,zonespilotes etderayonnementsurlesregions concernees,ontcontribuealaconseravationdesecosystemes,laproliferationd'especes menaceesetl'emergencede taxons considerescomme disparus.Ces approchesprivilegient lasauvegardeinsitud'ecosystemes, degroupementsvegetaux,d'especeset depopulations.Toutesfois,elleneconservent pasobligatoirementladiversitegenetiquedes especes;lacreation dereservesnaturellesetlechoix desespeces a protegerdoiventetre guidesauprealableparuneanalysedeladiversitegenetique.La p rioriteaccordeeatelleoutelleespeceslocale,doittenircomptedesonniveaudevariabilite,desabiologiefloraleetdesobjectivesdesonutilisationacourtet alongterme.
Lacreationde reservesgenetiquesspecialementconcuespourdesespecessauvagesapparentesauxformescultiveesdoitetreenvisagee.
Lapromulgationen1988,descadreslegislatifsetconstitutionnelspourgererlavegetationnaturelle (forets steppesparcours..)ont permisdel imiterladegradationdelavegetationnaturelle.
Cettepreoccupationdu sauvegardeinsitus'estvuconcretiseeparla creationd'uncentredes ressourcesPhytogenetiques.
Lesprincipalesplantes spontanees,essentiellement celles menaceesd'erosion genetique,presenteesselonleurinterets
(alimentaire,pasteural,medicinal,ornemental, ecologique..)serontevoquesetleursmoyensdeconservationsdiscutes.
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E t a t d e r e c h e r c h eb i b l i o g r a p h i q u ed a n s l e s p a y s duM a g h r e bB i b l i o g r a p h i cr e s e a r c h i n t h ec o u n t r i e s o f t h eM a g h r e b
M.Hmamouchi, FacultedeMedecineetdePharmacie, Rabat,Maroc,UnitedeRecherche:Plantes MedicinalesetAromatiques,B .P.6203 RabatInstituts, Maroc.Lapresenteetudebibliographiqueviseaetablirl'etatdestravauxsurlesplantesauMaghreb. Pourlaclartedel'expose,elle procederaenpremier l ieude faconanalytiqueethistoriqueselonlestravauxeffectues.Ellecommenceraparunrappeldes travauxqui traitesdespremieresdonneesrelatives auxplantes,vuleurimpactsurlesutilisationsactuelles.Dansundeuxiemetemps,ellepresenterales travauxrecents relatifs a l aquestion.Cettebibliographienevisepasl'exhaustivite,maissignalelestravauxspecifiques, quiont constituesdesapportsoriginauxsurlaquesti on.
Il est bonderappellerqu'on estime aenviron20000lenombred'especes deplantesutiliseesdanslemondeadesfinstherapeutiques, alimentaires,cosmetiques, chimiques,pharmaceutiqueset agro-alimentaires.
Lesresultats desenquetesethnobotaniqueseffectueesdanslesdifferentspaysduMaghreb montrentqueplusde80%delapopulation arecoursauxplantes pourse fairesoigneretplusde30 especessontutiliseesenalimentation.C'estpourmieuxdecomprendrelebienfondedel'heritage despharmacopeesmagrebinesquenousavons faituneetudebibliographique destravaux quionteteffectuesauMarocet auMaghreb.
En effet,les Marocainsenparticulieretles arabesen generale,ontutilisesdepuis lestempslesplusancienslesplantescomme sourcesd'alimentation,
de medicaments, d'alimentation etd'embellissement.L'etudedelapratiquedelamedecinetraditionnelleMaghrebineaucoursde l'histoirearabe-islamique, montre que cettemedecinetraditionnelleapusemaintenir ets'enrichirjusqu'anosjours gracealasituationgeographique, auxtraditionssocio-economiquesetaux particularitesgeographiquesdechaquepays.
Nousnous sommesinteresseal'etudedesplusimportantstravaux relatifsauxplantes utiliseesadesfinstherapeutiques,alimentaires,cosmetiques, chimiques,pharmaceutiquesetagro-industrielles.Au Maroconn'anoteplusde 4.200especesexistantent.
Cetravail s'inscritdanslecadre del'etudeetlavalorisation desressourcesnaturellesmarocaines.Iln'apaslapretention d'aborderd'une facon exhaustivetouteslesfacettesde cesressources, combienabondantesdansnospaysafricains engeneraletauMarocen particulier.Il traiteprincipalementdesPlantesmedicinaleset Aromatiques. Il soulignel'importancequ'occupelesplantesmedicinalesetaromatiques auMaroc.Lastrategieadoptee danscetravail,vise l'integration desP.M.A.danslesystemedesanteetdansl'economiemarocaine.Enparticulierleurconservationetleurvalorisation auniveautherapeutique,alimentaire,cosmetiqueetchimique.
Notreobjectif quirestecependantambitieux,visenta:
Elaborerunrecueil surlesdonneesdesplantesutilisees au Maroc;Inventorierles plantesutilisees enmedecinetraditionnellemarocaine;
Preciser les grandstraits descaracteristiques botaniques, de larepartitionbotaniqueetdesusages atravers lesdifferentesregionsclimatiquesetsocio-economiquesmarocaines;
Exploiterlesacquisdestravauxderechercherealises enassociantunemethodologierigoureuseetoriginaleauneorientationderecherchesversdesbesoinsreels;
Permettreauxdifferentsspecialistesdetravaillersur desdonneesdeja
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regroupees;
Proposerdes recommandations pouruneutilisationadequateenharmonieavec labiodiversiteetlaprotectiondel'environnement;
Proposerune demarchepour laconservation,l'exploitationrationnellede cesressourcesnaturelles.
Uneetudebibliographiquedessourcesd'informations disponibles surlesutilisations des Plantesmedicinales etAromatiquesdanslemondearabo-islamiques,au Maghrebetau Maroc,nouslivrentun savoirfairetresriche. Actuellement, onconstatequ ilexisteplusieurs travauxderechercheseffectuespardesequipespluridisciplinaires,agronomes,chimistes,biologistes,pharmacologistes.Certainesinformationsbibliographiques sontrapporteesd'une facon tressuccinctes. Pourplusd'information,lesprincipauxouvragesdereference sontconsignesdansla dernierepartie.
Lesdifferentes pharmacopeesont prisnaissanceetsontenrichiespendantlesgrandes conquetesbien queleshabitantspossedaientegalementleurstherapeutiques.Aussiungrandnombred'ouvragesgrecs,enl'occurrencelesmanuscritsd'Hippocrate,deGallienetdeDioscorides,ont etetraduitparlesArabesquienonta joute leurs propresobservations,denouvellesrecettesetdenouveauxmedicaments.Enmedecineindienneancienne, lesplantes medicinalesfaisaientl'objetd'uneculturereglementeeorganiseed'apres lesordonnancesduroibouddhiqueAcoka(IIIemesiecleav.J-C).
Cesont les"papyrus"traitantdelamedecinequinousfontconnaitrelesmateriauxmedicauxet l'experiencedesanciens egyptiens.Ildevaitprobablementexisterquelques400matiErespremiEres,danslapharmacopeedel'Egypteancienne,dontles matiEresanimales,minerales
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Lamedecineegyptienneancienne.
Originesdespharmacopees
Analysedestravauxrealises apresl'arriveedel'Islam
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A c t i v i t y R e p o r t s
etsurtoutvegetales.
Toutefois,c'estdansl 'artdelamomificationquiapparaitlasuperioritedesanciensegyptiens,entantquechimistes.Pourcela,ilsont utilisedesselstelsquelechloruredesodium, deshuilesetdes parfums.
. Ellenousest connuegraceaux tablettesportantdeslistesdedrogues,soigneusementetablies,enecriture cuneiforme.Un roide Babylone : MardoukappalidineII(772-710av. J-C)fit creerunjardindans l equeletaientcultivees64espEcesdeplantesmedicinales.Aladifferencedesrecettesdel'Egypteancienne,lesformulesbabyloniennesn'indiquentnipoidsnimesures.Ilsemblequ'unesorte d'ententetacite regnait parmilesmedecinsquantauxdoses a employer.
.Lebutprincipal delamedecine del'Indeancienne, etaitdeprolonger laviehumaine.LesremEdesetaientessentiellementd'originevegetaleetlesplantesmedicinalesfaisaientl'objetd'une culturereglementee organiseediaprEslesordonnances duroibouddhiqueAeoka(IIIemesiEcleav.J-C)
Lepremieressaid'enregistrementdesmethodestherapeutiqueset destypesde m edicaments, etaitenChineavantJ-Cd'apeupres3000ans,dansune'pharmacopee'formeede52 tomes. Letraite depharmacologie'Pen ts'Kangmou' contient8160formulesprepareesabasede1871substances,essentiellementvegetales.
Lesmedecinsantiquespreparaienteux-memesleurs remedesapartirdesmateriauxqueleurfournissaientlesherboristes etlesmarchandes.Parmilespluscelebresmedecins, oncite:Hippocrate(460-355 av.J-C) 'Peredelamedecine';Theophraste(387-317av.J-C) 'Peredesplantes'; Galien(130-201) 'Perede l a pharmacie'.
Ce futledecretdeCharlemagne (768-814),le celebre'CapitulairedeVillis'quiordonnaitofficiellementauxcouvents etauxgrandsexploitantsdelaculturedecertainslegumesetsimples,decertainsarbres,fleurs,quicontribua
Lamedecinebabylonienne
Lamedecineindienneancienne
Lamedecinechinoiseancienne.
Lamedecinegreco-Romaine.
AuMoyenAge.
notablementaetendrelaculturedesplantesmedicinales.Les medecinsetherboristesacette epoqueetaientnombreux.Pourneciterquelespluscelebres: HildegardedeBingen (1098-1179);Constantin,d'originecarthaginoise, futunremarquabletraducteur desouvragesarabes;Guydechauliac,futungrandchirurgien;AlbertleGrand,botanisteetmedecin.
Incomparablementplusrichequelasciencephysiologiquegrecquedontelleestenpartieissue,lamedecinearabe, qui achevapratiquementdeseconstituer auxenvironsduXemesiEcle,conservaneanmoinsdusavoiretdelasagesseantiquesunetres forteempreinte;
Il seraitillusoiredeparlerdelamedecinetraditionnellechezlesArabes,sansparlerdecelleduProphete.Eneffet,celle-cicomportaitdiversprototypesde traitementd'un certainnombredemaladies.Acepropos,l'HistorienIbnKhaldoun parledelamedecineduProphEteetajoute:'LePropheteaeupourmissiondenousfaireconnaitreles prescriptionsdelaloi divineetnonde nousapprendrelamedecine'.
En effetlessourcesdesprescriptionsmedicalesduProphetesontdedeuxsortes:terrestreetdivine.Lapremieresourceest celleresultantdesoninitiational'artmedicalapuresdeHarithIBN Kaladah;d'autresconnaissancesmedicaleslui virent desobservationsfaitestantdanssesvoyagesqu'aumilieudesesconcitoyens.AcotedeHarith, i lyavaitdesarabesquipratiquaientlamedecinepopulaire,cauterisaient,ventousaient,saignaient,pansaientlesblessuresetc.LadeuxiEmesourcedesprescriptionsmedicalesduPropheteluiestdueparlarevelationdivine,celle-ciinteresseentreautreslatherapeutiqueparl'eaudetruffedanslesmaladiesophtalmiquesdontlesresultatsfurentappreciesparYouhannaIbnMassaouih,medecin d'El-Moutaouakkel.
AinsileProphete recommandaitunealimentationdiversifiee, touteninsistantsurlaconsommationprioritairedelegumesetdefruitsfrais
LamedecineArabo-Musulmane.
LamedecineduProphete.
etsurtoutsurceluidu lait,des dattesetmiel dontlesmultiplesvertussontaujourd'hui amplementdemontrees.Plusieursplantesontetesignaleesparl e Prophete.Ainsi,les plantesrecommandees p arnotreProphetedans'At'tibAnabaoui'deIbnAlKayimAlJousiasontaunombredetrentesept,dontun grandnombre estdestinealaconsommation,parcontrecertainesdecesplantessontreserveesal'usageexterne.
Onconstatequelesplantesciteesparl e Prophetepresentent desindicationstresvariees,allantdesimplesfortifiantsaux anticancereuxparfois.Paradoxalementaugrandesvertusquepossedantcesplantes, lecote toxiciteaeteegalementsignale,pour certainesplantes, parleProphete.
Certainesproprietesphysiologiquesoutherapeutiques signaleesdans l amedecineduProphete,ontetedemontreesscientifiquement, enl'occurrence,lesproprietesastringenteetantidiarrheiquedesgrenadines,l'effethypoglycemiant delanigelle,l'effetantidiarrheiqueduriz,ouencorelesproprietesantiseptiques(cavitebucco-dentaire)del'Arakousalvadore.
.Cen'estqu'apartirdu92del'Hegire(711J.C)qu'onteteposeeslespremierespierresd 'unmonumentaledifice scientifiqueetculturel.Cettedaterepresente pourlesmusulmanslaconquItedumondeEuropeen quin'amalheureusementpas pus'etendreaudeladel'Andalousie.PourcequiestduMaroc,ilasubitl'invasionArabeauVIIIesiEcle, et i lsemblequelapharmacopeeMarocainea prisnaissancependantcetteperiodebienque leshabitantspossedaientegalement leurstherapeutiques . Aussi ungrandnombre d'ouvragesgrecs,enl'occurrenceles manuscritsd'Hippocrate,deGallien&deDioscorides, a etetraduitparlesArabesquienontajouteleurspropresobservations,denouvellesrecettes,etdenouveauxmedicaments.
.NousrappelleronsbrievementdanscechapitrequelquesnomsdesgrandsmedecinsArabesetmusulmans, en l'occurrenceIbnRochd,
OriginedespharmacopeesArabeetMarocaine
Lesprincipauxsavantsdesanciensmedecinsarabes
PharmacopeeArabo-Islamique
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Ibnou Nafis etIbnAlBaytar. IbnRochdestned'unperenommelefi lsparleshistoriens;il etaitundesgrandsjurisconsultesmalekites,etilremplissaitlesfonctionsde Cadi deCordoueMais comme IbnRochdmanifestaittoujoursuninteretparticulieralamedecine,sonperel'orienta verslespluscelebrs medecinsdesontemps,dont nouscitonsAbouJaafarHarounAt-Tarjali sonmaitre p rincipaletundesnomsbrillantsdeSeville.SansoublierlafrequentationdelafamilleIbnZohr.Eneffetunegrandeamitieetcollaboration unissaientIbn Rochd etAbou MarouanIbnZohrleclassiqueAvenzoar . L 'oeuvre magistraled'IbnRochdestle 'Koulliyat'plus theoriquequepratique,cetraiterecapitulelesconnaissancesmedicalesavecunespritanalytiqueet critique..
