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Journalism &Citizen Journalism
Breann BozeRay Wang
Mandy Falkner
Definitions
Traditional JournalismWritten or oral assembly “characterized by a direct presentation of facts or description of events without an attempt at interpretation.”
Citizen Journalism“…when the people formerly known as the audience employ the press tools they have in their possession to inform one another.”
State of Play
Evolution of Citizen Journalism
Cavemen painting events on rock walls
Bible brought to the masses by Gutenberg’s printing press (1400s)
The people could analyze and interpret without the “gatekeepers at the pulpit”
Led to differing public opinions/writings—Protestantism
The Federalist Papers (1787-1788)Hamilton, Madison, Jay
85 essays published in newspapers
Evolution of Citizen Journalism
Newspapers and news networks allow readers to write/phone/send in film footage and other information for public viewing.
Blogs, video (YouTube), cell phones, radio, etc.
Newspapers and broadcast news networks shift to the Internet.
Change in Traditional Journalism
News Networks (broadcast)Increasingly visual/audio societyIncreasingly fast-paced
Stories and footage available on-demand onlineFleeting era of trusted anchor
Newspapers (print)Shifting to the Internet to stay alive
Brings in youth audienceInternet is less expensive than printing methods
American Newspapers Visual
Convergence of New and Old Media
Jenkins’s convergence culture
New York Times blogsInfuses opinions, interpretation, and insight into articles
No longer static news environments
uReport Fox News & MySpace
iReport CNN sponsored citizen journalism (“On CNN”)
Gatekeepers
Gatekeeper concept
So what is a gatekeeper in journalism?Someone who determines the news
Highlights particular stories, promotes trends, restricts the flow of information
Gatekeepers
In the old days, traditional media were the gatekeepers to information
Newspapers were limited in how much they could print
Broadcast was limited in how much time they had to report news
Gatekeepers
However, with the Internet, there have been a number of gaps in the gate that once filter news
The Drudge report
Newsweek chose not to publish the story on Clinton-Lewinsky scandal
It was Internet reporter Matt Drudge who posted the story online
The freedom of the Internet allows anyone and everyone to contribute to stories now
THE GATES ARE NO LONGER CLOSEDGates now open to any and all info. if you have Internet access
Gatekeepers
BenefitsLittle towns which got no coverage on their local events could now do their own reporting thanks to access to new technology.
Gatekeepers
With no filter, except maybe your own interests, information overload becomes an issue.
Columbia Journalism Review did a report on the study of online journalism today
Concluded that the Internet did not necessarily translate into a better news environment
Gatekeepers
Problematic issues with no gatekeeper and everyone being able to participate
SlashdotcomOnline journalism site that relies on people to report news
People submit news on the web, the editorial staff selects the best news, posts them, and allows them to comment online
Works great until Trolls arrived on the site
Gatekeepers
iReport and Steve JobsReport posted that Steve Jobs had heart attack
False, but reported anyway
Described as a failure of open systems
iReport tagline: “Unedited. Unfiltered. News.”
Is this really news? Are editors even important?
Media LiteracyAct/process of accessing, analyzing, evaluating media
How bias and censorship effect message
StandardsJust the Facts
Avoid Hearsay
No irrelevant opinions
Plagiarism
Spelling and Grammar
Photographic Integrity
Self Integrity
Source Integrity
Professional Necessity
Defamation: Libel, Lies, and Slander… Oh My!
Censorship and Realism“Objectivity as an ethical touchstone, as one of my sources said, is faltering in mainstream journalism. It doesn't provide the kind of guidance and direction that it once did…. Problems of finding a believable voice keep growing in mainstream journalism, and this is related to the shift in power.” --Jay Rosen, Associate professor of journalism at NYU, author of journalism blog Pressthink.org
Some places known for taking sides
Against Journalist Codes
Jeremy Glick v. Bill O’Reiley: ~2:38 YouTube example
“Some People Say” YouTube example– Problems with sources
• Incident with CNN Reporter– Controversial CNN Reporter Takes A Vacation
Misleading Info. & Alterations• Factcheck.org (http://www.factcheck.org)
– Site that shows what mass media is showing compared to what the real facts are – Brought by the University of Pennsylvania’s Annenburg Public Policy Center; Project of
theirs• SourceWatch.org and PR Watch.org
– Same idea– Like Wikipedia do have ground rules– sourcewatch.org
• Photo editing– photopocus.com--photo retouching and manipulation
– Dartmouth--George W. Bush
– Creates distrust especially today with Photoshop as well as people who know how to use it– Some magazines who doctor photos put in disclaimer to avoid prosecution– Anybody can do this, though; not just magazines
» Orange Rainbow
Concluding Education & Credibility
• “One of the most powerful and enduring raps on mainstream media is that it identifies too much with the people and institutions it cover and too little with the readers who pay good money for subscriptions.” Coverage of airlines, banks, and casinos—all of which is habitually more concerned with corporate earnings than customer service—epitomizes that trend. “The trick,” Johnston wrote, “is a change in perspective” that reframes the news around audiences, rather than sources.”
~Curtis Brainard, Columbia Journalism Review
Citizen Journalism (in essence)
• Citizen journalism has been around since communication began
• Technologies have and will continue to allow citizen journalism to develop and become even more prevalent in society– Issues of credibility and mediation remain
unsolved
• Citizen Journalism vs. Traditional Journalism– Which do you prefer?
“Bibliography”(Online Sources)
• http://www.delicious.com/rwang
• http://www.delicious.com/bboze
• http://www.delicious.com/afalkner
“Bibliography”(Offline Sources)
• Carpenter, Serena. "How Online Citizen Journalism Publications and Online Newspapers Utilize Objectivity Standard." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 85.3 (2008): 531-542.
• Harper, Christopher. "Journalism in the Digital Age." Democracy and the New Media Ed. Henry Jenkins, David Thorburn. Cambridge: 2003. 271-280.
• Henry, Neil. American Carnival: Journalism under siege in an age of New Media. Berkley: University of California Press, 2007.
• Pavlik, John. Journalism and new media. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.
• Regan, Tom. "Newspaper failures are old news. Time to focus on solutions." Christian Science Monitor 12 Mar. 2009: 16.
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