Jefferson's Presidency. 1800 Page 168 Section 3 Privately called his election the “revolution of...
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- Jefferson's Presidency
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- 1800 Page 168 Section 3 Privately called his election the
revolution of 1800 Thought Hamilton and Washington acted like
royalty Worked to create a more informal style for presidency Ex:
instead of formal receptions, intimate (friendly) dinners with a
circular table Why might the shape of the table make a difference
to Jefferson? when brought together in society, all are perfectly
equal
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- Federalism vs. Anti-Federalism Jefferson did not overturn all
Federalist policies Worked to integrate (combine) Republican ideas
with existing Federalist policies in a few instances However,
Jefferson still hoped to limit federal power
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- Change Began paying off federal debts Cut government spending
Ended the whiskey tax Planned on shrinking the army and relying on
local militia How did these changes reflect or reinforce Jefferson
and the Democratic-Republicans anti-federalist beliefs?
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- Economics Federalists expected that Jefferson would close the
national bank they worked to create Jefferson named Albert Gallatin
Secretary of the Treasury Gallatin supported Hamiltons system
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- Goals of Expansion Jefferson strongly believed a republic (like
the U.S.) would only survive if most people owned land Led
Jefferson to support expanding the country farther west
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- Causes for Concern 1800 Napoleon Bonaparte struck a deal with
Spain France got the Louisiana territory back in exchange for
helping Spain take control of a part of Italy Jefferson was
concerned because this gave France control of the lower Mississippi
He believed this would force U.S. into an alliance with the British
Jefferson despised(hated) the British
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- Pre-Louisiana Purchase In order to avoid an alliance with
Britain, Jefferson tried to block the French and Spanish deal
and/or gain concessions Sent Robert Livingston (a U.S. Ambassador)
to Paris, France in 1801 Unsuccessful until 1803, when Napoleon
began planning to conquer Europe
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- Louisiana Purchase In 1803, Napoleon wanted to avoid a British-
American alliance in case France went to war with Britain Also,
France was low on funds Napoleon offered to sell the Louisiana
territory and New Orleans to the U.S. Livingston accepted the deal
immediately
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- Louisiana Purchase April 30, 1803 U.S. officially bought
Louisiana territory for 11.25 million dollars plus an additional
3.75 million dollars of French debts owed to American citizens
equaling 3.75 million Total cost about 15 million Senate approved
basically doubled the size of the United States Also, gave America
complete control of the Mississippi river
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- Testing our Knowledge
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- Lewis and Clark Prior to the Louisiana Purchase Jefferson asked
congress to fund a secret expedition into the Louisiana territory
Wanted the explorers to follow the Missouri River and find a route
to the Pacific Ocean After Congress approved the expedition
Jefferson selected Meriwether Lewis (Jeffersons secretary) and
William Clark (brother of Revolutionary War hero George Rogers
Clark) to head the journey
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- Corps of Discovery Name of the Lewis and Clark expedition
During the journey they met Sacagawea a Shoshone woman who went
along as a guide and interpreter Found a path through the Rocky
Mountains and traced the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean
Expedition also gave U.S. claim to the Oregon territory (along the
coast)
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- Sacagawea and York Sacagawea- served as a guide and interpreter
York -saved Clarks life after a flash flood in the Missouri River,
made several other contributions as well
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- The Pike Expedition Zebulon Pike mapped the upper Mississippi
Charted what is now known as Pikes Peak in Colorado Mapped part of
the Rio Grande Overall, gave detailed description of the Great
Plains and Rocky Mountains
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- The Essex Junto Louisiana Purchase worried New England
Federalists Region would lose influence in national affairs South
and West would gain states giving them more political power Small
group of Federalists known as the Essex Junto drafted a plan to
take New England out of the Union The Junto persuaded vice
president Aaron Burr to run for governor of NY in hopes of
expanding their movement
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- Aaron Burr Alexander Hamilton
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- The Duel Burr decided to run During Burrs Campaign Hamilton
called Burr a dangerous man, and one who ought not be trusted with
the reins of government Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel June 11,
1804 the two met Burr shot Hamilton who died the next day
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- An Independent Judiciary Towards the end of Adams presidency
Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1801 Created 16 new federal
judge positions Adams then appointed Federalist judges to these
positions These judges were called the midnight judges Because
Adams stayed up to midnight during his last day in office signing
these appointments
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- Republican Response Republicans were angry that the Federalists
controlled the courts When Jefferson took office he repealed the
Judiciary Act of 1801 This took away the positions given to the
midnight judges
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- Impeachments Republicans then tried to remove additional