Ibnou Nafis estunautrenom aussibrillantqueleprecedentqui faitcElEbreenmedecine,enphilosophieetendiversessciences.Neen 687del'Hegire,iletaitl'auteurdeplusieurslivresquin'ontmalheureusementpaspuItrereproduitesenplusieursexemplaires, vuel'immensitedeleurvolume.
Iln'endemeurepasmoinsqu'unnombreassezimportantde sesl ivresaeteconserve jusqu'anosjours,parmilesquelleson cite:'A.ChenilFitib',uneveritable encyclopedie medicalecomportantl'ensembledesconnaissancesetdecouvertesmedicalesquietaientmises aupointasonepoque; 'CharhAl Kanoun'qui aetepartiellementtraduiten latinparAndreaAalpago;CharhFoussoulHippocrate'. EneffetIbnou Nafisetaitungrandadmirateur d'Hippocrateetiletait encoreplusfascineparcetouvragecequil'apousseal'expliciteretaletraduire.Enphysiologieaussi,Innou Nafis etaitlefondateurdeplusieursetudes:'Chiasmaoptiques','Lestroisdimensions'et'Strabisme'.
.Avantdeparlerdu plusgrand botanisteetmedecin quelamedecinearabeaitproduit: IbnAlBaytar.Sonnomrevientchaquefoisqu'on traitedebotaniqueet dematiEremedicalechezlesArabes.C'estleplusgrand botanisted'Orientetd'Occident.IbnAlBaytaravecu entre593et646del'Hegire(1179-1249JC), i l etait
IbnAlBaytar
connudanslemondemusulmanpar'AbouAnnabatAlarabi'.Ilnousalaisseleplusricherepertoiredel'histoirenaturellemedicalechezlesArabes.lusde 1400medicamentsdifferentssontclassesdanssonouvrage,parordrealphabetiqueparmilesquels300n'avaientpasencoreeteconsideresdansunouvragedepharmacologieet200sontdenaturevegetale.Sonouvragele plusimportantestle'Jamieal-Moufradat'ou'collectiondessimples'ouiltraiteparordrealphabetiquedesalimentsetdesmedicamentsdestroisregnes.
Parti deMalagaetayantparcourutoutel'Espagne, leMaroc, l ' Afriquedu Nord,l'Egypte,laSyrieetl'Asiemineure.Sur2330paragraphes, i l y enadu t i e r spourlessynonymes.Eneffet,nonseulement ilrelatelesplantesqu'ilareciteeslorsdesesvoyages,maisilnousaconservebeaucoupdenomsberbEresquifurentintroduitsparluidanslanomenclatureetfigurentmImedanslesdictionnairesarabes .
. Plusieursfacteurscontribuerentasondeveloppement.Ainsi,l'enseignementacademiquedesuniversitesislamiques(Qaeawiyine,Zaytouna), des"Medersas"deMarrakech, Fes,Tetouan etSale,les'Zaouia',deOuazzaneaSmara,l'experiencedesgrandsvoyageurs(IbnBatouta, E l Bekri,Cherif ElIdrissi),l'influence delamedecinedesvoisins:peupladesnoiresdesrivesduSenegalet duNiger,populationiberique, etladiversitedanslaprovenancegeographiquedes droguesutilisees,denotentbienlagrandeplasticitede lapenseemedicalemaghrebine.Parmilessavantsparexcellencedelatherapeutiquemaghrebine onci te :IbnZohr,MohamedAs-Saquri,IbnTofail,Abul Kassim,Az-Zahraoui, IbnBaklarich,IbnBayter,AbderrahmanElfassi,AbdelwahedIbnAhmedAddarraq.
Il convientaussideciterparmilesouvragesmaghrebinsfondamentauxquinoussontrestes:'TuhfatAl-ahbab',oeuvreanonymeecrittresvraisemblablementparuntherapeutede Marrakechoudusud marocainauXVIemeouauXVIIemesiecle;'Hadiqatal-azhar', ecriteparAlwazirAlGhassani
LamedecinetraditionnelleauMaghreb
quivecutalafinduXVIemesiEcleetfutlemedecin duSultanAhmedAlmansour.Al Urjuzah d'AbdelQaderIbnChaqrun,oeuvreconnuesouslenomdeUrjuzahach-chaqruniya,ecriteauXVIIIemesiEcle.Cetteoeuvreestprincipalement untraitededietetiqueetdihygiEne,maisellecontientegalementunemasseimportantederenseignements d 'ordre therapeutique.DiyaAn-Nibras,oeuvred'AbdeslamBenMohamed AlAlami,produiteauXIXemesiecle etlithographieeaFes alaf indu siecledernier.Kachfar-Rumuzd'AbderezaqAl Jazairi (XVIIIemesiecle), auteurdenationalitealgerienne, mais qui a treslargementpuiseauxsourcesetauxtraditionsmedicalesmarocaines.
AuMaroc, plusieurschercheurssesontinteressesal'etudedes plantesmedicinaleset aromatiquesmarocaines.C'estainsi queplusieurstheses, articlesontetepreparesdememequ'uncertainnombredememoiresetde livres. Voustrouverezenannexelalistedesplusimportantesreferences.Il noussembletrEsintEressant derappelerlesprincipauxtravaux realisesdanscedomaine.
L'ouvrageencoursdEditionintitule'PharmacopeetraditionnelleMarocaine:PlantesMedicinalesetAromatiques'actualiselesprincipalesdonneesrelativesauxplantesmedicinalesmarocaines.
Cetouvrageestleresultatdestravauxderechercheseffectuesdanslecadrede4projetsderecherche.Ilest lefruitdelasynthese d'untravaileffectuedepuis 8 ansparunevingtainedechercheurs.
Cetravailfaitlepoint desconnaissances actuellessurlamedecinetraditionnelleMarocaineengeneral etsurlesplantesmedicinalesetaromatiques Marocainesenparticulier.Lesplantesd'unevingtainedeprovinceonteterepertoriees,340plantesonteterecensees.Ils'agitdurecensementdesplantesmedicinalesutiliseestraditionnellementenmedecinepopulaire,leuridentification,leurutilisation, leurevaluationchimique,pharmacologique,toxicologiqueetleuridentificationbotanique.
Plantes medicinalesauMaroc.
MEDUSA Newsletter
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A c t i v i t y R e p o r t s
Dans unepremierepartie,nousavonspreciselesmonographiespourchaqueplanterecenseeaveclanomenclature(nomsscientifiques, vernaculairesenFrancais,Arabes,Dialectale,Berberes)et l e sFamillesvegetalescorrespondantes,ladescriptionbotanique,l'illustration,l'habitat, larepartitionau Maroc,l'abondance, lapartie utilisee,l'utilisation, lesprincipalesetudeschimiques,pharmacologiqueset toxicologiques.Dans une deuxieme p artie, nousrapportonsplusde500recettes,eninsistantsur ladescriptiondesmaladiesselon lesprescripteurs,laou les plantesutilisees,lapartieutilisee, lemodedepreparationet d'utilisation, lesprecautionsd'emploietlesproprietes.Dans unetroisieme partie,nousrapporteronslal istedesplantestoxiques, aromatiquesetles principalesutilisationsdesplantesmarocaines(alimentaire, medicinale, aromatiques,etindustriel).Enannexe,nousrapporteronsleglossairefrancais/arabe/berbere/latin, l e glossairearabe/francais/berbere/latin.(voir lemodeleci-joint).
Parmi l esautrestravauxinteressantsonpeut citer:
En 1970,MrSandaliA.,etudial'intoxicationa'l'Addad'(Atractylisgummifera).Ilsignalaquelquesdonneessurlaclinique,labiologieetl'anatomie pathologiquedeces6 casd'intoxicationsparcetteplante.Ils'agitd'uneplantetrestoxique.
En 1981,ElOmar Z.,traitalamedecinepopulaireparlesplantesmedicinalesdansletraitementdeshelminthiases,en vuederepertorierles plantes medicinalesutiliseescontrelesversintestinaux.Sur24plantesqu'ilrecensa,ilreleva6quisontlesplusutiliseesdanscesvilles.
En 1981,Mouhib M.etudialesplantesmedicinalesutiliseesenmedecinetraditionnelledanslaprovincedeTaza. Parmi l esplantestoxiquesresponsablesde lamajoritedes intoxicationsvegetalesdelaregion, i lc i ta : lecharbon a glu, lajusquiame blanche,leDatura,lelaurierrose,labelladone, l a ruesauvage,le Daphne, enfin l'Ephedra.
En 1983,Agoumi S,etudialesplantesmedicinalesausageanthelminthiquedanslaregionde
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es.Ainsi,i lreleval'util isationde11plantes.
En1984,MrDahouM.,graceauneenquetequ'ileffectuaaSettat, iletudialamedecinepopulairedecetteregion.
En1984,MrHamdani S.E.,afaituneenqueteaBouja.Enplusde40planteset15produitsminerauxdontildonnalesnomenclaturesetlesutilisationstraditionnellesdelaregion, ilcita16produitsanimauxtresutilises.
En1984,JiminezC. etudialamedecinetraditionnelledanslaregiondeCasablancaetRabat.
En1985,ElBouzidiH.etudialamedecinetraditionnelledanslaprovincedeKhemisset.Ilprecisalesindicationstraditionnellesd'unequatrevingtainedeplantesmedicinales, etd'unequinzainedeproduits mineraux.Ilcitaensuite12produits animauxutilisesdanslamagie.
En1985,KaddouriM.effectua uneenquIteapuresdedifferentstradi-praticiensdelaprovinced'Oujda.Ilsignalaaussidesrecettesdedroguespourunequarantainedepathologie.
En1985,AziouzE.etudialamedecinetraditionnelleaproposde30plantes,pourlesquellesilrapportalesmonographiesclasseesparfamillebotanique.
En1985,JennahL. etudialeshallucinogenesd'originevegetalesetleursincidences sur lasantepubliqueetsurlaviesociale.Ilrapportepourles11substanceshallucinogenesetudiees,labotanique, lapharmacologie, latoxicologieetlaphysiopathologie.En1986,KarimineF.etudialesintoxicationsvegetalesenpediatrieaproposde16plantes,selonl'experiencedu servicedereanimationpolyvalentepediatrique(de1980a1986)etducentreantipoisondeRabat(de1972a1986).Selonsesresultats,lechardonaglu,suiviparlepavot, leDaturaetleRicin,sontlesplanteslesplusfrequemmentresponsablesdecesintoxications.
En1986,BerradaF. preparauneetude intitulee: 'IBNRochdet la
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medecineandalouse'.
En1986,LakloumiM.etudia'Lavieet lacontributiond'IbnZohralamedecineexperimentalearabeatraverssonouvrage "LeTayssir".Ilsignalasommairementlesdifferentsmanuscritsdecelivre.
En1986,TouijerD. :Aproposde20plantesutiliseesenmedecinetraditionnelle.
En1987,Nas Lafkih A.afaituneetude surlesvegetauxtoxiquesenmilieumarocain,aproposdesdonneesducentreantipoisondeRabat, suruneperiodede6 ans(de1980a1985).Lecentreaenregistre9583 casd'intoxicationssurlesquelles175casconcernentlesvegetauxqui represententdonc1,8%del'activitegenerale.Parmi cesplantesontrouveenpremierlechardonaglu (56 cas),suiviessentiellementparlechanvreindien(12 cas),duDatura(9cas)etduharmel(7cas).
En1987,SekkatC. effectuauneenquIteapuresdediabetiques(100D.I.D et100 D.N.I.D)pour evaluerletraitement dudiabetepar lesplantesmedicinales.
En1987,AatikM.traital'histoiredelamedecine auMaroc.IleffectuauneenquItea Essaouiraapuresdecertainstradi-praticiensdelaregion.
Parmi cesplantes,l'armoise blanche,l'absinthe, les semencesdecourge,sontlesplus utiliseespourcetteaffection.
En1989,Grift iD.ameneuneetudeexperimentaledanslebutde releverl'effet hypoglycemiantdelacoloquintechezdes sujetsatteintsdediabEte(D.N.I.D).Ensuite, i l citaunedizainedeplantesutiliseespourlediabEteau Maroc.Enfin, ilrapportadifferenteshypothEsesconcernantle mecanismed'actiondeladroguedansceteffethypoglycemiant.
En1989,AlamS.rapportadanssonetudeintitulee:'Phytotherapieancestrale, actuelleetd'avenir',uneetude analytiquede22plantesrecommandeesparleprophete
En1989,CheraiM.E.,rapportauneetude relative aumedecinarabecelebreIbnou Nafis.
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En 1989,KatifM.A.etudialamedication delamedecinetraditionnelle,graceadesvisitesauxsouks,aux sanctuairesmaraboutiquesetauxsainsdelaregiondeMarrakech.
En 1990,ElMajjidiA.etudialamedecinetraditionnelleen traumato-orthopedie dansla region deMarrakech.
En 1990,TaouilA. aeffectueuneetudesurlesplantesmedicinales delaprovincedeNADOR.Ilsignala26plantesutiliseesdanslaprovince.
En 1990,Cherrad A.s'estinteresseaux pratiquesmedicalestraditionnellesau Marocenpediatrie.IlsignalalesrecettestraditionnellesrelativesaunecinquantainedemaladiesinfantilesconnuesauMaroc.
En 1990,Bendali M.etudialestraitementsdesaffectionsrespiratoiresparlesplantesmedicinales.
Il a effectueuneenquIteapuresdupublicetdesherboristesdelaregiond'Oujdasurunechantillonde80personnes.
En 1991,ElBaghdadiM.,etudiales plantes medicinalesquiontuneactionsurlesystemecardio-vasculaire.Ellerapportelesmonographiestres detailleesde25plantes.
En 1991,ElFariS.afait uneetudeintitulee:'LeCannabissativaL.'(Kif).Cetteetude a eteconsacrea l apharmacologiedu chanvreindien(pharmacocinetiqu e,mecanismed'action).
Sandali A. etudiaen1970,l'intoxicational'Addad,a proposde6cas.Ilsignalaledecesdedeux cas,etlasouffrancehepatique chez lesautrescas.
