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ITHIX.fm Page 1028 Friday, September 19, 2003 8:12 PM
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Numerics
2B+D (ISDN), 1732Q2T (2 queues 2 thresholds), 9464-QAM.
See
QAM4B/5B encoding procedure (100Base-X), 11310/100 switching, 48910BaseT Ethernet, 11010GE (10 Gigabit Ethernet) networks, 37916-QAM, 30864-QAM, 308100BaseT2, 115–116100BaseT4, 114100BaseX Ethernet, 112–113
PMD sublayers, 1124B/5B encoding, 113
100 Mbps Ethernet, 111802.3 IPX encapsulation type, 6001000BaseT Ethernet, 117–118
master/slave loop timing, 1201000BaseX, 120–121
selecting components, 128
A
A bit, setting, 473AAA (Authentication, Authorization, and
Accounting), 208AAL1 (ATM adaptation layer 1), 258AARP (AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol),
612–613, 617address gleaning, 618AMT (address mapping table), 617operation, 618
ABM (asychronous balanced mode), 219ABR (available bit rate), 258access classes, SMDS, 191Access control field (Level 2 PDUs), 194access mode, switch ports, 487access networks, 316access servers, 48Access-Control Byte field (Token Ring), 1014accounting management, standardization, 88ACF/VTAM (Advanced Communication Facility/
Virtual Telecommunication Access Method), 633acknowledged connectionless service (LLC), 220
acknowledgementsEIGRP, 679RSVP, 772
ACLs (access control lists), 926ACSE (Association Control Service Element), 565active link, dual homing, 145active monitor, Token Ring, 1012active state, topology-table entries, 678activity factor, DOCSIS, 366adapative rate-based flow control, 691adaptation layer
ATM reference model, 501–503SEAL, 503
adaptive equalization, 343adaptive pacing, 548–549Address Administration fields, DSP, 561Address field
LAPB frames, 229PPP frames, 182RIP packets, 759SDLC frames, 217
address gleaning (AARP), 618Address Resolution Protocol, 23, 579, 1026address signaling, 256addresses.
See also
addressingcomparing to names, 28flat, 26hierarchical, 26mapping, 23name binding, 622network layer, 24SNPA, 742static, 27
addresses classes (IP), 573–574addressing
AppleTalk, 616–617ATM, 503–504
fields, 506formats, 505NSAP format, 504–505private, 505subnetwork model, 504
broadcast, 38DECnet Phase IV, 651–652dynamic, 27entity names, 621internetworks
data link layer, 21MAC, 22
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IPv6, 590IPX, 599network layer, 560
end-system NSAPs, 561NSAP Address fields, 560–561
physical, 14SIP, 281SMDS, 191SMRP, 782VoATM, 260–261VoFR, 262–263X.121, 230
adjacenciesNSLP, maintaining over LANs, 723OSPF, 734
adjacent channels, 330ADPCM (adaptive differential pulse code
modulation), 264ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line),
337–339CAP, 342DMT, 342
latency, 344speed, 344
downstream data rates, 338error correction, 340performance, 340signaling, 342–343standards, 344
ADSP (AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol), 625Advanced Communication Facility/Virtual
Telecommunication Access Method, 633advertisements (SAP), filtering, 601AEP (AppleTalk Echo Protocol), 624AFI (Address-Family Identifier) field, 759
RIP packets, 761RIP 2 packets, 760
AFI (Authority and Format Identifier), 560ATM addresses, 504VoATM addressing, 261
AFP (AppleTalk Filing Protocol), 625–627agents, 86
SNMP, 898, 1003AH (authentication header), 236Alarm group (RMON), 894A-law, 257, 264alert signaling, 256Alerting message, 403–404
allocating multicast addresses, MADCAP, 717ALO (At-Least-Once) transactions, 624alternativeCapabilitySet, creating, 407American National Standards Institute, 31, 344AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion), 345amplification, adaptive equalization, 343amplitude, 330AMT (address mapping table), 613
AARP, 617timers, 618
analog signals, 330multipath, 306
analog voice interfaces, 256ANDing, 578ANR (Automatic Network Routing), 690ANSI (American National Standards Institute),
31, 344antenna gain, 330antenna spacing, VOFDM systems, 315Anycast RP, 716anycasting, IPv6, 592AONs (all-optical networks), 374AppleTalk
AARP, 617address gleaning, 618AMT, 617operation, 618
addresses, 616–617AEP, 624ATP, 624AURP, 622–623
encapsulation, 623exterior routers, 622tunnels, 622
