Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement,...

It’s all aboutbuilding blocks

All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Let’s make a cake from scratch(totally from scratch)

Proton Neutron ElectronProton Neutron Electron

E = mc2

E = 1 kg x (300,000,000 m/s)2

E = 9x1016 joules1 joule = 1 watt for 1 secondE = 9x1016 watts x sec x kilo x 1 hr

1000 3600 secE = 25,000,000,000 (25 billion) kilowatt-hrsArizona produced & used 58 billion KW-hrs in 1999About half a year to produce enough energy to create the mass used in a cake (1kg).Cost = about 3 billion dollars

High energy light (photons) are needed to create matter.

What is light made of?

1. Electric field

2. Magnetic field

High energy light (photons) are needed to create matter.

2 or 3 volts can produce visible light, but that’s not high enough energy. We need higher frequency light, which has higher energy photons.

The picture tube (also called CRT) that’s in your television or computer monitor creates light by accelerating electrons with 30,000 volts of electricity to slam into phosphors in the front of the monitor. This light has more energy but not enough.

Xray machines use 100,000 to 200,000 volts of electricity to accelerate electrons to strike a metal plate. When the electrons come to a halt, they give up their energy as high energy light called xrays. This light can pass through matter, but still doesn’t have the energy to create matter.

The voltage needed to create an electron is about one million volts. This is the voltage that creates a bolt of lightning. This voltage pushes electrons from the sky to the ground, but the electrons are slowed down by the air. If they weren’t, it would be possible that two electrons accelerated by a million volts striking the ground would give off light of enough energy to create a new electron.

Electron and anti-electron (positron) created when high energy gamma rays with energy of 1 million volts collide.

ElectronElectron Positron(anti-electron)

Positron(anti-electron)

Proton (+) and anti-proton (-) created when high energy gamma rays with energy of 938 million volts collide.

ProtonProton Anti-ProtonAnti-Proton

Quarks of six “flavor” or “colors” and their anti-quarks are created when high energy gamma rays with energy of about 300 million volts collide.

QuarksQuarks Anti-quarksAnti-quarks

U

D

U UD

ProtonProton

UD D

Neutron

+2/3

-1/3

The neutron

Proton Electron

Proton Neutron ElectronProton Neutron Electron

Proton Neutron ElectronProton Neutron Electron

Helium-2

Carbon-6

Proton Neutron ElectronProton Neutron Electron

What makes good building blocks?

The ever popular “Tinkertoys” gives us some clues.

Blocks must allow for a way to connect to one part to another.

Tinkertoys had circular blockswith holes in them, Sticksacted as connectors.

With sticks of different lengths and a few kinds of blocks with holes in them, a wide variety of things could be assembled.

Building elements

Hydrogen-1 Helium-2 Lithium-3

Carbon-6Boron-5Beryllium-4

Proton Neutron ElectronProton Neutron Electron

Using the building blocks of neutrons, protons, and electrons

we build the elements

Building elements

Hydrogen-1 Helium-2 Lithium-3

Carbon-6Boron-5Beryllium-4

Elements are the new building blocks

Hydrogen

Carbon-6 Oxygen-8

Nitrogen-7

Elements are the new building blocks

Hydrogen Nitrogen-7

Oxygen-8

Carbon-6

Extreme Diversity

• Even though the building of elements is simply adding one proton, one electron and usually one neutron for each new element, the properties of elements can change dramatically.

Extreme Diversity

Nitrogen-7Nitrogen-7

Carbon-6Carbon-6

Oxygen-8Oxygen-8

Fluorine-9Fluorine-9

Neon-10Neon-10

H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He

Li Be B C N O F Ne

Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar

K Ca Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Rb Zr Ag I Xe

Cs Ba W Pt Au Hg Pb Rn

Fr

U Pu

1 18x

y

dp

s

z

f

Diversity within Same ElementDiversity within Same Element

Diversity within Same ElementDiversity within Same Element

Diversity within Same Element

Amorphous Carbon. Lampblack

Used in black inks in paints, copiers, ink-jet printers.

Hydrogen

Hydrogen

Carbon-6

Hydrogen

Hydrogen

Compounds are two or more elements that share electrons or have taken or given electrons away.

Hydrogen

Hydrogen

Carbon-6

Hydrogen

Hydrogen

Compounds are two or more elements that share electrons.

Oxygen8 protons

Magnesium12 protons

8 (+)10 (-)-2 Charge

12 (+)10 (-)+2 Charge

Compounds are two or more elements that are held together by opposite charge attraction.

Oxygen-8 pMagnesium-12 p 8 (+)10 (-)-2 Charge

12 (+)10 (-)+2 Charge

Ionic bonding cont’d

NitrogenNitrogenLithiumLithium

OxygenOxygen

HH

H NC O

Elements are the new building blocks

OH H

CH

C

H

Compounds are classified as Compounds are classified as Organic or InorganicOrganic or Inorganic

3 kinds of elements build a brick

Brick becomes building block for a layer of bricks

Layer of bricks becomes building block for wall of bricks

Si OO

Si OO

Si OO

Si OO

Si OO

Si OO

Si OO

Si OO

Si OO

Si OO

The other common elements in order of abundance are the metals aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, and potassium.

H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He

Li Be B C N O F Ne

Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar

K Ca Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Rb Zr Ag I Xe

Cs Ba W Pt Au Hg Pb Rn

Fr

U Pu

1 18

A metal gives electron(s) to a non-metal. The metal becomes positive and the non-metal becomes negative. They now attract each other.