El BasriA.traital'intoxicationaiguechezl'enfantaproposde302cas auservicede pediatrieauC.H.U.AverrohesdeCasablancapourlaperiodede Janvier 1976aDecembre1981.
Naamani M . etudial'intoxicationaigueaAgadir(360cas,centrehospitalier Hassan II),periodedeJanvier81 a Decembre84).
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KarimineF.etudiaen1986,lesintoxicationvegetalesenpediatrieaRabat, a propos de16plantestoxiques.Parmi l esplusfrequemmentresponsabledecesintoxicationsvientenpremierlechardonaglu(Addad)suiviparlepavot,leDaturaetlericin.
Nas LafkihA. etaproposde9583casd'intoxicationsenregistreesaucentreantipoisondeRabat,suruneperiodede6ans(80-85),signalaque175cas concernelesvegetaux soit1,8%del'activitegenerale.
AjhounA.rapportadesmonographiesdecertainesplantesatropismenerveuxcentral:lechanvreindien,lepavot,letabacetl'aconittueloup.
Alaoui I . etudiaparmi l esplanteshepatotoxiquesutiliseesenmedecinetraditionnelle,l'amanitephallode,lechardonaglu, lacoloquinte,l'heliotroped'Europeetlericin.
AmarouchN.traitales plantesutilisees enphytotherapietraditionnelleetquiontuntropismecardiaque,commelelaurierrose,lascille,l'adonis,l'helleborefoetide,legui etleharmel.
JanaM.:Sonetudesurlesplantesactivessurlesystemenerveuxautonomeetutiliseesenmedecinetraditionnelleconcerne:lesbelladones,lesjusquiames,lesDatura, l esmandragoresetlesEphedra.
LoubarisM.N.il lustralecasdecinqplantesutiliseesenphytotherapierespiratoiretraditionnelle.Cesplantessont:lecoquelicot,lamenthepouliot, lethym,l 'origanetl'Ephedra.
T h e I t a l i a nS o c i e t y f o rA g r i c u l t u r a lG e n e t i c s t a k e si n i t i a t i v e s top r o m o t e g e n e t i cr e s o u r c e sc o n s e r v a t i o n
DomenicoPignone,CNR-IstitutodelGermoplasma,Bari,ItalyDuring thelastmeetingoftheItalian
Society forAgriculturalGenetics(SIGA) ( Perugia,Italy,September1996), a workinggroupon'Geneticresourcesandbiodiversity" wasestablished.Ameeting oftheworkinggrouptookplaceinRomeon May23 ,1997.Theaims ofthe meeting were:
Topromotecoordinationoftheresearchactivityin thefieldofgeneticresourcesandbiodiversity(GR&B)
Tocontributetoorientatingresearchactivitiestoward aspectso fparticularinterest
Topromotetheawareness onsafeguardinggeneticstocksandlocalpopulationsofcropsatriskofextinctionTo p romote theestablishmentofreferencepointsforallconcernedinstitutions
Morethan70scientistsfromalloverItalyattendedtothemeeting, togetherwithrepresentativesof someproducers'organisations.Themeetingdid notconcentrateonlyonagriculturalspecies butwasopentocontributionsonanimaland microbial biodiversity asrelated to agriculturalsystems.Therewere m anyshortcontributions mainlydevoted tointroducing theparticipantsandtheiractivities.Somespeakersconcentratedon theperspectivesoffinancial supporttoGR&Bactionswithintheframework ofongoingorfuturenational programmes.Thecontributionof Prof.Porceddu(UniversitadellaTuscia,Viterbo)wasparticularlyinteresting:heannouncedthatItalyisgoingtoimplementtheConventionof Rio,throughtheestablishmentofafinalisedprojecton
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theassessmentandconservationofItalianbiodiversity.
Duringthegeneraldiscussionwhichfollowedthe communications,thefollowingpointsofparticularinterestemerged:
Allparticipantsagreedonthenecessityofpromotinganationalcoordinationoftheresearchactionsin thefieldsofGR&B.Itwasalsoproposed toestablishaquestionnaireto bedistributedtoItalianresearchinstitutionsinorderto getup-to-date informationon thegeneticstocksandgermplasmconservedthere. Moreoveritwasproposed toestablishamailinglistof interestedresearchers topromoteth einteractionbetween distantresearch groups andtospreadmoreeffectivelyinformationonmattersof interesttothe workinggroup.
Amajorquestion aroseonwhetherareweproperlyconservingthegermplasmwepossess. I t cameoutthatthereisastrongneedofresearch inthefieldofevaluationthelevel ofgeneticerosionduringthegenebankactivitiesaswell ason thegeneticsofpopulationenhancementin thegene-banks.
It waspointedoutthat,besides fewexamples,themajorityofthestoredgermplasmisactuallyunderexploited.Theparticipantsdiscussed atlengththeactionsne ededin ordertopromotetheutilisation ofgermplasm presentlyin storage.
Apartfromtheinherent differences,i t waspointedoutthatanimalgermplasmseemstobemorewidelyexploited thanplantgermplasm.Arepresentativeof agrowersassociationpointedout thatsomeanimalproductsarehighlydependentofthelocalbreedsfromwhichtheyarederived.
In thefieldoflocalplantgermplasm,someinitiativesdevotedtothepromotionoflocalstocksthroughtheobtainmentofan'declarationoforigin'wereraisedanddiscussed.Allthese initiativesregarded specific productswith aspecificmarketdestination.
Attheendofthediscussion,regardingfuture i nitiatives,itwasagreedthat the
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mosturgentactionistoestablishamailinglistoftheworkinggroupoperatingviaelectronicmail,inordertospeedupthecontactsandpromoteinteractionsamonggroups.TheIstitutodelGermoplasma,Bari,tookresponsibilityforthistaskaswellasforcreatingareferencepageintheWorldWideWeb toassisttheworkinggroupactivities.Theaddressforthemailinglistwillprobablybesiga-biodiv@area.ba.cnr.it,whiletheWebpagewill beallocatedwithinthespaceof theGermplasmResearchInstitutehomepage(http://www.ba.cnr.it/~germdp02/germo.html).
Formoreimformationpleasecontact:
CNR-Germplasm ResearchInstituteE-mail germdp02@area.ba.cnr.itfax at+39.80.5587566.
Forfurtherinteractionorinformationon theGR&Bworkinggroup,pleasecontactthecoordinator:
Dip.BiologiaDifesaeBiotecnologieAgro-ForestaliUniversita'dellaBasilicataViaN.Sauro8585100Potenza,ItalyPhone+39.971.474258Fax+39.971.471009E-mail spagnoletti@unibas.it
R IGNONE
ROF IERLUIGI PAGNOLETTI EULI
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actualorpotentialimportancetoagriculture, variousindustries andhuman health, andconsequentlywillimprovethequalityoflife.
Overthelastfewyears,theintroductionof newresearchandapplicationtoolshasdramaticallychanged thefieldofnaturalproducts,inanefforttokeeppacewithgrowingconsumerdemand.Pharmaceuticalresearch isisolatingandcharacterizinga l argenumber ofnovelcompoundswithmedicinal value. In addition, theintroductionof biotechnology isrevolutionizing agricultureby enablingfastimprovementsinplantbreedingandselectionofuseful genotypes,improvementofproductqualityandtheproduction ofnew productswithindustrial uses.
TheDepartmentofNaturalProductsprovideseducationinthefieldofapplied biologicalsciencesspecializedincurrentadvancesin theproduction,useand legislationofplantnaturalproductswithspecialattention o naromaticandmedicinalplants.Thecoursecoversaspectsof:
Advancedtopicsin plantphysiology, plantbiochemistryandplantmolecularbiology
Plantgeneticsandbreeding
Plantpropagationincludingconventional&tissueculturePlantandsoilnutrition
Mediterraneanplantdiversity
Ecological andstressbiochemistry
Secondary Metabolism
Chemistryofnaturalproducts:Essential o i l s andotherterpenoids,alkaloids,flavonoidsandotherphenolics
Cultivation andprocessing ofaromaticandmedicinalplants
Natural productsin foodtechnology andotherapplications
Legislation ontheuseofnaturalproducts
Chemotaxonomy
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A.Training
1. Nine-month coursesonNaturalProducts
A c t i v i t i e s o f t h eD e p a r t m e n t o fN a t u r a l P r o d u c t so f t h eM e d i t e r r a n e a nA g r o n o m i cI n s i t u t e o fC h a n i a
M. Skoula-Johnson,MAICh,POBox85,73100 Chania,Greece.TheDepartmentofNaturalProductsof theMediterraneanAgronomicInstituteofChaniaperformsandconducts al laimingtotheidentification, sustainableuseandconservationofplantresourcesoftheMediterraneanregionwhichareof
training,research,
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Biotechnologicalapplicationsin theproductionofnaturalproducts
This courseleadsto a DSPU whilestudentsmay continuewith a ninemonthsresearchprojectthatleadstoanMsc.
Followingthecomingintoforceof theConventiononBiologicalDiversity inDecember1994,signatorycountriesthroughouttheworld areengagedinattemptstoputinto practice thevariousarticlesofthetreaty. Thisis beingdone inthecontextofaworldthat isbeing subjectedtorapidand oftendrasticchange,muchofithuman-induced.The course covers aspectson:
theinternational backgroundto theconservationand sustainableuseofbiodiversity,includinglegalinstrumentsandinternationalandregionalorganizations
thedevelopment oftheconcept ofbiodiversity genetic,organismicandecological
howmuchdiversitythereis,wherei t is,how itmay beassessed,m easured andmonitoredthedynamicsof biodiversityanthropogenicandclimaticchangethespecialroleofhumansinunderstandingandmodifyingbiodiversity
theimportanceofgeneticresources,theirassessment,accessibility,exchangeandconservation
t h e evaluationof biodiversityandhumanandsocialvalues
theunderlyingcausesoflossofbiodiversity
t h e conservation andmanagementof biodiversityforsustainableuse-at thebioregional,landscapeandlocallevels
Conservationtechniques - i ns i t u ,ex situ,reintroductions,integratedapproaches
Gathering,managingandsharinginformationonbiodiversity
2. Three-weekcourseonConservation andSustainableUseofPlant Biodiversity
B. ResearchTheresearchactivitiesof theDepartmentonNaturalproductsincludeaspectsofdomestication,cultivation,identification,variationandapplicationsofsecondary metabolitesof wildaromaticandmedicinal plantsof theMediterraneanregion,aswellasaspectsof biotopeconservation forbioregionalmanagementthatareaccomplishedincollaborationwithotherInstitution.TheresearchprojectsthatMAICHhasbeenorisinvolvedinare:
'EU,DG VI,CAMAR(Aug.1991-Jan.1995).ThisprogrammestudiedthevariationinyieldandcompositionofessentialoilsofCoridothymuscapitatus, Origanumvulgaressp.hirtum,SalviafruticosaandSaturejathymbrain relationtodifferentenvironmental f actors.Plantnutritionandreproductivephysiologywerealsostudied.Themain task of theprojectwastoidentifyandreproducecommerciallyimportantgenotypesforcultivation inmarginallands.Furthermore,researchwasconductedon thetraditional usesandtherapeuticapplicationsofnativeplantsofCrete.Additionally,MAIChhas created aHerbarium andisstrivingtocollectsamplesofallnativeplantsofCrete.
.Theprogrammestudies, analyzes anddocumentsIndigenousAgriculturalKnowledgeSystemsin relationtofoodproductionindevelopingcountriesinamultidiscplinaryandcomparativeway.It evaluatesthepotential contributionof suchknowledgetothedevelopmentof alternativeagricultureforfoodshortagereductionandpreservationofnatural r esources. Eventuallyapracticalmodelofintegrationofindigenousknowledgesystemsintosustainabledevelopmentstrategiesindevelopingcountries.
'Identification,preservation,adaptationandcultivationofselectedaromaticandmedicinalplantssuitableofmarginallandsoftheMediterraneanregion
'Indigenousknowledgesystemsforsustainableagricultureindevelopingcountries:towardsanalternativeapproachtofoodshortagereductioninKenyaandIndonesia'EU,DGXII,STD-3(Jan.1993-Jun.1997)
'TowardsaModelofTechnicalandEconomicOptimizationofSpecialistMinorCrops:Aromaticandmedicinalplants'EU,DGVI,AIR3.(Jan.1995-
Dec.1996).
'Contributiontothegeneticimprovementofaromaticandmedicinalplants:acomparativeinselectedspeciesofthegenusOriganum'PENED,GeneralSecretariatofResearchandTechnologyoftheGreekMinistryofDevelopment(June1996-May1998).
Origanumspp.andSalviaspp.:Integratedbreedingresearchtoimprovehomogeneityandqualityofmultifunctionalsecondaryplantproducts'EU,DGVI,FAIR3(Feb.1997-May2000)
'ManagementandprotectionofthethreatenedbiotopesofwesternCretewithecotopesandpriorityspecies'(Jan.1996-Dec.1997)EU,DGXI, LIFE'95.
This concertedactionprogrammeconstitutes toatechnicalandeconomicdatabase onaromaticandmedicinal plantsandtries todevelop a researchmethodologytosupport rapidly thedevelopmentofproductioninEuropetargeting theseller's market. Theprogrammepromotestheexchangesbetweentheresearch teams,producersandindustrial usersinordertostructurethebranch. Finally thereflectiontootheralternativecropsinordertodefineadevelopmentmodel forthese species ataEuropeanlevelwillbeextended.
Themainobjectiveof thisprojectisthecharacterizationofselectedclonesofthespeciesOriganumvulgaresubsp.hirtum, O.onitesandtheirhybridO.?intercedens.Thecharacterizationwillbebasedonmorphological,chemicalandmolecularfeatures.Theaimofthisproject istoproducehomogeneousgenetic material withdesirable features(essential oilyield,essentialoilcomposition,biomass production,andpossibilityofapplicationcertaincollectiontechniques).
'
.Thisprogrammeaimstoimprovehomogeneousqualityformarjoramcreatingahybridbreedingsystem andinoregano species and twosagespeciesusingaselectionprogram meofselfingsofchemotypes.Therewillbeaneffort totransferseedproductiontoMediterraneanregions.In addition,thedegreeofantibacterialandantifungal activity oftheavailablegenetic variabilityoftheessentialoilsandantioxidantactivity associatedwiththe essentialoils will beexamined.