data-link layers, 612DDP, 618–619ELAP, 612–613EtherTalk, 612extended networks, 610FDDITalk, 615history, 607implementing over EIGRP, 676LocalTalk, 613
node IDs, 614mapping to OSI reference model, 627media-access implementations, 612networks, 609nodes, 609nonextended networks, 610
adressing
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physical layers, 612SMRP, 779–780sockets, 608TokenTalk, TLAP, 615transport layer, 619
NBP, 620–622RTMP, 620
upper layer protocolsADSP, 625AFP, 627ASP, 626PAP, 627ZIP, 626
upper-layer protocols, 624–625zones, 610–611
AppleTalk Phase 1, 607application layer
DECnet/OSI DNA, 657NetWare, 602
application layer (OSI model), 9, 17, 564, 586AppleTalk, 625application processes, 565–566CASEs, 565
application models, 814application processes, 565–566applications
distributed intelligence, 822NBAR (network-based application
recognition), 926stovepipe, 820telephony, future of, 285voice/data integration, 253–254
APPN (Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking), 639, 689–690
APPN connection network, 691BIUs, format, 643–644border nodes, 692configuration services, 641COS, 686–687directory services, 641DLUR/S, 691IBM network management, 885intermediate nodes, 683ISR, 690least-cost path, 643locate requests, 643Node type 2.1 routing, 689nodes, 639PIUs, format, 645
routing services, 642services, 642–643session services, 643session-establishment process, 643TPRI, 687
ARB (adaptive rate-based) flow control, 691architectures
AppleTalk, 612ATM LANE, 512ATM reference model, 499–500
adaptation layers, 501–503physical layer, 501
DECnet Phase IV, 650DECnet Phase IV DNA, relationship to OSI
model, 650DECnet/OSI, 652DECnet/OSI DNA, relationship to OSI model,
652IBM network management, 888IS-IS, 742LANs, 38–39network management, 86QoS, 919–923
end-to-end capabilities, 922–923signaling, 920
SNA, 634–635Area field (DSP), 561areas, 19, 739
NLSP, 722OSPF, 732–733
ARM (asynchronous response mode), 219ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), 23, 579, 1026AS (autonomous system), 19, 732ASCE (Association Control Service Element), 657ASEs (application service elements), 564, 657
CASEs, 565SASEs, 565
ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation 1), 657identifiers, 817managed objects, data types, 902
ASP (AppleTalk Session Protocol), 624–626AS-path attribute (BGP), 667ASs (autonomous systems), 663assigning
AppleTalk addresses, 616–617buckets to cache engine, 845
associated bit ratesCODECs, 412
asymmetric connections, 37
asymmetric connections
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asymmetric switching, 489ATDM (asynchronous time-division
multiplexing), 30ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode).
See also
VoATM
AAL1, 258addressing, 503–504
AFI (authority and format identifier), 504fields, 506NSAP encoding, 504–505private, 505subnetwork model, 504
cell format, 494–495connection-management messages, 509connections, 506, 509devices, 495label switching, 531LANE
configuration, 517data transfer, 518–519initialization, 517
leaves, 506MPOA, 519multicasting, 507reference model, 499–500
adaptation layers, 501–503physical layer, 501
signaling, connection establishment, 509switching, 69
cell delineation, 501cell header format, 496–498cell-rate decoupling, 501endpoints, 495HEC (header error control), 501ILMI, 510ITU-T standards, 494multicast server, 507network interfaces, 496PNNI, 510point-to-multipoint connections, overlaid,
507QoS, 508services, 498–499signaling, 508timing requirements, 502VBR traffic, 502VCs, 498
transmission path, 499virtual path, 499VP multicast, 507
ATM Forum, UNI 3.1 specification, 508ATM LANE (LAN Emulation), 511
architecture, 512components of, 514connection types, 515VCCs, 515
AToM (Any Transport over MPLS), 246ATP (AppleTalk Transaction Protocol), 624attacks
DDOS, vulnerability of Internet, 7DoS, resource reservation, 20
attributes (BGP), 664AS-path, 667community, 669directory entries, 817local preference, 665MED, 666next-hop, 667origin, 666syntax, 817weight, 664
AURP (AppleTalk Update-Based Routing Protocol), 622–623
encapsulation, 623exterior routers, 622tunnels, 622
authentication, 206EAP.