+1

+2 -1-2-3-4+3

Organic compounds are compounds that usually come from organisms. They always have carbon plus a few other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

Examples: Alcohol, Sugar, Fat, Protein

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Propane

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Diesel

Motor Oil

Plastic

CCHH Hydrocarbons

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Methane

O

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Methane

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HHMethanol

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Methanol (methyl alcohol)

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Ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

CC

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Propanol (propyl alcohol)

HH CC

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Isopropyl alcohol

OO

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Formic acid (ant bite venom)

HHHH

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Acetic acid (vinegar)

CC

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Butyric acid

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Acetic acid (vinegar)Propanol (propyl alcohol)

Water is released

Propyl acetate > pear flavor

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Butyric acidEthanol (Ethyl alcohol)

Water is released

Ethyl butyrate > pineapple flavor

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Fatty acids are organic acids with a long carbon chain

Lipids: oils & fats (butter)

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Fatty acids are organic acids with a long carbon chain

Glycerin

Lipids: oils & fatsO

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Gasoline

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HDies

el-12

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tic

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Lipids: oils & fats (butter)

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H-C=O | H-C-OH |HO-C-H | H-C-OH | H-C-OH | CH2OH

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GlucoseStructural formula.

Straight chain glucose

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H-C=O | H-C-OH |HO-C-H | H-C-OH | H-C-OH | CH2OH

H

Glucosespace-filling model.

Straight chainglucose Glucose

glucose bending

GlucoseTwo ring shape

versions

alpha-glucosealpha-glucose

beta-glucosebeta-glucose

Glucose bends itself into 4 different shapes millions of times a second

H2O

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H2O

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H2O

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H2O

H2O

O

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CH2OH H2O

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H2O

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CH2OH H2O

O

H2O

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H2O H2O

O

Used by bacteria to form dental plaque. Used by doctors to increase blood volume and to prevent clotting.

C

OHH

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How do we make protein?

Nitrogen-7

Carbon-6

Oxygen-8

Hydrogen-1

4 3 2 1

Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Hydrogen

Number of available connections (bonds)

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How do we make protein?

Nitrogen-7

Carbon-6

Oxygen-8

Hydrogen-1

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Amino acids are building blocks for protein

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C

C

NO

H

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Ammonia Acetic acid Vinegar

C

H

H H

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H NC

O

Amino acids are building blocks for protein

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C

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Ammonia Acetic acid (Vinegar)

C

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Amino acids are building blocks for proteins

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Aminoacid

Glycine

C

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Alanine

S

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Amino acids are building blocks for proteins

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C

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H C

H

Aminoacid

Glycine

C

SH N

Amino acids are building blocks for proteins

OC

HOCN

OH C

H

By attaching various combinations of the 5 above atoms at this location, living things make a total of 20 amino acids that then build all the proteins they need.

Amino acids are building blocks for proteins

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H

S

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O

CN

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Amino acids are building blocks for proteins

OC

Glycine

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Glycine

H NC

Amino acids are building blocks for proteins

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Water released

H NC

Amino acids are building blocks for proteins

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Amino acids are building blocks for proteins

Aspartic acid

H NC OC S

OH

Phenylalanine

HCN

O

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AspartameNutrasweet (Equal)

Amino acids build two types of proteins

• Structural: This type is used in building structures in an organism.

• Chemical: This type gets involved in chemical reactions. Antibodies and enzymes perform chemical chores.

Structural Proteins

Hair (keratin)

Fingernails (keratin)

Skin (collagen)

Muscles (myosin, etc.)

Cartilage (glycoprotein: proteins attached to carbohydrates)

Ligaments (collagen plus glycoproteins)

Eye cornea (collagen/keratin)

Chemical Proteins

• In red blood cells (RBC), the protein, hemoglobin, carries the oxygen.

• The white blood cells (WBC) create specialized proteins called antibodies that can neutralize toxic substances in the blood. White blood cells also create hydrogen peroxide to kill bacteria.

Hydrogen Peroxide

H O O H

Enzymes: proteins that control chemical reactions.

• Enzymes are proteins that speed up reactions or make reactions happen that normally could not.

• For example, when the body “burns” fat, a toxic byproduct is hydrogen peroxide. You know hydrogen peroxide is used to kill germs and for bleaching hair. Hydrogen peroxide is dangerous to living things because it decomposes into water and oxygen. But the single oxygen is very reactive and can attack critical parts of a cell such as DNA or enzymes. There is one enzyme that can decompose the hydrogen peroxide safely.

Enzymes: Special proteins• Below are two representations of the enzyme, “catalase.” The left picture shows all of the

atoms that form the chain of amino acids that make up this protein. The right image, shows more of the shape caused by the string of amino acids. It is the specific shape of proteins that give it the ability to attach to other chemicals and cause a reaction. For example, catalase can grab onto 200,000 hydrogen peroxide molecules per second and cause them to safely decompose into water and oxygen.

H O HO

H O HO

H

OH

O OH

OH

Organic Building Blocks

H NC O S

HydrocarbonsCarbohydrates & Lipids

Amino acids & proteinsMore amino acids & proteins

P

Nucleic acids, RNA, & DNA

Single atoms of iron, copper, magnesium for some proteins

Proton Neutron ElectronProton Neutron Electron

3 billion dollar electric billand a billion volts

Proton Neutron ElectronProton Neutron Electron

H NC O S

Carbohydrates=sugars & starch Lipids=oils, fats, butter, margarine Amino acids & proteins

Eggs, milk

It’s all aboutbuilding blocks