Theobjectiveoftheprogrammeistheformulation andapplicationofanintegratedprojectfortherestorationandconservationofbiotopes,including
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ecotopesand species ofpriorityfortheEuropeanUnionwithinWesternCrete.Therangeof activitiesencompasses5areas which arethreatenedbytheircontinuousdegradation.The p rojectproposesthe followingprotectionandconservation measures.(a)thedevelopmentofmanagementstudiesforthebiotopes,and studies forthesustainabledevelopmentof theseareas(b)theexecutionofemergencyactivitiesfor therestoration andconservation thatwillberecommendedinthestudies(c)thepromotionofthelegislationandadministrationfortheprotectionandmanagement oftheenvironment (d)the creation ofeffectiveprotection strategies(e)thehumanawarenessanddisseminationoftheresults.Thematerializationofthisprojectisexpectedtointerruptthedegradation process intheareasandtoencouragesustainabledevelopmentwhich willensurefutureconservationofthebiotopes.
TheHerbariumoftheMediterraneanAgronomicInstitutehasbeendesignedtoincludevoucherspecimensofallplant taxaof theCretanfloraandit hasthenecessary infrastructureoftheaccurateidentificationofplantspeciesoftheMediterranean region.Thefunctionsof theHerbarium cover:
Contributionsto theMediterraneanflora.
Productionoflocalflorasandcheck-lists.
S ervices whichincludeloans,providing facilitiesforvisitingbotanists,identifyingspecimensrelevanttotheregionanddispatchingdeterminationlists,collecting material from thefieldtobeusedforvariousstudies,such as,anatomy, cytology, ecology,conservation,plantbreeding,pharmacology,biochemistry,ethnobotany.
Educationalpurposes
ABotanical Garden i s currentlybeingdesignedtoholdlivingspecimensoftheMediterraneanFlora.
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C.Trainingandresearchactivitiesaresupportedby:
1. Herbarium-Botanical Garden
2. LaboratoryThelaboratoryofferssupporttoresearchandacademicworkintheareasofphytochemistry, biochemistry,molecularbiology, planttissueculture,plantphysiology, andwildfirecontrolmanagement.
Medicinaland AromaticPlantsinPharmaceuticalandRelatedIndustries(TRUMAP)'.It issupportedjointlybytheGovernmentofTurkeyandUNIDO.Thisunique25-daycourseisattendedeachyearby tenselectedparticipantsnominated bydevelopingcountries.Innineprogrammes,91participantsfrom37countries havebeen trained.
The willtakeplacebetween September8-30,1997inEskisehir.UNDPOfficesand UNIDO-Vienna, Austria canbe contactedforfurther information.Alimited numberofparticipants fromothercountriesmay alsobeadmitteduponpaymentofafee.Furtherinformationonthiscanbeobtainedfrom
The(28thISEO)willbeheld
between September1-3,1997 i nEskisehir.Over200scientistsareexpectedtoattendthis prestigiousmeeting.Forfurtherinformation,pleasecontact
The(3rdICOS)wil lbeheldon
October2-3, 1997inEskisehir.The1stand2nd symposiawereheldin1993and1995inEskisehir. Thetopicofthisyear'ssymposiumis"Make-upProducts".Plenarylectureswillbedeliveredbyesteemed specialistsfromacademiaandtheindustry,and theotherparticipantsareinvitedtomakeposterpresentations.TBAMshouldbecontactedforfurtherinformation.
AnadoluUniversityMedicinaland AromaticPlant andDrug R esearch Centre (TBAM),26470Eskisehir,Turkey.
(90-222)3352952
(90-222)3350127
tbam@vm.baum.anadolu.edu.trorkhcbaser@vm.ba
10thTRUMAP
TBAM.
28th InternationalSymposiumonEssentialOils
TBAM.
3rdInternationalCosmeticsSymposium
http://www.anadolu.edu.tr/anadolu/tbam/index.html
Address:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
Visit TBAM on
T h e s t r u c t u r ea n d a c t i v i t i e s o fT B A M
K.HusnuCan Baser, Director,AnadoluUniversityMedicinalandAromaticPlantandDrugResearchCentre (TBAM), 26470Eskisehir,TurkeyAnadolu UniversityMedicinaland
AromaticPlantandDrugResearchCentre celebratedher10thyearinserviceonNovember19, 1996.
wasestablishedin 1982asaresearchcentreto carryoutpureandappliedresearchintoallaspects ofresearchintomedicinalandaromaticplantsexceptforagriculture.However,
alsoimplementsjointprojectswithagricultural andforestryinstitutions.TBAMhasbeenstrengthenedover theyearsthroughfundsmobilisedbyUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme (UNDP)andUnitedNationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganisation(UNIDO).Thecentreisequipped withmodernistrumentation,pilotplantsandup-to-dateinformationandcommunicationfacilities,andmannedwithqualifiedpersonnel toconductresearch andserveindustrialclients.
has sofarpublished130researchpapersin refereedinternationaljournals,34papersinTurkishjournalsand65papersinconferenceproceedings. 47manuscriptsarein press inscientificjournals. scientistshavecommunicated184papersin57symposia. Director, Prof. Ba?er,hassofaredited12booksandwritten13project reports.
has beenorganisinganin-plantgrouptrainingprogrammeevery yearsince1988.Theprogrammeistitled'TrainingontheUtilisationof
(TBAM)
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Le2emeColloqueNational surlesPlantesMedicinales.Avril1997,Mostaganem (Algerie)aete organisepar l a F OREM(Fondationnationalepour lapromotiondelasanteetledeveloppementdela RechercheMedicale).Contacter: Pr. M . KHIATI,CentreCultureldeHussein Dey,HusseinDey ALGER.
Aspecialunit,the'CentrefortheStudyof M edicinal andAromatic Plants'wasestablished,affiliatedtoCairoUniversity.ProfessorMohammedYounisHaggag,MEDUSAFocalPointCoordinator forEgypt,was selected tobe thefirstdirectorofthisCentre. Themain objectivesoftheCentreare:
productionofmedicinal plantscomplyingwith therequirementsofthepharmaceuticalcompanies
carrying outresearchto findtheoptimalconditionsforcultivationof medicinalplantswith thehighestyieldsof activeconstituents
carryingout experimentsfortheacclimatizationofimportantexoticmedicinal plants,aswellasthosethatarewildand native, withav iewtoprovidingalocalsourcethatcansupplyandsatisfytheneedsofbothlocal consumptionandexport.
Duetotherapidtechnologicalprogressinagriculturaltechniques,manyeco-compatibleproductivesystems,especial ly in southernItaly, werecompletelyabandonded.Thisreductionhad a strong consequenceonlocalgermplasmthatwasparticularlyadaptedtothosemoretraditionalagriculturalsystems.Theimpactwasespeciallystrongin southernItalysincetheareawas, intherecentpast,particularlyrichinagrodiversity.Local agroecotypes, adapted to
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GaetanoLaghetti,CNR-IstitutodelGermoplasma,Bari,Italy
Recentmeetingson biodiversityinItaly
traditional agricultural systems, areofinterestin thedevelopmentofsustainableagriculture.In fact, low-inputagricultureseemsto provideananswertotheneedsofreducing theimpactofagro-activitiesontheenvironmentand, atthesametime,totheneedsofconservingandpromotingbiodiversity.To increasethescientificdiscussiononthesethemes,the3rdNationalCongress
'. washeldon16and17June1997,attheUniversityofReggioCalabria.
FurtherinformationonthemeetingandabstractsofthepresentationscanbefoundatetheURL"http://www.unirc.it/imtaf", orrequested from:
IstitutodiMicrobiologiaeTecnologiaAgrariaeForestale,P.zza S.Francesco4, 89061Gallina(RC)Italy.Phone+39.965.682566; Fax+39.965.682710;Email I MTAF@CSIINS.UNIRC.IT
Following aninitiativeof theextensionserviceoftheAbruzzoregionin1995,itwasproposedthatminorcerealscouldbeconsideredascommercialcropsinasimilarwaytowhathadbeendonewithseveralfruitorflowerspecies.Thepromotionoftheseminorcerealsimpliesanincreasedactivityinsafeguardingtheirgeneticresources.Thistask isbetter achievedthroughobtainingtherelevanttrademarketlabel-recognition, seed certification,andwiderdisseminationofinformationtobothgrowersandusers.Tothisend,severalnationalandinternationalresearchinstitutions, togetherwiththeextension servicesoftheAbruzzoregionand theItalianFarmersConfederationorganisedameetingheldinFrancavillaalMare(Chieti)on28 June1996.Themeetingwasentitled
Furtherinformationandproceedingsrequestsshouldbeaddressedto:
,CERMIS,ViaAbbadiadiFiastra3,62029Tolentino(MC),Italy,PhoneandFax+39.733.203437; Emailori@wnt.itor to: Dr. Stefano Padulosi, IPGRI-UMSProject, ViadelleSetteChiese142,00145Roma,ItalyEmail s.padulosi@cgnet.com
'Biodiversity-technologiesandquality
'MinorCereals-genetic,agronomy,nutritionalaspectsandstrategiesfortheirexploitation'.
R RIANA ORFIRID . O P
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P o r t u g a l
Aseminaron'Lessubstances naturellesauservicedel'industrieetdelamedecine'was heldon 25-26April1997,atMeknes(Morocco).Contacter:UniversiteMoulayIsmail,FacultedesSciences, B.P.4010Beni M'hamed,Morocco.
TheLaboratoryofPharmacognosyofPharmacyFacultyofUniversityofCoimbra, underthedirectionofProf.Doutor A.ProencaBiology ofSciencesFacultyofLisbonandthe Botanic Departement ofSciencesFacultyofCoimbra.Financialsupport from JuntaNacional d eInvestigacaoCientifica (GovernmentalDepartmentfor ScientificDevelopment).
'Studiesontheessentialoil ofJuniperusspp fromPortugal'. ThisprojectinvolvethecollaborationoftheDepartmentofVegetal
'Composition study o f essentialoilsfrom Tras-os-Montesaromaticplants, concerningagriculturalandindustrialprofitinfuture'.
TheDireccaoRegionaldeAgricultura(RegionalDirectionof Agriculture)fromTras-os-Montesispartenerinthisproject. ThisworkissupportedfinanciallybytheMinisteriodaAgricultura(AgricultureDepartment).
Theseprojects involve thestudyofthechemical composition oftheessentialoilsoftheseplantsiscarriedoutbymeansofseveralanalyticalmethods(GLC, G LC/MS, 13C-NMR),and inorderto studytheinfraspecificvariabilityineachtaxon,chemicalanalysesareLastingthreeweeksthecoursebrought togetherspecialistsindesertandarid zonesfrommanycountries.
c'estletitred'un seminaire international tenule5-6et7Decembre1996aDjerba(Tunisie).Ceseminairearegroupeplusde100chercheursduMaghreb,d'Afrique,d'Europe et d'Asie. Uneattentionparticulierea eteaccordeea:
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La maitrisedelagestion d esressourcesnaturellesdansleszonesarides.
L'evaluationdesprogrammesencoursderealisation
madeonrepresentativesamplesfromseveral populations andonindividualsamplesineachpopulation.
The'CentrodeEstudosFarmaceuticos',(PharmaceuticalStudiesCenter)ofPharmacyFacultyisgivensupport fortwootherprojects:oneinMedicinalplants( . and
)anditsanti-oxidantactivityandtheotheraboutsedativepropertiesin
Thecaper,Capparisspinosa L., wasthesubjectofaseminar heldon6Apr i l bytheMinistry ofAgriculture i n Tunisia.Thet opicscoveredincluded biologyanddistribution, geography andtaxonomy, syntaxonomyandeconomicimportanceandbiotechnologyandmultiplication.Ofthe250speciesinthegenus, onlysix, withfivevarieties,arefoundin thecountriesoftheMediterraneanbasin.daCunhaisdevelopingtwoscientificprojects, bothinaromaticplantsandessentialoils:
Acourseon the
'(Managementofnatural resourcesanddevelopment inaridzones)washeld atMedenine(Tunisia), 11-30November1996.
This training course wasorganized byCIHEAM-Montpellier,FranceandtheInstitutdesRegionsAridesdeMedenineandwassupportedbytheEuropeanUnion(DG1)and theFrenchMinisteredesAffairesEtrangeres.
Ladefinition des prioritespourlaluttealong terme contre ladesertificationetledeveloppementdel'aridoculture.
Ceseminaire est.organiseaveclacollaboration del'UnionEuropeenne,duCIHEAM,del'ORSTOM del'UNESCOetdelaFAO.
Thymusssp Rosmarinusofficinalis
Valeriana officinalisand Passifloraedulis
'Lagestiondesressourcesnaturellesetdeveloppementdeszonesarides
T u n i s i e
Capparis spinosaL.
Internationalcourses
Al'initiativeduCIHEAMMontpellier(FRANCE)etl'institutdesregionsaridesdeGabes(TUNISIE)etdanslecadreduReSEAUPARCOURS unseminaireportant sur 'Gestiondel'espacepastoralenregionsaridesetsemi-arides's'est derouleles17-18et19 Octobre1996aGabesetaregroupedesspecialistesdeFrance,Maroc,Mali,AlgerieMauritanie,Egypte etTunisie.
Danslecadre delamise enoeuvredesdispositionsdelaConventiondesNAtions UniessurlaDiversiteBiologique ratifiee parlaTunisieenMai 1993,leministere del'Environnement etdel'Amenagement d u Territoire a etecharged'effectuer une
. CeprojetestfinanceparlePNUEetleGEF.
Diversesactions ontetes entreprisesen vued'arreterdesstartegiesetdemesures d e conservationintegreeaudevellopement socioeconomique dupays.Parmiles recommandationsadopteesparticulierement durant lesateliers tenuesle26-27-28Octobre1995,9-10Janvier1996 etles18-19-20 et21Fevrier1997onnote:
InventairedescollectionsexistantesProspection etcollecte
Evaluationdesressourcesgenetique
Documentation etinformation(Basededonnees)
Conservation (Banquesdegenes).
Appui auxstructuresexistantes
Inventairedesespeces etvarietesmenacees
Gestion rationnelledesecosystemes
Installation d'observatoiresdela
EtudeNationalesurlaDiversiteBiologique
1. Lacreationd'uneComissionNationale pour laConservation etlaBiodiversite.
2. LaCreationd'uncentreNationaldesRessourcesGenetiques.
3. Ladefinitiond'unestrategieenmatieredeconservation etutilisationdurabledelabiodiversite.
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EtudesurladiversitebiologiqueenTunisie
biodiversite
Mesuresincitativesparlapromotiondusavoirfaireetdespratiqueslocaleset traditionnellesdans laperspectivesd'uneconservationetd'uneutilisationdurabledelabiodiversite
Utilisation desressourcesgenetiqueslocales danslesprogrammesd'amelioration.