See
EAPPEAP, 456
automatic neighbor discovery, IS-IS packets, 744automatic route selection, IGRP, 696autonegotiation, 124–125autonegotiation sublayer (Ethernet), 110autonomous systems, 75, 579autoreconfiguration, 1012availability of resources, 421available bit rate (ABR), 258
B
B channels, 202B8ZS (binary 8 zero substitution), 202backbone, 79
campus networks, 131CMTS, selecting, 364core networks, 316OSPF, 732
asymmetric switching
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back-end authentication, RADIUS for EAP, 453–454
bandwidth, 81, 330FDDI, modal dispersion, 138guaranteeing, 944HFC, 355HSSI, 168LAN switching, 489modifying, 421VoIP, requirements, 266–269
Banyan VINES (Virtual Integrated Network Service), 1020
ARP, 1026ICP, 1026media access, 1020network layer, 1021RTP, 1025transport layer services, 1027upper-layer protocols, 1027VIP (VINES Internetwork Protocol),
1021–1023baseball rule, 257baseband transmission, signal encoding, 106–108baseline wander, 107–108baselining QoS, 922basic telephony service, 256
analog voice interfaces, 256E&M signaling, 257FXS (foreign exchange service) interfaces, 256ground start, 257LAN-based, 285–286loop start mode, 257media transport, 256sampling, 257supervision signaling, 256
BAsize field (Level 3 PDUs), 193BBN (Bolt, Beranek, and Newman), 731beaconing, 1012BECN (Backward Explicit Congestion
Notification), 157–158, 162, 935Bellman-Ford routing algorithms, 80Berkeley Software Distribution, 569best effort traffic, 764best route selection
BGP, 671metrics, 80–81
best-effort delivery, 922DDP, 618–619LocalTalk, 613
BEtag field (Level 3 PDUs), 193BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), 663
AS-path attribute, 667attributes, 664, 714CIDR, 664community attribute, 669local preference attribute, 665MED attribute, 666MPLS VPNs, 243–245next-hop attribute, 667origin attribute, 666path selection, 671weight attribute, 664
BIAs (burned-in addresses), 23bidirectional multipoint-to-multipoint connections,
ATM, 506binary 8 zero substitution (B8ZS), 202bindings (labels), 532BIS (border intermediate system), 752bit ordering, translational bridging, 471bit robbing, 258BIUs (basic information unit)
fields, 643–645format, 643–644
black holes, 159IS-IS, 750
blocking bridge ports, 465border intermediate system (BIS), 752border nodes, 692boundary functions (SNA), 683BPDUs (bridge protocol data units), 19, 467BPSK (binary phase shift keying), 308BRI (Basic Rate Interface), 173, 201
ISDN terminal adapters, 49bridge entities, 97bridging, 65–67
comparing to routing, 73source-route, 66SRB, 479
route selection, 480–481SRT, 476translational, 473–475
challenges of, 471–472explorer frames, 472ring number, 474
transparent, 463configuration messages, 467filtering, 464loops, 464
bridging
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STA, 465–467topology-change messages, 467–468
versus switching, 66broadband, 330broadcast domains, 486broadcast subnetworks, ES-IS, 740broadcasting, 38
directed broadcasts (XNS), 1018IPv6, 591
anycast, 592multicast, 592unicast, 591
browser-based client caching, 840BSD (Berkeley Sofware Distribution), 569BTA (basic trading area), 330buckets, assigning to cache engine, 845buffer credit, 861, 873buffering, 28
local bridges, 67building distributors, 131bundles, 207–208Burst mode, MAC addresses, 102BUS (Broadcast and Unknown Server), 514
ELAN membership, 518bus topologies, 38
LocalTalk networks, 613business case model, DOCSIS, 365–368business policies, DEN policy model, 822–823business PONs, 375byte-swapped addresses, DECnet Phase IV, 652
C
C bits, setting, 473C/R bit (Frame Relay), 162CA (Certificate Authority), EAP-TLS, 456cabling
backbone, 131CDDI, 147horizontal, 131HSSI, 168ISO/IEC 11801 cable model, 130link crossover requirements, 122UDP, selecting, 123UTP, autonegotiation, 124–125
CAC (connection admission control), 284cache engine clusters, fault tolerance, 846caching, 837–838
browser-based client caching, 840
Cisco Cache Engine, fresh content, 851–852proxy servers, 839reload/refresh command, 853standalone caches, 840TTL, configuring, 852web pages
WCCP, 841–850Web Cache Control Protocol, 842–843
calculatinghop count, RTMP, 620load, 81STA, 467
call admission gateways, 417–419call admission control, 271call clearing mode (PLP), 227call control management, 406–410call disengage, 421call flow
H.323, 274MGCP, 278SIP, 281, 429–431
call legs, 399Call Proceeding message, 402–403Call Reference field (Frame Relay LMI), 163call setup
H.323, 274, 401–402PLP, 227
call signaling channels, 203call teardown, RLC messages, 405campus distributors, 131canonical formats, bit ordering, 472canureach frames, 547CAP (Carrierless Amplitude and Phase), 342
comparing to DMT, 343capabilities exchange (DLSw), 546–547
H.245 control channels, 406capability statements (SMI), 905CAR (committed access rate), 927, 939
D-CAR, 928carrier networks, switches, 47carrier sense multiple access collision detect.
