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• Pick up the Pick up the notes packetnotes packet and and your folderyour folder. You . You will need a will need a pencilpencil, a , a highlighterhighlighter, and a , and a sheet of sheet of paperpaper for class today. for class today.
• Consider: Consider: At the end of the war, the country had to be put back At the end of the war, the country had to be put back together (reconstructed), which meant letting the rebel together (reconstructed), which meant letting the rebel states back into the Union. Lawmakers had to decide states back into the Union. Lawmakers had to decide whether to punish them or forgive. whether to punish them or forgive. –How might the states respond if the government How might the states respond if the government punishes them?punishes them?–Is there any danger in being too forgiving?Is there any danger in being too forgiving?
What If? At the end of the Civil War, the Southern states had to What If? At the end of the Civil War, the Southern states had to become part of the U.S. again. become part of the U.S. again. Which of these steps would Which of these steps would you recommend you recommend if you were in charge of creating a united if you were in charge of creating a united
country in 1865? country in 1865? Discuss these with your group and pick 5.Discuss these with your group and pick 5.
1. Punish the South, so those states don’t try to secede again.
2. Forbid former Confederate leaders from voting or holding office.
3. Make the Southern states rewrite their constitutions, pass the 14th amendment, and give former male slaves voting rights before they can get back into the Union.
4. Send troops into the South and have them keep an eye on things.
5. Replace the old state governments with new officials who will protect the rights of African Americans and follow the new rules.
6. Let Southern states come back into the Union without being punished.
7. Pardon (officially forgive) former Confederate soldiers if they promise to support emancipation.
8. Let Southern states decide how they will enforce civil rights laws.
9. Allow the people that were in charge before the war to regain control of the state governments.
10.Try to forgive and forget. It will be better if everyone puts this mess in the past.
Who were the Radical Who were the Radical Republicans?Republicans?
• Radical Republicans wanted:Radical Republicans wanted:1.1. RevengeRevenge
2.2. To protect freed slavesTo protect freed slaves
3.3. To continue controlling the governmentTo continue controlling the government
Reconstruction Reconstruction beforebefore SurrenderSurrender* Wade–Davis Bill (1864): idea for
Reconstruction written by two Radical Republicans (Wade and Davis)
* Required a majority in each Southern state to take the Ironclad oath against the Confederacy
* Passed both houses of Congress on July 2, 1864
* Vetoed by Lincoln and never took effect
* Lincoln believed this plan would make it too difficult to repair the Union
Presidential Reconstruction
Presidential Reconstruction10% Plan
* Pardon to all BUT the highest ranking Confederate officers
* 10% of the voting population had to take an oath of loyalty and establish a new state government
* Designed to end Reconstruction quickly
Andrew Johnson took over this plan when Lincoln was assassinated
Johnson did not provide protection for former slaves
Congressional ReconstructionCongressional Reconstruction
Reconstruction Act of 1867
* Effected the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment
* Divided them into 5 military districts
* Each governed by a Union general and military troops
You Decide!You Decide!
• You are a U.S. Senator in 1865. You are a U.S. Senator in 1865.
• We are going to take a vote on whether to We are going to take a vote on whether to implement the implement the plan for Reconstruction plan for Reconstruction presented by the presented by the President (10% Plan) President (10% Plan) or or the one presented by the one presented by Congress (Radical Congress (Radical Republican Plan)Republican Plan)..
• We will do a We will do a roll call voteroll call vote. Be prepared to . Be prepared to present your reasons for voting as you did.present your reasons for voting as you did.
13th Amendment- “FREED”
13th Amendment- “FREED” Ratified in
December, 1865
Outlawed slavery
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, […]
shall exist within the United States
14th Amendment- “CITIZENS”
14th Amendment- “CITIZENS”Ratified in July, 1868.
* Provide
citizenship regardless of race
Former slaves were now citizens and had all the rights of white citizens
Southern states could be punished for interfering with these
15th Amendment- “VOTE”15th Amendment- “VOTE” Ratified in 1870
Freedmen gained the right to vote
“The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”
Quick Quiz - 13th, 14th, or 15th?
Quick Quiz - 13th, 14th, or 15th? Get out a sheet of paper and number 1-5 and write the
sentences. For each of the following, indicate which of the Civil War amendments protects that right.
1. Former slaves and men of all races can vote.
15th
2. If you are born in the U.S., you are a U.S. citizen.
14th
3. Slavery is illegal in the United States.
13th
4. Former slaves are protected by laws and are considered citizens.
14th
5. Due process (people have the right to be treated fairly by the government) and equal protection are guaranteed to all.