Redefinirnosmethodesdeselectionpourl'an2010(adaptationalasecheresse,au froidpourexploiterleseauxpluviales,modifierlestechniqueshabituelles)
UncentreInternationaldesTechnologiesdel'Environnementaetecreeen Tunisie.Cecentreest construitgrace auconcoursdes gouvernementsduRoyaumede Suede etdelaRepubliqueFederaled'Allemagne.
Cecentreestplacesousletutelleduministreredel'environnemen etdel'amenagementduterritoireet dontl'activiteestrepartieen quatredepartements;
Departementdumilieunaturel
Departement dumilieuhydrique
Departementdumilieuatmospherique
Departementdesdechetssolidesetdelapollutionindustrielle.
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June1997
C o u n t r y N e w s
A l g e r i aAlgeriaissubdividedprincipallyintothreelargezones:(1)alittoralzoneextendingon 1200kmofcoast,withaMediterraneanclimate;(2) a zonewithacontinental climate, thatcompriseshigh tables,lands,steppes;and(3) aSaharanzone withdesertic climatecomprisingsandydunes,plainsandhigh mountainswith a harsh climate,shelteringaspecificvegetationtype.Often,thesedifferentreliefs andclimatesconstitutenaturalbarriers tothedispersal ofplantspecies.
Accordingto Ozenda(1983),outof1200 speciesintheSaharan floraabout25% areendemic.Quezel & Medail(1995)report256speciesendemic toAlgeria.Also,thesituationofAlgeriaintheMediterraneanbasinseemstopresentaparticularinterestforitsrich,aboundinganddiversifiedflora.Thisflora playsan importantrole in theecological balanceoftheregion.But,thesocialandeconomicaldevelopmentofAlgeriaandtherepeated firesduringthesummerperiods haveputamajorpressureonthenaturalenvironment.Becauseofthis,thenationalf loraisinastateof continual degradationandthisleadstothedecreasein rangeordisappearanceofspecies.Thus,amongthe3139plantspeciescited byQuezel& Santa(1962)inAlgeria,1611 areconsideredasrare,andtheserepresent51%ofthetotalflora.This, shows theextentofthedanger thatthreatenstheAlgerianflora.Thesenumberswouldhave increasedconsiderably totheextentthatpeoplein thetownsandcountrysidearestill verymuchattunedto theutilisationof wildplantsintheirdaily lifelike:
furnishingediblefruits, such a s
.
suchas:
Arborescent speciesArbutusunedo,
Ceratoniasiliqua,Myrtuscommunis,Opuntiaficus-indica,Quercusballota,Zizyphuslotus
Herbaceous speciesAsphodelusmicrocarpa(roots),Cichorium intybus,Cynaracardunculus,Foeniculumvulgare(stems),Malvasylvestris,Menthapulegium,Mentharotundifolia,Nasturnum o fficinale,Podospermumlaciniatum,Rumexvesicarius,Smyrniumolusatrum, Sonchus
Foodplants
oleraceus, Spinaciaoleracea,Urospermumpicroides.
Artemisia herba-alba,AtriplexCeratonia siliqua,Ficuscarica,Fraxinusexcelsior,Hedysarumcoronarium,Loliummultiflorum, Poabulbosa,Stipatenacissima
Chenopodiaceae,Cruciferae,Gramineae Leguminosae
Acaciaraddiana,RhusoxyacanthaandRhuspentaphyllaAristidapungens Ericaarborea Ferulacommunis Retamaraetam Indigoferaargentea,Lawsoniainermis,PistacialentiscusandQuercusilexSpartium junceum
Daturastramonium,Papaverrhoeas,Tussilagofarfara
Inulaviscosa,Peganumharmala,Opuntiaficus-indica
JuniperusoxycedrusPinus
Borago officinalis,Rhamnusalaternus
Eryngium maritimum
Globulariaalypum,Viburnumtinus
Laurusnobilis,Menthaviridis,Ocimumbasilicum,Petroselinumcrispum,Sinapisalba,Thymusvulgaris
Fordomesticated animals,suchas:spp.,
andmanyotherherbaceous speciesinthe
and .
(leathertanning),(fibres),
(tobacco pipemaking),(basketmaking),
(ashesfortobacco),
(dyeplants),(fibres).
Manyotherligneousspeciesareusedinthemakingofdomesticinstrumentsinwoodandasfuelforheating.
:
Lavandulastoechas, Resedavillosa,Rosmarinusofficinalis,Rutachalepensis
(cade oil), spp.(pineresin)
Thesearealsousedbytownandruralpopulations.
Antiasthmatic
Antirheumatic:
Antiseptic,antispasmodic:
Chestcomplaints:
Diuretic:
Skinirritations:
Purgative:
Culinaryherbs:
Forage plants
Plants usedin thetraditionalhandicrafts
Plants usedin traditionalmedecine
Aromaticplantsandcondimentplants
Decoctions:
Flavouringbeverages:
Flavouringcakesandpastries:
Trigonella foenum-graecum
Salviaofficinalis,Lippiacitriodora,Origanumvulgare,Paronychiaargentea
Anethumgraveolens, Nigellaarvensis.
Theirrationalexploitationofwildplantsbytraditionalhealersandherboristsisveryimportant,eveninthelarge towns.Algiersitself hasabout150herborists.
Concernedbytheneed forpreservationofitsnaturalresources,theAlgerianstatehassetup anadminstrativeframework(ministry,directoratesfortheenvironment)aswellpassinglegislation,such as:
Regulationn°6728 oftheDecember20th1967relativetotheexcavationandtotheprotection ofsites andhistorical and natural monuments.
Regulationn°7338ofJuly23th1973, coveringtheratificationoftheconventionconcerningtheprotectionofthe world heritage,bothculturaland n atural.
Regulationn°7543ofthe17thofJune1975,coveringacountrycode:regulationof theroutesthroughthesteppe.
Decreesn°82437;n°82439; n°82440ofthe 11th D ecember1982 includingtheratificationof:
the cooperationprotocolbetweencountriesofNorth Africa forthestruggleagainstthedesertification,signedonthe2ndofMay 1977.
the conventionrelativeto thewetzonesofan internationalimportance signed onthe2ndofFebruary1971inIran.
the African conventionon theconservationofnatureand naturalresources, signedonthe15thofSeptember 1963inAlgiers.
Decreen°82498of December25rd,1982bearingtheAlgerianadhesiontotheconventionontheinternational tradeofwildthreatenedfauna andflora,signedonthe3rdofMarch1973 i n Washington.
Decreen°83459ofJuly23rd,1983fixing thestatusofnational parks.
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O P T I M A
(Organization forthePhyto-TaxonomicInvestigationoftheMediterranean Area)OPTIMAisaninternationalassociationofbotanistsinterestedintheMediterraneanarea.Itencompassesbotanyinits widest senseanddealswith allgroupsofplantsand alldisciplineswhichhaveanimpactonsystematicstudies.
ThepurposesofOPTIMAaretostimulateand coordinateresearchactivities,exploration,conservationandresource studies within theMediterraneanarea; topromotethecollationand exchangeofinformationregardingtheplantl ifeoftheregion;tofoster thetrainingof Mediterraneanplant taxonomists;andtosupporteffortstostrengthen theresourcesandtaxonomistinfrastructureofMediterraneaninstitutions.
Atpresent,atotalof twelvecommissions areactivelyworkingonspecificresearchprojectsor initiatives.These i nitiativesare varied andcoverdifferentaspectsofMediterraneanbotany.TheCommissionfortheConservation ofPlantResourcesisactivelyworkingon theconsolidationof a n etwork ofseedbanksintheMediterraneanorientedtotheconservation ofwild species.OtheractivitiescarriedoutbythisCommission arethe maintenanceofadatabaseonstudies onthebiology ofthreatenedplantsof theMediterraneanbasin and Macaronesia,and theadvanceintheknowledgeofwildrelativesofcultivatedplant species.TheCommissionfor Karyosystematicsmaintainsadatabase with k aryologicalinformation onMediterraneanplants.Additionalinformationiscollected andorganizedby theCommissionforCurrentResearchandtheCommissionforFloristic Investigation.TheformerperiodicallyproducesacatalogueofcurrentresearchonMediterraneanbotanywhereasthe latterreviewscollectingactivities throughouttheMediterranean.The CommissionforFloristicInvestigationalsoorganizesan annualbotanical expeditiontoacertainareaoftheMediterranean.ThelastexpeditionwasheldinCalabria(Italy)inJune1997.Anothertwo
activecommissionsaretheCommissionforLichens,workingatpresenton thecompilationofageneralchecklistofMediterraneanLichensandthe CommissionfortheMapping ofOrchidsin theMediterraneanArea.OPTIMA'sPublicationCommissionsupervises theeditionof
and twopublicationsdedicatedtobiogeography,floristicsandsystematicbotany,andpublishedby theHerbarium MediterraneumPanormitanum.AnotherOPTIMApublicationisthewhichisperiodicallypublishedbytheOPTIMASecretariatinMadridandincludesinformationonthelatestdevelopments, activitiesandpublicationsinMediterraneanbotany.Afurther initiativeinthisfieldistheeditionofapopularbookonMediterraneanplantlifebytheCommissionfortheDiffussionofKnowledgeonMediterraneanPlants.Awareof thelatestadvancesincommunications, OPTIMAhasrecentlyestablishedthe CommissionforInformationTransferandNetworking, with themandatetopromoteandexpeditethecoordinatedpresenceofOPTIMA,includingdataandresultsgeneratedby i t sCommissions,on theInternetby usingWWWaccessfacilities.
Everythreeyears,OPTIMAorganizesan international meeting structuredinmultidisciplinary symposiawhichcoverdifferentaspectsofMediterraneanbotany.TheIXOPTIMAMeeting isscheduledforMay1998andwillbeheldinParis.
ForfurtherinformationpleasecontactDr. ,OPTIMASecretary,Dpto.BiologiaVegetal,E.U.I.T.Agricola,UniversidadPolitecnica,E-28040Madrid, Spain.Tel.: (+34)13365934;Fax:(+34)13365656;E-mail:iriondo@ccupm.upm.es;WWW:
FloraMediterranea Bocconea,
OPTIMANewsletter
OS RIONDOJ M.I
http://www.bgbm.fu-berlin.de/OPTIMA/
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F A O(FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations)
D. CooperandP.Griffee,FAO,VialedelleTerme diCaracalla, 00100 Rome,Italy
In May, overninedays,representativesofonehundred and fiftytwocountrieswereinRomefortheseventh regularsession ofthe Commissionon GeneticResourcesforFoodandAgriculture(CGRFA). Theirmain taskwastocontinuethedelicatenegotiationsfortherevisionoftheInternationalUndertakingon PGRFA.Thenegotiatorstackledthe difficultissuesofaccesstogeneticresources, andthesharing ofbenefitsderivedfromtheiruse. Particular attentionfocusedontheissueof " Farmers'Rights"thatrecognizesthe enormouscontributionmadebyfarmersandtheircommunitiesin theconservationanddevelopmentofPGRFA.This wasoneoftheareasoffiercecontention;theAngolanRepresentative,summedupthepositionoftheAfricannations:'Whatis infarmers'fieldsisfarmers'property, andisnotourstonegotiateaway'.
Satisfactionwasexpressed attheprogress madeinthenegotiations.Delegatescalledforhigh-levelpoliticalinvolvementinthisissue.
ThiswasthefirstsessionoftheCommissionunderitsbroadenedmandatewhichnowincludes forestplants, animalandf ish geneticresourcesimportantforfoodandagriculture.Inter-governmentalTechnicalWorkingGroupswereestablished.Oneto dealwithmonitoringtheprogressontheGlobalPlanof Action forthe ConservationandSustainable Useof PlantGeneticResourcesforFoodandAgriculturewhichwasadoptedby themajorInternationalTechnical ConferenceonPlantGeneticResourcesheld inJune1996in Leipzig.Theotherto furtherdevelop theGlobalStrategyforthe
Two busymonthsforFAO'sgeneticresourcesandbiodiversityprogrammes
Atthesametime,delegatesemphasisedthe n eed to maintainaccesstosamplesofplantgeneticresources,toenablecontinuedprogressinimprovingcrop productivityandagricultural sustainability
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Management ofAnimalGeneticResources. Harnessinggeneticresourcesfor foodandagriculturewillbekeytomeetingtheobjectiveof'foodforall'setby heads ofstate atFAO'sWorldFoodSummit lastyear.TheCGRFASecretary,Dr.JoseEsquinas-Alcazarpointedouthowrapidlythebasisoffoodproduction isbeing whittledaway:'Over thousandsofyears,men andwomenfarmershavedevelopeduntoldnumbersoflocalvarieties-'landraces'-thatsuitedlocalconditionsandneeds.Thegeneticbasisofagriculturewhich wehaveinheritedfrom ourancestorsisnowseriouslythreatened: l essthan100cultivatedplantsandfiveanimalspeciesnowprovideover75percentofhumanfood.Fourplantspeciesalonerice,maize, wheatandpotato,andthreeanimal species cattle,swine andchickens, providemorethan halfof it.Yetmorethan80,000biologicalspeciesintropicalforestsareconsiderededible.In fisheries,onlytwogenera,carpand tilapia,haveseensignificantdomesticationforworldfood production.’
Much progresswas madein JunewhentheSecretariatsof F AOand theConventiononBiologicalDiversitymetatFAOforaweekofdiscussions,supportedby theNetherlandswithIPGRIalsotakingpart.The theme was'Farmingsystems:ApproachesfortheSustainableuseand ConservationofAgricultural BiodiversityandAgro-ecosystems'. Theorganizationsdiscussedwaysthey couldsupportcountriesindevelopingnationalprogrammes,plansandstrategiesforagrobiodiversityconservationanduseinthewidercontext ofbiodiversity i ngeneral.Progresswasmade ondevelopingajointprogrammeofworkonagrobiodiversity asafo l lowuptothemeetingoftheConferenceofthePartiestothe ConventionlastNovember.AMemorandum ofUnderstandingisbeingprepared.CasestudiesonIPMand aquaculturewillbepresentedto theConvention'sSBSTTAattheirnext meetinginSeptember.