See
CSMA/CDCAS (Channel Associated Signaling), 203, 258CASEs (common-application service elements), 565Catalyst 2924XL switch, 66Catalyst 6500 switch, 66CATV
DOCSIS, 351business case model, 365–368cable plant infrastructure, 366
bridging
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CMTS hardware specif, 363CMTS ser, 360–361future applications, 368layer definitions, 357–359
downstream specifications, 355–357head-end, 352HFC, bandwidth, 355MSOs (multiple system operators), 351one-way operation, 353RING topography, 354two-way operation, 353
CBR (constant bit rate), 258, 501CCM (Control Channel Management), 381CCRSE (Commitment, Concurrence, and Recovery
Service Elements), 565CCS (common channel signaling), 258CDDI (Copper Distributed Data Interface), 138, 147CDMA (code division multiple access), 313, 331cell delineation, ATM switching, 501cell-based MPLS, 525
label switching, 531cell-rate decoupling, 501cells (ATM), 18
format, 494–495header format, 496, 498setting the CLP bit, 508
CELP (code excited linear prediction), 264centralized call control, 284
MGCP, 277centralized call control models, 263centralized multipoint conferencing, 398CGMP (Cisco Group Management Protocol), 707challenges
of internetworking, 7of translational bridging, 471–472
change management (IBM), 887Channel Associated Signaling, 203, 258CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication
Protocol), 206characteristics
of directories, 818of HSSI, 167–168of IGRP, 695–696of OSI layers, 9of OSPF, 731of TG, 687
Checksum field (IDP packets), 1017CIDR (classless interdomain routing), 664CIM (Common Information Model), 813–814
DEN, 814–815CIR (committed information rate), 263circuit establishment, DLSw, 546–548Circuit Priority field (DLSw message header), 552circuit termination phase (SVCs), 47circuit-emulation services, 501circuit-switched calls, ISDN, 175, 178circuit-switched networks, ATM
addressing, 503–506cell format, 494–495connection-establishment process,
508–509connection-management messages,
509–510connections, 506–507devices, 495ILMI, 510–511LANE, 511–518multicasting, 507–508network interfaces, 496QoS, 508signaling, 508–509
Cisco 3640 routers, startup output, 54Cisco Cache Engine, fresh content, 851–852Cisco IOS Software
CLI command modes, 55displaying version, 56–57enable password, setting, 57idle timer, 209QoS, 917–918
architecture, 919–923congestion, 937D-CAR, 928end-to-end capabilities, 922–923flows, 917for packetized voice, 948guaranteed, 944link efficiency mechanisms, 942–944management, 945–946MPLS, 947NBAR, 928on Ethernet, 946–947PBR, 926–927policy control architecture, 947signaling, 920streaming video, 949tools, 918within a single network element, 920–921
Cisco IOS Software
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reloads, 61router name, configuring, 57running configuration, viewing, 57–58upgrading, 61–62WCCP, 841–843
dynamic client bypass, 847, 849hierarchical deployment, 843network-based shared caching, 842overload bypass, 847reverse proxy caching, 850scalable clustering, 845transparent caching, 842–843
Web Cache Control Protocol, cache engine operation, 842–843
Cisco web site, 41class D addresses, 702classes of IP addresses, 573–574class of service.
