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Biodiversity Matters: Assessing Cultural Value in Lowland Landscapes
Joe Morris, Cranfield University with Anil Graves, Jim McGinlay, David Parsons,
Richard Bradbury, James Bullock
NERC sponsored Wessex BESS
envecon 2019
Cultural services: Biodiversity matters, but not alone
Key message
• How do people perceive biodiversity?
• Do people benefit from it?
• How much and in what way?
• ‘So what ?’ and ‘What to do?’
Our research questions:
Biotic(bio-
diversity)
Abiotic
Human made
Environmental setting
Direct Interaction:
Indirect interaction
Benefit pathways/processes
Wellbeing:Feeling and being ‘good’
Biodiversity and Cultural Benefits: a framework
• Exploratory
– 3 Workshops (n=42)
– Preferencing survey
(47)
• Verification
– Public survey (550)
– On line survey (300)
– Farmer survey (20)
• Decision support
– Stakeholder survey (7)
A Lowland Landscape - Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire
1400 km2 of lowland:grassland, arable,woodland, rivers & urban
• Biodiversity-ecosystemservice relationships• Water quality, fish production• Crop production• Climate mitigation• Cultural services
Wessex-BESSData and surveys
• People mainly see a holistic
natural and cultural landscape
• Mainly at landscape and habitat
scale
• Mainly visually-driven complexity
• Difficult to partition biotic, abiotic
and human-produced features –
salience?
Perceptions of biodiversity?
King, H.P., Morris, J., Graves, A., Bradbury, R.B., McGinlay, J., Bullock, J.M. (2017). Biodiversity and cultural ecosystem benefits in lowland landscapes in southern England. J Environmental Psychology, 53, 185-197,
Broad species groupings and
satisfaction
Satisfaction
charisma
Do characteristics of biodiversity affect benefits?
Charisma and reported benefit +vely correlated
Bigger reported benefits by people involved in nature activities
Biodiversity in the landscape associated with benefits to people
More positive response to less charismatic species by nature aware people
McGinlay, J., Parsons, D., Morris, J., Hubatova, M., Graves, A., Bradbury, R.B. Bullock, J.M. (2017). Do charismatic species groups generate more cultural ecosystem service benefits? Ecosystem Services, 27, 15-24
Species and Satisfaction: response to change
+ve-veBirds
NettlesCurrent Missing Decreased Increased
-ve +ve
• Landscape complexity/diversity
preferred
• Ancient grasslands preferred to arable
• Accessibility and proximity
• Greater views
• Quality more than quantity
• Woodland
• Presence of historic interest
What characteristics of landscape and habitats are associated with benefits?
“Mark on the map 3 outdoor places of importance to you”; 470 points
Viewsheds
Ridding, L.E., J.W. Redhead, T.H. Oliver, R. Schmucki, J. McGinlay, A.R.Graves, J. Morris, R.B. Bradbury, H. King, and J.M. Bullock. 2018. The importance of landscape characteristics for the delivery of cultural ecosystem services. Journal of Environmental Management 206, 1145‐54.
• Social antecedents and activities with a nature-related focus
– Self-reported knowledge
– Nature-related education
– Membership/participation in conservation
– Outdoor ‘nature’ activities
– Reading, listening, watching natural history
– Age?
What characteristics of people are associated with benefits?
McGinlay, J., Parsons, D.J., Morris, J., Graves, A., Hubatova, M., Bradbury, R.B. & Bullock, J.M. (2018) Leisure activities and social factors influence the generation of cultural ecosystem service benefits. Ecosystem Services, 31, 468‐480.
No Yes
Flo
wers
Nettle
s
-2 0 2 -2 0 2
0
50
100
150
0
10
20
30
40
Satisfaction
Cou
nt
Characteristics of people and benefits?
NO YES
-ve 0 +ve -ve 0 +ve
Satisfaction with current provision
Count
Membership of conservation organisations
Charismatic
Ambiguous
McGinlay, J., Parsons, D.J., Morris, J., Graves, A., Hubatova, M., Bradbury, R.B. & Bullock, J.M. (2018) Leisure activities and social factors influence the generation of cultural ecosystem service benefits. Ecosystem Services, 31, 468‐480.
• Perceptions closer to
ecologists/scientific view than
public’s
• Farming and biodiversity: from
balance & co-existence to competition &
conflict: positive and negative species
• Farmers as beneficiaries
• Farmers as ‘suppliers’ of
biodiversity benefits: opportunities
and constraints
• Scope for negotiation?
Farmers and BiodiversityFarmer attributes
Farming practices
Biodiversity
Supply of cultural
benefits from farm
biodiversity
Incentives?
• Learning and
understanding
• Being part of nature
• Being creative
• Linking to the past
• Being refreshed
• Communicating
• ‘Stewardship’
Cognitive Pathways: from engagement to benefit
Indifferent Agree Strongly Agree
Responses: Perceptions of nature related benefits (n =550)
Benefit score
King, H.P., Morris, J., Graves, A., Bradbury, R.B., McGinlay, J., Bullock, J.M. (2017). Biodiversity and cultural ecosystem benefits in lowland landscapes in southern England. J Environmental Psychology, 53, 185-197,
• People get more benefit from biodiversity the more they know about it: but emotional attachment is very important
• Difficult to partition the cultural significance of biotic, abiotic and human features: multiple functions and resources.
• Separating cultural benefits from other ecosystem benefits is not helpful
• Cognitive pathways transform ecosystem goods into cultural benefits
Conclusions for Policy and Practice
Assets and Infrastructure
Institutions and organisations
Agents : users, providers, enablers
Building ‘sense of place, identity and attachment’
Biodiversity matters , but not alone :
• King, H.P., Morris, J., Graves, A., Bradbury, R.B., McGinlay, J., Bullock, J.M. (2017).
Biodiversity and cultural ecosystem benefits in lowland landscapes in southern England.
J Environmental Psychology, 53, 185-197,
• McGinlay, J., Parsons, D., Morris, J., Hubatova, M., Graves, A., Bradbury, R.B. Bullock,
J.M. (2017). Do charismatic species groups generate more cultural ecosystem service
benefits? Ecosystem Services, 27, 15-24
• McGinlay, J., Parsons, D.J., Morris, J., Graves, A., Hubatova, M., Bradbury, R.B. &
Bullock, J.M. (2018). Leisure activities and social factors influence the generation of
cultural ecosystem service benefits. Ecosystem Services, 31 (Pt. C), 468-480
• Ridding, L. E., J. W. Redhead, T. H. Oliver, R. Schmucki, J. McGinlay, A. R. Graves, J.
Morris, R. B. Bradbury, H. King, and J. M. Bullock. (2018). The importance of landscape
characteristics for the delivery of cultural ecosystem services. Journal of Environmental
Management 206:1145-1154.
• Wessex-BESS (2015). Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Current and Future
Mutifunctional Lowland Landscapes. http://wessexbess.wixsite.com/wessexbess.
References
j.morris@cranfield.ac.uk
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