EarlierinJune,ProfessorVernonHeywood,convenor oftheresearchcomponenton'Conservation ofthegeneticdiversityof wildspecies'of theDIVERSITASprogramme, visitedFAO andhelddiscussionsinvolving
technicalstafffromFAO,IPGRI andthe Commission.ItwasagreedinprincipletoconveneaseriesofmeetingshostedbyDIVERSITASatwhichFAO,DIVERSITASandotherrel evantorganizationswouldexchangeinformationandconcepts regardingthegeneticconservationofwildspeciesofinterestto food,agricultureandotheraspectsof human livelihoodsecurityandputinhandaninventoryofactivitiesandidentifyactiongaps,andthenestablishprioritiesforactioninthelightofthemandatesoftheorganizationsinvolved.Thiswouldcontributetotheworkprogrammeonagrobiodiversity establishedby theCoPinBuenosAires,includingthejointactivitiesbetweenFAOand theCBDSecretariatreferred toabove,aswellastotherelevantsectionsoftheGlobalPlanofAction.
Theconsortiumoforganizationsinvolvedinthemeetingscouldserveasameansofpromotingcooperationandcoordinatingthoseactivitiesintheareaofgeneticconservationofwildspeciesthatarenotatpresentcloselylinked.
biologicaldiversity.Some80 percentofthepopulationofthedevelopingworlduseNWFPforhealthandnutritionalneeds.Severalmillionhouseholdsworld-widedependheavilyonthese p roductsforsubsistenceconsumptionand/orincome.NWFPalsoproviderawmaterialsforlarge-scaleindustrial processing,includingforinternationallytradedcommoditiesasfoodsandbeverages,confectionery,flavourings, perfumes, medicines,paintsorpolishes.Presently,atleast150NWFPare significantintermsofinternationaltrade,includinghoney,gumArabic, rattan, cork,forestnutsandmushrooms,essentialoils,andplantoranimal partsforpharmaceutical products.
Since1991the FAOForestryDepartmenthasmaintainedaprogramme,'ThepromotionanddevelopmentofNon-WoodForestProducts',aimedatenhancing thesustainableutilization ofNon-WoodForestProductsinordertocontributetothewisemanagementoftheworld'sforests andthe conservationoftheirbiodiversity, andtoimprovefoodsecurity forruralpeople.
Theprogramme, which isamongFAO'spriority forestry activities,comprisesthree mainelements:
gathering,analysis anddisseminationofkeytechnicalinformation onNWFP;
full appraisal ofthesocio-economiccontribution ofNWFP;
improvednetworkingamongindividuals andorganizationsconcernedwithNWFP.
Specific categoriesof NWFP andrelevantissuesinrelationtotheirdevelopmentarehighlightedinthepublicationseries,'Non-Wood ForestProducts'.Nine volumeshave beenpublishedtodateincluding:
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Gathering,analysisanddissemination ofkey technicalinformation
FlavoursandFragrancesofPlantOrigin;Natural Colorantsand dyestuffs;EdibleNuts;Non-WoodForestProductsforRuralIncomeandSustainableForestry; Traderestrictionsaffectinginternationaltrade in non-woodforestproducts;andDomestication andCommercialization
Non-WoodForestProductsPaulVantomme,FAO, VialedelleTermedi Caracalla,00100Rome,Italy
Theterm 'non-woodforestproducts'(NWFP)andthesimilarterms'minor-',"secondary-",and "non-timber-" forestproducts,haveemergedasumbrellaexpressionsforthevastarrayofbothanimal andplantresourcesotherthanwood(ortimberinthecaseof 'non-timber-')derived from forestsor foresttreespecies.NWFPmaybegatheredfromthewild,producedas(semi-)domesticatedplantsinplantationsorinagroforestryschemes,orproducedinintermediateproductionsystemsofvaryingdegreesofdomestication.Theirwildorsemi-domesticated statusdistinguishesthemfromwell-establishedagriculturalcropssuchasoilpalm,cocoa,coconut, rubber orcoffee.
Non-wood forest productshaveattractedconsiderableglobalinterestinrecentyearsduetoincreasingrecognitionoftheircontributiontohousehold economiesand foodsecurity, to somenationaleconomies,andtoenvironmentalobjectives,includingtheconservationof
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ofNWFPthroughAgroforestrySystems.
In l i n e withtherecommendationsoftheWorldFoodSummit(Rome1996),special attentionhas beenfocusedonnon-woodforestresourcesthatare (orhave thepotential to be)usedasfood,food additives, orformedicinalpurposes.In thisregard, the Non-woodForestProductsserieswillpublishvolumesonTropical Palms, andMedicinal Plantsin. 1997.Volumes o n'HarvestingofNWFP','NWFPfrompines',and'TheContributionofNWFPtofoodsecurity'(workingtitlesonly) arepresentlybeingstudiedor areunder development.
Comprehensivestatistical d ataonproductionandtrade ofNWFP areessentialfor accurateappraisaloftheirtruesocio-economic contributiontosustainabledevelopment.This,inturn,willfacilitate theelaboration(andacceptancebypolicy andseniordecisionmakers)of appropriatepoliciesleadingtoamoreequitableaccesstonon-wood forestresourcesandtoafairdistributionof benefitsobtainedfrom NWFP.AlthoughFAOhasalreadyassembledawealthofinformation onthesocio-economic roleofmanyNWFP,the informationbaseisstillfarfrombeingcomprehensiveorglobalinscope.
Based onresponses toaquestionnaireused toidentify allthoseagencies,companiesandindividualswhoareinvolvedinoneway oranotherwiththepromotionanddevelopmentofNWFP,andmayhavesocio-economicdataonNWFP,adatabaseisbeingdevelopedto storeandretrievedataon:organizations,agenciesand companies;thelocationandkind ofproductswhich arethe focus oftheir work;thesocio-economiccontributionofNWFP;critical gaps i n thematicissuesorgeographiccoverage.AdirectoryoforganizationsinvolvedinNWFPwillbepublishedundertheNon-WoodForestProductsseriesandwillalso beavailableon theInternet.
To i m provenetworking,an annualbulletin,'Non-Wood News', compiledfrom voluntarycontributionslinks
Appraisalofthesocio-economiccontribution ofNWFP
Improvednetworking
morethan 1,200relevantindividualsandorganizationsworld-wide.Recentissuesofthisbulletinareavailableonthe Internet(http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/forestry/nwnews).To increaseawarenesson NWFPandstrengthennationalcollaborationattheregional level,FAO'sWoodand Non-woodProductsUtilizationBranch(FOPW)hasorganizedthreeregionalexpertconsultations:AsiaandPacificRegion,Bangkok,Thailand,1991;AnglophoneAfricanCountries,Arusha,Tanzania,1993;LatinAmericaandCaribbean,Santiago, Chile, 1994).Twoglobalexpertconsultations havealsobeen organized: 'Social,EconomicandCulturalDimensionsofNWFP',Bangkok, Thailand, 1994;andthe'Interregional ExpertConsultationonNWFP',Yogyakarta,Indonesia,1995.During1997,twoworkshopswillbeco-organizedbyFOPW: 'Medicinal,CulinaryandAromaticPlantsin theNearEast', Cairo, Egypt,19-21May;and'ExpertConsultation onNWFPinthe Congo Basin', inCamerooninSeptember(dateandvenuestilltobedetermined).Inaddition,preparationhasstarted forexpertconsultationson'NWFPfromBorealForests'and on'NWFPfromtheNorthAmericanRegion'.
TheheterogeneousnatureofNWFPandthemultitudeoftheirend-usescallsformultidisciplinary involvementandcoordinatedefforts.Anumberofactivitieshavebeenstartedrecentlyincollaborationwith otheragenciesandNGOs, dealingwithspecificaspectsofNWFP,including:UNIDO(processing), ICRAF(domestication),GiftsofHealth(aUK-basedNGOonmedicinal plants).
Chief,Woodand Non-woodProductsUtilization BranchForestProductsDivisionFAOVialedelle TermediCaracalla00100Rome,ItalyTel:39-6-52254056FAX: 39-6-52255137E-mail: Paul.Vantomme@fao.orgIntert:http://www.fao.org
Requestsforadditionalinformationshouldbeaddressedto:
I C U C(InternationalCentreforUnderutilisedCrops)
Dr.NazmulHaq,Int. CentreforUnderutilised CropsLanchesterBuilding, UniversityofSouthamptonSouthampton SO17 1BJ,UK.
TheInternationalCentreforUnderutilisedCrops(ICUC), anautonomous,non-profit,scientificresearch and training centrewasestablishedin1988.Thegoal oftheCentre i s food security, nutritionandeconomicwelfareofhumanbeingsimprovedthroughthe sustainableandincreasedeconomicproductionforfoodandindustrialrawmaterials,byassessing,developing andutilisingtheuntappedbiologicaldiversity ofunderutilisedcropsand species.
ICUChasbeen active i n a surveytoassessthegeneticdiversityandstatusofgeneticerosionoftropicalfruittreesinAsia. However, manyofthesespecies arenow becomingscarceduetoerosionoftheirnaturalhabitats.Theobjectiveistodeterminethenationalpriority species,assess theirgeneticdiversityandusethisdiversity fordevelopmentthrougha n etworkofscientistswho areinvolvedin tropicalfruitsresearch i n theregion.BecauseoftheinterestshownbytheNationalAgricultural Research Systems(NARS),aNetworkon UnderutilisedFruitsforAsia (UTFANET)hasbeenestablishedincollaborationwithFAO,IPGRI, APAARIandCSCtopromoteandcommercialisethepriorityspecies.Already eightgovernmentsof theregionhaveagreedto worktogetherandten priority speciesforthe regionhavebeenagreed. ProjectsfundedbytheBritishODAonthegeneticdiversity,germplasmcollectionanddevelopmentofpropagationsystemsoftwopriorityspecies(Jackfruit andPummelo)startedinDecember1995.
Aregionalnetworkfor southernandeastern Africanunderutilisedcrops(SEANUC)wasestablishedin 1995incooperationwiththeCSCundertheaegisof FAO,followingaresolutionmadeat a regionalmeetingon G eneticResourcesand UtilisationofUnderutilisedCropsin SouthernandEastern Africa heldin 1995. Priorityspecies forthenetwork havebeen
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identifiedandaprojectstarted oninformation gatheringontheconservation statusanduseofgeneticresourcesin 12participating countries.
ICIC usesthecomparativeadvantagesofnationalinstitutionsindevelopingcountries. A goodexampleonfieldwork onvariabilityanddomesticationof wildspeciesistheICUC SheanutprojectinWestAfrica,implementedincollaboration withtheCocoaResearchInstituteofGhanaat itsnorthernsubstationat BoleandfundedbytheLverhulmeTrust, U.K.The researchinvolvedafarmer-participatorysurveyinwhichthe farmers (whodonotactuallyfarm thetreesbutcollectthenutsfromwildtrees thatarevaluedandpreservedin theenvironment)assessedthegeneticdiversity andidentified the'best' trees forconservation.
Asimilarprojecton indigenousvegetablesofSouthernAfricastartedinSeptember1996. Indigenousvegetablesareimportantforsubsistencefarmers asthey obtainnutritionfrom them. ICUC incooperation withthe UniversityofFortHare, South Africa, hasdeveloped aprojectonthecollectionandassessmentofthegeneticdiversity inthree species (Amaranthussp.,Cleomegynandraand Tylosemaesculentum)fortheiruse i n crop improvement. The
projectisfunded bytheUKOfficeofScienceandTechnology.
ICUCrunscoursesoverseasinpartnershipwithUniversitiesandResearch Organisations.A3-weekcoursewasorganizedon 'Geneticresourcesofunderutilised crops:conservatioinandutilisation'intheMalaysianAgriculturalUniversity(UPM). A 2-weekcourse o n'Conservationmanagementandutilisationoftropicalfruits'hasalsobeenarrangedjointlywithIPGRIinIndia.
ICUChaspublishedanumberof booksongeneticresourcesofunderutilisedcrops.Theseinclude:'UnderutilisedTropical PlantGeneticResources:Conservationand utilisation';'Utilisationof UnderutilisedCropsinSouthernandEasternAfrica';and'PromotionofTraditional andUnderutilisedCrops'.
ICUChasorganisedseveralregionalandinternational conferences. Themostrecentones were: 'GeneticresourcesandunderutilisedcropsinSouthernandEasternAfrica'atNelspruit, SouthAfricaand'Aninternational conferenceondomestication,productionandutilisationofnewcrops: Practicalapproaches'held intheU.K.in1996.
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N e w s a n d n o t e sA d o m e s t i c a t i o np r o g r a m m e f o rM e d i t e r r a n e a nl e g u m e s h r u b sIn1985,alivingcollection ofshrubby,nonspinyleguminousplantswasestablishedasacomplementtotheseedbankattheDepartmentofPlantBiologyoftheEscuelaTecnicaSuperiordeIngenierosAgronomos inMadrid.Afterover10yearsofdirectsamplingfromwildpopulationsandgermplasm exchangewithbotanicalgardensand similarinstitutions,over400taxaarestoredasseeds andagrowing plantcollectionof50differenttaxaand 70differentpopulationsisnowbeinggrownat theexperimental fieldsoftheuniversity.Moreover,a frozencollectionofstrainsofpotentially specificRhizobiumtaxacompletethiseffort.Themaingenerapresentinthiscollectionare:
Some ofthe above-mentionedtaxahave beenintensivelypropagatedduetoscarcityinnatureorremarkableusefulnessin forageproductionduringunfavourable seasons,inrehabilitationofdegraded soilsorinincreasinggrowthspeed innativetreesoftheMediterraneanspontaneous woods.
Wearenowlooking forfurthercollaborationswithotherinterestedinstitutionswiththe purpose ofincreasing o u r collectionandexchangingsamples andbibliographyontheleguminousfloraoftheMediterraneanbasin.
Dept. BiologiaVegetal,EscuelaTecnicaSuperiorde IngenierosAgronomos,Universidad Politecnica,CiudadUniversitaria,E-28040Madrid,Spain
Anthyllis,Chamaecytisus,Colutea,Coronilla,Cytisus,Dorycnium,Genista,Hedysarum,Hippocrepis,Medicago,Onobrychis,Teline andTrigonella.