14th
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) Created by Congress:
Provided food and supplies
Established schools
Anyone who pledged loyalty to the Union could lease forty acres of land
Not very successful Southerners
threatened former slaves into selling their forty acres
Many bureau agents accepted bribes
JumpstartJumpstart
• Pick up your folder and the Jim Crow Pick up your folder and the Jim Crow handout (half-sheet).handout (half-sheet).
• Get out your notes from yesterday.Get out your notes from yesterday.
You are a sharecropper. I am the landlord.
You are a former slave - now freed.
Landlord: “I will provide you with 40 acres of land, a house, food, tools, seed and other essentials for the year. You will grow what I tell you and you will pay me back with the proceeds from the sale of your crop each year. You can keep the rest of the money for yourself.”
Cost per year:
40 acres and a house: $100
Seed: $5.00
Tools: $20.00
Food: $50.00
Other stuff: $20.00
TOTAL? _____________$195
It is now September and you have harvested your crops. How much did you make?
1,000 lbs. of cotton @ 10 cents per lb _______
200 bushels of corn @ 10 cents per lb _______
100 bushels of tomatoes @ 15 cents per lb _______
300 pounds of melons @ 10 cents per lb _______
$100
$20
$15
$30
TOTAL: ______$165
How much did you owe for the year to the landlord?
Do you still owe me money?
How about next year you farm twice the amount of
land to make up the difference?
Cost per year:
80 acres and a house: $180
Seed: $10.00
Tools: $20.00
Food: $50.00
Other stuff: $40.00
TOTAL? _____________$300
Was this a good situation for the freedmen?
How did it benefit the landlords?
What are the implications for the future?
SharecroppinSharecroppingg
Freedmen rented plots of land in order to provide for their families
Sharecropping emerged
Many ended up renting from their former masters
Kept blacks indebted to white landowners
Could not earn much and remained poor
• Election of 1876 – Hayes (Republican) vs. Tilden (Democrat) – Democrats won electoral AND popular vote– Republicans charged Democrats with corrupt voting– A commission was formed to recount and decide who truly
won the election – Republicans won by ONE electoral vote BUT had to
negotiate with the Democrats to have them go along with it:• Pulled out of all federal troops from South • South decides on enforcement of new
Amendments– South gradually reclaimed old power structures – Black codes and Jim Crow laws economically and socially
oppressed freedmen
End of ReconstructionEnd of Reconstruction
Black Codes/Jim Crow Laws
Black Codes/Jim Crow Laws
Purposes:
* Laws used to limit rights of the freedmen
* Helped Southern planters find workers to replace former slaves (freedmen could be arrested without a job)
* Kept freedmen at the bottom of the social and political order (segregation in public)
* Segregation = legal separation
Which Does it Violate?Which Does it Violate? Employment was required of all freedmen; violators faced vagrancy
charges.
14th Citizenship
Freedmen could not assemble without the presence of a white person.
1st Assembly
Public facilities were segregated.
14th Citizenship
Freedmen who were not in the military service could not carry fire-arms, or any kind of weapons, without written permission of their white employers.
2nd Bear Arms
Freedmen were not permitted to preach or lead congregations of colored people, without a special permission in writing.
1st Religion
Every freedmen was required to be in the regular service of some white person, or former owner, who was held responsible for the conduct of those freedmen.
Very Close to violating 13th
Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan Angry whites resorted to
violence to intimidate freedmen
The KKK was the main group Secret society of white
supremacists formed in Tennessee in 1866
Klansmen, who wore white hoods, harassed, beat, and sometimes even lynched (hung) freedmen
Used these tactics to scare blacks away from the polls during elections
Also punished those who did not obey their demands
Homestead Act (1862)
Homestead Act (1862)
Purpose: Encourage economic growth and expansion to the West
Provided families with 160 acres of land if they agreed to “improve” it (build a home and plant crops)
In 5 years they could own the property
140,000 homesteads granted under this act http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Wbbk0O8-70w3 minutes
Morrill Act (1862)
Morrill Act (1862) Purpose: Provide federal
land for agricultural and mechanical colleges
Gave each state 30,000 acres of federal lands times the # of its members in Congress
15 members: 30,000 x 15= 450,000 acres of land
States sold the land and used the money to create universities for agriculture and mechanical arts
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Vh5Bim3Enw
Morrill Act 1862– Penn State3 min
Dawes Act (1887)
Dawes Act (1887) Purpose: Promote the
assimilation of the American Indians into American society
Gave each Indian family 160 acres of farmland. The remaining tribal farmlands were “surplus” and open to white settlement
Nearly destroyed Native Indian culture
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GTfRNtjTMKs
Dawes Act – 1:49
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lxlhXz62L_k
Dawes Act – Animation 1 min
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