Federalists judges through the process of impeachment They believed
that: the power of impeachment was one of the checks and balances
established in the Constitution Congress could impeach judges as
well as have them removed for arbitrary(random or biased) or unfair
reasons and not just for breaking the law
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- Precedent 1804 the House of Representatives impeached Supreme
Court Justice, Samuel Chase During one trial he ordered
Democratic-Republicans removed from the jury He spoke badly about
Jefferson to another jury However, the Senate did not convict him A
number of senators did not believe he committed treason, bribery,
or other high crimes and misdemeanors required in the Constitution
for his removal Since Chase was impeached but not convicted, his
case determined that future judges could only be removed for
criminal acts
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- Chief Justice John Marshall Adams most significant judicial
appointment Served as Chief Justice 34 years Largely credited for
making the Supreme Court a major branch of the federal government
Largely through the case Marbury vs. Madison
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- Marbury vs. Madison (Background) William Marbury (Federalist)
was appointed by John Adams who signed his commission and sealed it
with the official government seal the last night of his presidency
However, it had been left for the next secretary of state (James
Madison) to deliver Newly elected President Jefferson told Madison
not to deliver it Marbury sued for his commission as a Justice of
the Peace based of off a part of the Judiciary Act of 1789
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- Marbury vs. Madison (Ruling) Requests for federal court orders
go directly to the Supreme Court Marbury asked the court to issue a
court order forcing Madison to deliver the documents Court declared
that this portion of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional
(now invalid) Directly goes against a portion of the Constitution
Constitution does not state that court orders are a type of case
that goes directly to the Supreme Court This marked the first time
Judicial Review was used by the Supreme Court
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- Marbury vs. Madison (Results) Madison did not have to deliver
the commission to Marbury But more importantly, the Supreme Court
established their power to determine whether a law is
constitutional If not constitutional they can strike it down (end
that law)
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- Pirates
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- The Barbary States
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- The Barbary Pirates Jefferson had to deal with pirates raiding
American ships in the Mediterranean These acts of piracy were
state-sponsored by Barbary States along the Northern Coast of
Africa (Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, & Tripoli) European countries
paid tribute (bribes) to these Barbary States In exchange the
pirates would leave their ships alone Thought it was less expensive
than fighting
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- Barbary Pirates 1795, U.S. paid almost one-million dollars to
the leader of Algiers to release one ship with its crew Jefferson
had enough of this before becoming president He refused any more
payments Tripoli declared war on U.S. in 1801 Jefferson sent some
of the navy to the Mediterranean region Marks the first foreign
military conflict in U.S. history
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- Military success 1805, America had posed a legitimate threat of
a coup (rebellion) within Tripoli The government in Tripoli backed
off America no longer had to pay tribute after another military
conflict between the U.S. and the Barbary States in 1815
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- Economic Warfare 1803 Napoleons armies were at war with Britain
(again) Good for U.S. merchants at first Traded with French
Colonies since French ships were being attacked by British Navy
U.S. claimed neutrality and Britain left U.S. ships alone until
1806 Britain issued the Orders in Council All ships going to Europe
must have British licenses and would be searched for contraband
(illegal imports)
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- Napoleons Response Anybody who follows Britains shipping
regulations will have their goods (on their ships) confiscated by
the French Lose- Lose situation for American Merchants
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- America not Impressed British navy short on men low pay and
poor conditions British sailors often escaped to American ships
Britain attempted to solve their shrinking navy through impressment
: A legalized form of kidnapping that forced people into military
service Britain stopped American ships and searched for
deserters(runaways), often taking American citizens also
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- Final Straw June 1807 British warship called the Leopard
stopped an American warship called the Chesapeake British searching
for deserters U.S. captain refused to cooperate British opened fire
killing three Americans U.S. surrendered and the British took four
U.S. soldiers
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- The Embargo Act 1807 U.S. press now spoke of war In hopes of
avoiding war, Jefferson urged congress to pass the Embargo Act 1807
Embargo- government forbids trade with another country/countries
This act hurt the U.S. more than Britain or France
Northeast-shipping business halted South and West-demand for their
crops dropped dramatically
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- Repeal In March 1809, Towards the end of Jeffersons second
term, congress repealed the Embargo Act of 1807 This embargo made
Jeffersons popularity plummet Jefferson returned to Monticello, his
estate in Virginia after completing his second term as president
Succeeded in limiting some of the powers of the federal government
More than Doubled the size of the U.S. with the Louisiana
Purchase
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- Monticello