Contactaddress:OS UIS ERESUELAERNANDO ONZ L EZ NDR S
J L C &F G A ,
EA E
M e d i c i n a l p l a n t so f t h e M a g h r e b
B i o l o g y i n t h eT w e n t y F i r s tC e n t u r y
IUCN-TheWorld ConservationUnionisfinancingin1996-97aprogrammeofinventoryandconservationofmedicinal plantsof Algeria, Egypt,Libya, MoroccoandTunisia. Theshort-termobjectivesare:
Inventoryof medicinalplants
Development ofanationalstrategyfortheconservationofmedicinalplants
Identification ofimportantregionsformedicinal plants
ThecoordinationofthisprogrammeisbeingundertakenbytheAssociationTunisiennedeProtection delaNatureet del'Environnment(ATPNE).
TheArab BiologistsUnionincooperationwith RoyalJordanianBiologistswillholdasymposiumon
on8-11 November1997inAmman,Jordan.Thesymposiumwilldeal withthedifferentcomponentsofbiodiversityintheArabcountriesinWestAsiaaswellasinNorthAfrica.It willcover:plants,animalsandmi croorganisms.Stresswi l lmadeonthe characteristicbiodiversityinthispartoftheworld.Thepresentstatusofbiodiversitywillbemonitoredandtheeffortsforconservationwillbediscussed. Thiswil lgiveanopportunityforexperienceexchangeandforcooperationbetweenthedifferentcountriesandinstitutionsworkingonbiodiversity.SymposiumlanguagewillbeArabicandEnglish.
--
-
BiodiversityintheArabCountries
A n t h r o p o l o g i s tw o r k i n g o n p l a n tg e n e t i cr e s o u r c e sJoshkaWessels,AssociateExpert-Regional Information Officer, will beworking atthe IPGRI-WANA regionalofficein Aleppo, Syria.ThepositionhasbeencreatedfortheWANAgrouptogivespecial attentiontotheimportantarea ofinformation servicesandpublicationsintheregionalcontext.
JoshkaWessels studied visualanthropologyin Leiden, theNetherlands.Shewroteherthesisoncommunication within a healtheducationprogrammeinSudanandproducedseveral videosandacd-romduringherstudies.The mainfocusofherworkwillbeoninformationservices suchaslibrary services,newsletters, audiovisuals,Internetandpublicawarenessmaterials.Attentionwillalsobegiventodocumentationofindigenousknowledge ofPGRintheWANA region asJoshkahasananthropological background.
June1997
UNEP.United Nations EnvironmentProgramme. Distributed byOxfordUniversityPress, NewYork andOxford. 1 997. pp.viii + 2 64.ISBN:(PBK) 0-19-521349-1,ISBN:0-19-521351-3,ISSN: 0-1366-8080.PaperbackUS$24.95; hardcoverUS$39.95.
GlobalEnvironmentOutlook.
This firstissueofwhatisplannedasabiennialseriesofreportswascommissionedbyUNEPin responsetotheenvironmentalreportingrequirementsofAgenda21andtoaUNEPGoverningCouncilDecisionofMay 1995requestingthepreparationofthefirstofanewcomprehensiveStateoftheEnvironment Report seriesintime fortheUNEPGoverningCouncilMeetingofJanuary1997.It isthereforeintendedasasnapshotofanongoingworldenvironmentalassessmentprocess.
TheGlobalEnvironmentOutlook(GEO)Projectinvolvescollaboratingcentres.workinggroups,scientific andpolicyconsultations andUnitedNationsparticipation. This firstvolumeGEO-1 is essentiallyareviewofglobalenvironmentissuesfrom regionalperspectives. Thebulkofthetextconsistsof achapterdevotedtoregional perspectives,anothertopolicyresponses anddirectionsandafinalchapterentitled'Lookingtothefuture'.Amongstthemajorissues dealtwithareland,forests,biodiversity andmarineandcoastal environments. The regionalperspectives forAfrica,EuropeandWest Asiaaretheonesthat areofmostinteresttoMEDUSAreaders. Thebook containssome usefultables,mapsandstatisticsillustratingvariousfactorsortrendssuchassoildegradation, protectedareas,threatenedcoastal ecosystems,loss ofcropland, andaprojectedchangesinthegeographical distribution of'domesticated'and'non-domesticatedland'. Thereisanextended executivesummary.
Theoverallconclusionthat isdrawnwillcauselittlesurprise:'Significantprogresshas beenmadeinconfrontingenvironmental challenges.
Nevertheless, theenvironmenthas
continued todegradeinnationsofallregions.Progress towardsasustainablefuturehassimply beentooslow.’
GEO1isalsoavailableontheInternet.Kenya:http:/www.unep.org/unep/eia/geo1/,USA: http://grid2.cr.usgs.gov/geo1/
ThisisanoutlineaccountofthevegetationandplantlifeofJordan,withspecialreferenceto theeffectsofhumanactionand theneedforconservation. Afteroutlinesofthegeologyandphysicalcharacteristicsofthe country,thereisachapteronthebiogeographicalregionsandthen areviewofthevegetation types.Th i s i sfollowedbyachapteronspecialvegetationareasofJordansuchastheWadi Araba,theDanaReserveandtheAzraqBasin.
Furtherchaptersdealwithhumaninfluences onthenaturalplantcover,andbiodiversitywithspecialreferencetothecausesofbiodiversitylossinJordanand theimportanceofplantsasgeneticresourcessuchasfoodplants,wildrelativesofcrops, ornamentals,andmedicinals.Thebookconcludeswithachapteronconservationandmakesasetofrecommendationsforactiontoconserve andsustainablyusetheplantresourcesofthecountry.
Thebookiswellillustratedwithdiagramsandnumerouscolourplates.Thereisanextensivebibliographyandan index. Thisisausefulcompilationandwillbeavaluablesourceofreference.
DawudAl-Eisawi,. UNESCO Cairo Office,
Cairo.1996.pp.284. No priceindicated.
O. Delanoe, B. deMontmollin & L .Olivier andthe IUCN/SSCMediterraneanIslands Plant
Vegetation ofJordan
V.Heywood
V.Heywood
Specialist Group.
IUCN,Gland,SwitzerlandandCambridge,UK.1996. AvailablefroIUCNPublicationsUnit,219Huntingdon Road,CambridgeCB2ODL, UK. ISBN:2-8317-0351-4.
Conservation ofMediterranean IslandPlants. 1. Strategyforaction.
Astheexecutivesummarynotes,theMediterranean Basinwithnearly500islands andisletsincludesoneofthelargest islandgroupsoftheworld,manyofthemrichinplantdiversity.Butislandhabitatsareespeciallyvulnerabletomodificationthroughhuman activities,notablyasa resultoftourisminrecentyearsandthishasputmany speciesandpopulations atrisk.Unfortunatelyourknowledgeofthedistributionand statusofspeciesisincomplete,andlittleinformationisknown abouttheirdemography,reproductivebiologyandhabitatpreferences. It isdifficultinsuchcircumstances to make planeffectiveconservationaction. Tocombatthis,theMediterraneanIslandPlantSpecialistGrouphasprepared astrategy foractionforislandplantsandtheirhabitatsthatitishopedwillprovide oneof thebasiccomponentso fanoverallbiodiversity conservationprogrammecoveringtheentireMediterranean Basin.
ThetextprovidesausefulsurveyoftheMediterranean floraanditsislandsandreviews tourcurrentstateofknowledge,identifying gapsandresearch needs. Asummaryis givenofthecurrentsituationon themajorislandsbasedonpresentations madeatthe1993Ajacciosymposium on'Knowledgeandconservation oftheMediterranean islandflora',theproceedingsof whichwerepublishedinEcologiaMediterraneavol.21in1995.Achaptercovers conservationlegislationandothermeasures andl is tsthemainprotectedareasintheMediterranean islands. Finally anAction Planisoutl ined.
Altogetherthis isavaluableandwell-presenteddocument. Letushopethatthestrategyfor action outlined canbeimplementedsoon.
V.H.Heywood
23
B o o k R e v i e w sMEDUSA Newsletter
Rejdali,M.&Birouk,A.(Eds).
Actes Editions,Rabat. 1996. pp.256.ISBN:9981-801-26-7. Nopriceindicated.
A.Birouk&M.Rejdali(eds).
Actes Editions,Rabat. 1997. pp. 372.ISBN:9981-801-30-5. No priceindicated.
Diversite B iologique et Valorisationd e sPlantes Medicinales.
Ressources Phytogenetiques e tDeveloppementDurable.
Thisvolumerepresentstheproceedingsofa'RencontrefrancophonedeCooperation etdePartenariat'heldattheInstitutAgonomique etVeterinaireHassanII,Rabat,MoroccoinSeptember1995. Whilemostofthepapersareconcerned withvariousaspectsofmedicinal plants intropicalAfrica, several deal with NorthAfricancountries.TheseincludeareviewbyRejdali of thefloraofMoroccoand itsconservation, anevaluation ofthemedicinal andaromaticplantsofMoroccoby Ismaili-Alaoui andapaperbyChemlion thevaluingofplantresourcesusedintraditionalmedicine.Itendswith a synthesisofthemeetingsand a setofrecommendationsthatwillbeofinterest tothoseconcernedwithmedicinal andaromaticplantsintheMediterranean. The bookiswellproducedandausefuladdit iontotheliteratureinthisfield.
ThisvolumecontainstheproceedingsofaNational Seminarorganizedby theComiteNationaldes RessourcesPhytogenetiquesofMoroccoonplant geneticresourcesandsustainabledevelopment.Itbeginswithaseriesofscene-settingpaperson:biodiversityandsustainabledevelopment ( Heywood),economicaspectsofbiodiversityconservation(Heywood), theFAO networkofplantgeneticresources(Ringlund),biotechnologytransferundertheConventiononBiologicalDiversity(Krattiger),Botanic gardens andbotanical conservatories(Olivier),theactivitiesofCIHEAMregarding
V.H.Heywood
teachingandresearchinplantgeneticresources(Navarro)and domesticgeneticheritageandtraditionalknowledge(Crossa-Raynaud).Mostofthe maintextofthebookdealswithvariousaspectsofplantgeneticresourcesinMorocco cereals, forestry,pasturespecies, foddershrubs,foodlegumes,datepalm,olive,diseaseresistance, sorghum, ecosystematicapproachestoconservationandnational strategies.InadditiontherearesinglepapersoneachofAlgeria,Senegaland Tunisiaand summariesofposterspresented atthemeeting.Itconcludeswithaseriesofrecommendations.Thisbookcontainsamassofinformationandwillbeaninvaluablereferencesourceforanyoneinterested inplantgenetic resourcesofNorthAfrica, arid zonesandtheMediterraneanregion.
Thebookcontainsthree differentsections.Thefirst isasubregionalsynthesisonthestatusofplantgeneticresourcesinSouthWestAsia(Afghanistan,Bahrain,Iran,Iraq,Kuwait, Oman,Pakistan, Qatar,SaudiArabia, Turkey,UnitedArabEmirates,andYemen)(33pages).ItcomprisesanassessmentofPlantGeneticResourcesprogrammesandactivitiesintheSubregion anddealswith theneeds,opportunitiesand constraintsfacingtheconservationofPGR.Thesecondsectionisasubregional synthesisonthe statusofPGRinEast andSouthMediterraneanSubregion (Mauritania,Morocco, Algeria,Tunisia,Libya,Egypt, JordanPalestine, Lebanon,Syria, Cyprus, andTurkey)(32pages).
IPGRI/FAO.
IPGRI/FAORome.1996IPGRI/FAO(1996)InternationalTechnicalConferenceonplantgeneticresources:Preparatory process forWest AsiaandNorthAfrica.PublishedbyIPGRI/FAORome.ISBN92-9043-286-1
InternationalTechnicalConferenceonPlantGeneticResources:Preparatoryprocess forWestAsiaandNorthAfrica.
V.H.Heywood
ThethirdsectiondealswithasynthesisonthestatusofPGRin CentralAsiacountries(Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,TurkmenistanandUzbekistan)(7 pages). Thebookcoversalsothe subregionalpreparatorymeetingheldinTehran,Iran9-12October1995,aswellasthesubregional preparatorymeetingheldinTunis,Tunisia16-19 October1995withall therecommendations thatcameoutofthesemeetingsforthepreparationof theGlobalPlan ofAction fortheConservationofPlantGenetic Resourcesfor FoodandAgriculturethatwasdiscussed attheInternationalTechnical Conferencewhichwasheld inLeipzig,GermanyonJune17-23 1995.
Thisbookletis oneof theresultsoftheIPGRI/WANA Group's efforts tostudyandconservefruitand nutplantgeneticresourcesincooperationwith theArabCentre forthestudyofAridZonesandDryLandsACSAD.Thebookletisbased o n an extensive fieldsurveyofthestandsoffivewild almond species,
and.Foreach species,
informationis givenaboutitsgeographicaldistribution,ecologyandhabitat. Therealsoaspecialsectiononthepropagationofthesespecies.
Thebookletcoversdiagnosticcharactersand demonstratesthat
hasseveralmorphologicalandecological typesbuttheauthorsrefrain fromgivingthemataxonomicrank.It shows alsothatisvariable.Emberger's bioclimaticindexwasused todemonstrate theamplitudeofecologicaltoleranceofeach species.Specialattention isg iven
Shalabi,M.N.,Rayes,R.,Ghazal,A.andAswad, N. G.
IPGRIandACSAD.1997.(inArabic).75pp. 3 6 c olouredplatesand18drawings.ISBN92-9043-316-7.AvailablefromIPGRI/WANA.
Preliminaryecologicaland phytogeographicstudyof wildAmygdalus germplasm i n Syria.
A.orientalis,A.spartioides,A.korschinski,A.arabica,A.communis
A.orientalis
A.korschinski
Y.Barkoudah
24
B o o k R e v i e w sJune1997
tothelocaluseoftheseplantsaslivefencesandas food.Itisinteresting toread initthatsomeformsof
haveediblepits.
Althoughthe studyisbased onalargenumberofsamples, theauthorsdid notseethetype specimens,nor didtheytrytoelaborateonthedifferencebetween
andis left in theshadowof
dought.Indeeditis notclearwhethertheauthorsrecogniseitornot.
Thisbookcontains17papersby23Jordanianresearchersworkinginagriculturalresearch,theuniversities,IPGRIorICARDA. Itisdividedintofivesections:Afteranoverviewofbiodiversity i n Jordan, thegeneticresourcesof m ajorcropsin Jordan arepresentedindifferentpaperscoveringplant genetic resourcesofcereals,foodlegumes, foragelegumes,rangeplants,medicinal plants,fruittrees andforestry.Conservationandutilisationofplantgeneticresources,biotechnologyarealsotreatedinthethird section.Thefourthsectiondealswith co-operationbetweenagriculturalresearchinJordan,ICARDAandIPGRI.Amajoroutcomeofthisworkshopwastheformation ofanationalcommitteeontheplantgeneticresourcesJordan.Therecommendationsmakethe fifthsectionofthebook. Theyarethebasisforanationalstrategyandplanofaction forthe conservationofplantgeneticresourcesin Jordan.
A.orientalis
A.spartioidesA.agrostis
Jaradat,A.A.(ed) .
( 2-4August1994Amman, Jordan). IPGRI/WANAGroup,Aleppo,Syria.1996.272 pp.ISBN92-9043-301-9
Plant GeneticResourcesof Jordan.Proceedingsof aNational Seminar
A.arabica.
Y.Barkoudah
Y. Barkoudah
Barkoudah, Y.Adham, Y. andM.AbiAntoun (eds).
(29April 1995Tell Amara, Lebanon)(inArabic).PublishedbyIPGRI/WANAGroup,Aleppo,Syria.1996.6pp.ISBN92-9043-287-x
Jaradat,A . ( ed).
IPGRI/WANA Group,Aleppo,Syria.1997.212 pages(inArabic).ISBN92-9043-312-4
Proceedingsof the FirstNational Workshop o n plantgeneticresources inLebanon
The first workshop onplantgeneticresourcesinYemen.
Thisbookincludes11paperspresentedintheworkshop.Itisdividedintothreesections:sectiononedealswithconservationand evaluationofplantgeneticresourcesandtheroleofNGOsandtheChurchinbiodiversityconservation.Thesecondsection dealswithplant diversity oftheflora, wildrel ativesandforestsofLebanon.Thethirdsectiondealswithplantgeneticresourcesoffoodlegumes,cereals,rangeand forageplants.Thebookendswithrecommendationsfortheconservationofplantgeneticresources.TheoutcomeofthisworkshopwasthenominationofaNational CommitteefortheConservationofPlantGeneticResources.
Thedatainthisbookcanbeconsideredasastartingpoint forthesurvey,documentationandconservationofplantgeneticresources.Ithighlightsthe constrainsanddifficultiesthatconservationfacesinLebanon.
Thebookincludesthepaperspresentedduringtheworkshopheld i n Taazonthe12-14December1993.There are14paperspreparedby23researchers
Y.Barkoudah
25
B o o k R e v i e w sworking intheAgriculturalResearchortheUniversitiesofYemen.Thebookcontainsbasic informationon theagricultural resources andclimateinYemen. Itgives details ofthedifferentplantgeneticresourcesinthecountrysofarknown.AbriefhistoryofPGRcollectinginYemenandtheinstitutionalframeworkforPGRarepresented.Cereals, foodandforagelegumes,legumes,datepalmandfruittrees,coffeeandrange plants geneticresourcesaretreated.TheworkshopwasastartingpointfortheestablishmentofaNationalCommitteeonplantgeneticresources.
Y.Barkoudah
MEDUSA Newsletter
1 9 9 7
September
October
November
28th International SymposiumonEssentialOils
IIInternationalCongress.Ethnobotany97.Ethnobotanyas abasis forsustainablemanagement.
EleventhWorldForestryCongress:Forestryfor SustainableDevelopment Towardsthe 21stCentury.
New DirectionsinSystematics.TheFifth andFinalWorkshop oftheEuropeanScienceFoundationNetworkin SystematicBiology
2ndWorldCongressonMedicinalandAromaticPlantsfor HumanWelfare(WOCMAPII)
(ISEO). Eskiehir,Turkey.1-3September1997.
Prof.K.H.C.Baer, AnadoluUniversity,MedicinalandAromaticPlant andDrugResearchCentre(TBAM), 26470Eskiehir,Turkey.Fax:902223350127.Email:tbam@vm.baum.anadolu.edu.tr
October12-17,1997,Merida,Yucatan(Mexico).
Jose S alvadorFloresGuido,ExecutivePresident oftheCongressOrganizingCommitee.P.O. Box4-116,Itzimna,Merida,Yucatan,Mexico.Fax: 99234009
Antalya,Turkey. 13-22October
Luis Botero, FAO, ForestryDepartment, ViadelleTermedeCaracalla, 00100Rome,Italy.Fax: +39652255137
.Hersonisos,Crete,15-18 October1997.
MsNicolaDonlon, ESFNetworkinSystematicBiology,TheNatural HistoryMuseum,LondonSW75BD, UK.Fax:+171 9389506.Email:n.donlon@nhm.ac.uk
.November10-15, 1997, Mendoza(Argentina).
Dr.A.L.Bandoni,SociedadArgentinaparalaInvestigaciondeProductosAromaticos Libertad1079,2Piso.1012 BuenosAires(Argentina).Fax: 5419617637
Contact:
Contact:
Contact:
Contact:
Contact:
3rdInternationalSymposium onOliveGrowing
InternationalConferenceonMedicinalPlants.Conservation,Utlization,TradeandBiocultures
InternationalWorkshop onMedicinalandAromaticPlants intheMediterranean:Localknowledge,insituconservation andmarkets.
. Chania, Crete,Greece,22-26September 1997.
DrIoanniMetzidakis,Subtropical PlantsandOliveTreeInstitute,73100,Chania,Greece.Fax:+3082193963.
.Bangalore, India.,1620February 1998.
FoundationforRevitalisationof Local HealthTraditions(FRLHT),No50,2ndStage,MSHLayout,Anandnagar, Bangalore- 560024.Fax:+91803334167.Email:root@frlht.ernet.in
Coimbra, Portugal, 20-22March1998,followedbyStudyTours,22-27March1998.OrganizedbyTRIBO(PortugueseResourceCentreforIndigenousKnowledge),BIOSEMEN(PortugueseAssociationforGeneticResources)andAGROBIO(PortuguseAssociationofOrganicAgriculture).
TRIBO, Apartado1022,2780PacodeArcos,Portugal.Fax:35114420095 .Email:tribo@mail.telepac.pt
Contact:
Contact:
Contact:
1 9 9 8
February
March
26
F o r th c o m i n g e v e n t sJune1997
A l g e r i a
E g y p t
Seminairenationalsurlabiodiversite phytogenetique(prospection,evaluation,conservation), 11-13 Mai1996,Constantine (Algerie).
1erColloqueNationalsurlesplantesmedicinales, 20-21Mars1996, Ghardaia (Algerie).
Lesthemesabordes ontportesurl'evaluation, lavalorisation etl'ameliorationgenetiquedespopulationssauvagesetcultiveesd'intereteconomique.
Dr.N.Kharfallah,UFR degenetiqueet ameliorationdesplantes,InstitutdesSciencesdelaNature,Universitede Constantine,Routed'AinEl Bey,25000Constantine, Algerie.
Lamanifestationaportesurlesplantesmedicinales algeriennes,les plantesmellifereset lemiel ,ainsiquesurlecontroledequalitedesmedicaments.ElleaeteorganiseeparlaFOREM.
Aworkshop o n
'wasorganizedon 9-12 D ecember1996bytheNationalOrganization forDrugControlandResearch(Cairo, Egypt)incollaboration withWHO. Lectureswere givenonqualitycontrolofherbalremedies;algae;analysisofresidualinsecticides, andpesticides inplantextracts; phytomedicinemarkets,statistics,trendsand analyses;andtheuseof thewildfloraofEgypt asaphytotherapy indermatologyandcosmetics.
Theorganized
bytheEgyptianPharmaceuticalSociety,washeld in Cairo24-26December1996. About100 scientificpaperswere given,including22in thefield ofpharmacognosyand medicinalplants.Eight symposiawere held,includingoneon'HerbalMedicine,EconomyandUtilization';themoderatorwasProfessorMohammedYounisHaggag,oneoftheMEDUSA
Contacter:
'Standardization o fherbalextractsand ensuringthesafety,efficacyandquality controlofherbalremedies
25thConferenceofPharmaceuticalSciences,
Focal PointCoordinators.
10-14May1997Aleppo, Syria.Thisinternational symposiumofplantbiologistsandarchaeologistswasorganised bythe InternationalCentreforAgriculturalResearchintheDryAreas(ICARDA), GeneticResourcesConservationProgramUniversityofCalifornia,InstitutdePrehistoireOrientaleCNRS, International PlantGeneticResourcesInstitute(IPGRI),DepartmentofAntiquities,Syria,InstitutFrancaisd'ArcheologieauProcheOrient (IFAPO).Atotalof30paperswerepresenteddealingwithdomestication,environmental changes,spreadofagriculture, geneticrelationsandevolution, geneticdiversity,archaeological findings.TheProceedingsarein pressandwillbedistributed byICARDA, P. O.Box5466,Aleppo,Syria.
Avril 1997,Mostaganem (Algerie).OrganiseparlaFOREM(FondationNationalepourlaPromotiondelaSanteetleDeveloppementdelaRecherche Medicale).
Pr. M. Khiati , CentreCultureldeHusseinDey, HusseindeyAlger.
Contacter:
S y r i a
A l g e r i a
I n t e r n a t i o n a l
TheoriginsofAgricultureandDomestication of C ropPlantsintheNearEast,HarlanSymposium,
2emeColloqueNationalsurlesPlantes Medicinales.
IstInternationalConferenceonAnthropology andHistoryofHealth andDiseasesand the3rdEuropeanColloquium onEthnopharmacology(1ereConferenceInternationaled'Anthropologie et d'Histoire de laSanteetdesMaladies et3e
meColloqueEuropeend'Ethnopharmacologie).
CongresInternationalECODEV96
29May-2June1996, Genoa(Italy).Aworkshopwasorganizedonpoisonousand medicinalplantsoftheMediterranean Basin.
Pr.A. G uerci,Dipartimento diScienzeAntropologiche,Universitadegli StudidiGenova, ViaBalbi,4-16126Genova (Italia).
12-16Novembre1996,Adrar(Algerie).
Cettemanifestationscientifiqueaportesurl'evaluationdesmethodesd'approchedel'ecodeveloppementdeszonesarideset semi-arides.
K. Mederbal,UniversiteDjillali LIABES,Sidi-BelAbbes,Algerie.
AnInternationalExpertMeetingon
washeldfrom19-21MayattheMinistryofAgriculturein Cairo,Egypt.MEDUSAwas representedby thechairoftheSteering Group, ProfessorVernon Heywood,who wasinvitedtoparticipateasa resourcepersonandpresent a plenarylectureon'Plantresourcesandtheirdiversityin theMiddle East'.
Theaim ofthe m eeting wastoobtain abetterinsightintothepresent resourcesituationandutilizationofmedicinal,culinary andaromatic plantsoftheNear Eastregionfrom wildsources,theirpotentialandtheproblemsandissuestobeaddressee fortheirsustainableuse anddevelopment. Itwasattendedby20expertsfromCyprus,Egypt, Iran,Jordan,Sudan,Syria,TunisiaandTurkeyaswellasrepresentativesofFAOandMEDUSA.Themeetingfoundthattherewasaserious l ackofinformationaboutthespecies concerned, theirproperties,formsofutilization,harvesting,productionand tradestatistics and theirsocio-economicimportance. I t wasrecommended thataregionaldatabaseonmedicinal,aromatic andothernon-wood forestproductsoftheNearEastbeestablished, includingthecreationofaDirectoryofexpertiseand
Contact:
Contacter:
Medicinal,CulinaryandAromaticPlants intheNearEast
27
R e p o r t s o f m e e t i n g sMEDUSA Newsletter
activities,andthatnetworkingamongstthekeyinstitutionsbeimprovedtostrengtheninformationexchange,technologytransfer, developmentofregionalstatistics,regional trainingprogrammes.Itwas alsoconcludedthattherewasalackofacoherentpolicyconservation fortheconservation and sustainableuseofthese resourcesand recommendedaction betakentoreviewcurrentnationalforestlegislationto identifycritical gaps, provideassistancetogovernments forthe developmentofcomprehensivestrategiesfortheconservation and sustainableuseofmedicinal, cul inary andaromaticplantresourcesandtosetasidegenereserves/conservationcentresandstudythefeasibilityofestablishingregionalgenebanksonMAPintheNearEast.Institutional aspects ifproductdevelopment andpolicywerealsoreviewedand itrecommendedactiononthepreparationofmarketingstudiesonimportant plants andtheorganization oftrainingworkshops o nspecifictopicssuch asquality,marketingcontrol,involvementoflocal people.
Dr Paul Vantomme,WoodandNon-WoodProductsUtilizationBranchForestProductsDivision,FAO,Vialedelle Terme di Caracalla00100Rome,ItalyFax: 39-6-52255137Email:Paul.Vantomme@fao.org
Contact:
Articles andothermaterialforthenextissueoftheMEDUSANewslettershouldbesubmittedbyemailorondisketteinWord6totheEditor
31October1997nolaterthan
PublishedfortheMEDUSASecretariatbythe
EDITERRANEAN GRONOMIC
NSTITUTEAT HANIA
OX
HANIA REECE
AX
M AI CPO B 8573100C , GF :(+30)82181154E- : melpo@zorbas.maich.gr
EditorR O F ERNON EYWOODC H O O L O F LANT CIENCESH E NIVERSITY O F EADING
HITEKNIGHTS OXEADINGEL
AXMAIL
P . V H.HS P ST U RW , PO B 221R RG66AS,UKT :(+44)1189318160/1189780185F :(+44)1189891745E- : v.h.heywood@reading.ac.uk
Published with support from the Foodand Agriculture Organization of theUnitedNations(FAO)
-
-
-
Decreen°8501ofthe5thofJanuary1985bearingtheratificationoftheprotocol relatif tothespeciallyprotectedareas ofthemediterraneansignedonthe4thofMarch1982inGneva.
Lawn°83ofthe2ndofMay1983relativetotheprotectionoftheenvironmentofwhich23articlesaredevotedtotheprotectionofthefaunaandflora.
Lawn°84of23rdofJune1984ontheprotection,exploitationandadministrationofforests,nationalparksandnaturalreserves.Inspiteoftheexistenceof a national l egalframeworkthat allowstheprotectionoftheplantheritagetobecarryoutefficiently, p lantsarestillexploitedbypeopleinanuncontrolledway.Urbanisation, industrialisation andtourismcontinuetoinvadethehabitats aswell.
continued frompage17 continuedfrom page 6VegetationmarineetaquatiqueenTunisie
L'inventairedelavegetationmarine etaquatiquerealiseenTunisiementionnelapresencede4141 especesdont9phanerogamesaquatiqueset405alguesdontdeuxd'eaudouce.
Recommended