See
COSclasses of Transport Protocols (DECnet/OSI), 655classifying packets, 925
in MPLS, 536QoS
CAR, 927D-CAR, 928NBAR, 928PBR, 926
CLECs (competitive local exchange carriers), 393CLI command modes, 55client-aware tunneling, 241–242clients
EAP, conversations, 454LECs, 514MPC, 519sockets, 608UAC, 426
client-transparent tunneling, 241clock recovery, 107clouds, 46CLP (Cell Loss Priority) bit (ATM cells), 498
setting, 508cluster controllers, 635clustering cache engines, 845–846CMIP (Common Management Information
Protocol), 565CMNS (Connection-Mode Network Service), 559CMTS
backbone, selecting, 364DOCSIS server specifications, 360–361hardware specifications, 363–364
keepalive messages, 361telco return data service, 365
coax cable, 331coaxial bus topologies, Ethernet, 94Code field (EAP), 452CODECs (coder/decoders), 201, 264
audio, 411–414master/slave determination, 408
bandwidth requirements, 267–269capability exchanges, 406comfort noise, 267delay, 267, 271measuring speech performance, 265–266playout buffer, 270VAD, 267voice/data integration, 252
codesREL, 405TLV, 748–749
collision domains, 37collisions, 614
Token Ring networks, 1011comfort noise, 267Command field
RIP v2 packets, 760RIP packets, 759
command modes (CLI), 55commands
dialer-in-band, 209ping, 581show queue, 934show version, 56–57SNMP, 899
Common Information Model (CIM), 813common-operations services (IBM), 887communication cost, 81communication phases, SVCs, 46communication protocols, 10community attribute (BGP), 669comparing, 318
AMI and HDSL, 345bridges and switches, 66CAP and DMT, 343DLSw and SRB, 543DOCSIS and OSI layers, 359H.323 and MGCP, 283H.323 and SIP, 280HDLC and SDLC, 219
Cisco IOS Software
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link-state and distance vector routing algorithms, 80
routing and bridging, 73VoIP alternatives, 283WLAN standards, 318X.25 and Frame Relay, 153
competitive local exchange carriers (CLECs), 393complexity, QAM/DFE, 311compliance statements (SMI), 905components of ATM LANE, 514composite metric (IGRP), calculating, 696compression schemes
ADPCM, 264presentation layer (OSI), 16
computer telephony integration, 253concentrators, FDDI, 141confederation, 752conferencing, MCU, 398configuration
ES-IS, 740–742LANE, 517Setup messages, H.323 network devices,
401–402configuration management (IBM), 886
standardization, 87–88configuration messages, transparent bridging, 467configuration mode, 55configuration services, APPN, 641configuring
router name, 57Web caching, TTL, 852
confirmation messages (RSVP), 771CONFREQ (configure request), 206congestion
flow control, 28Frame Relay, controlling, 157–158
congestion management, 920, 928class-based WFQ, 935–936custom queuing, 930FIFO queuing, 929flow-based WFQ, 931–935priority queuing, 929–930
congestion-avoidance methods, 937flow RED, 938–939WRED, 937–938
Connect message, 404connecting FDDI devices, 140–141
connection establishmentPPP, 205–207TCP, 582
connectionless network service, 559connectionless transport protocols, 20connectionless transport service, 562connection-management messages (ATM), 509connection-oriented network service, 559
LLC, 219connection-oriented transport protocols, 20, 562connections
asymmetric, 37ATM, 506ATM LANE, 515MGCP, 277SS7 networks, VoIP, 431
connectivitydialup.
See
dialupRSVP, tunneling, 770WANs, 47
CONP (Connection-Oriented Network Protocol), 559
constant bit rate (CBR), 258, 501containment, 811–81contention, LANs, 37context-sensitive help (CLI), 56control component of MPLS, 532control connections (LANE), 515Control field
LAPB frames, 229PPP frames, 183SDLC frames, 217
control information, OSI layers, 12control message header, DLSw, 550–553control messages, IGMP, 708control plane, G.ASON, 383control points (CPs), 637controlled-delay service, 765convergence, 77
EIGRP, 675conversations, EAP, 454converters (RF systems), 331converting analog signals to digital, 257–258copying images to Flash memory, 62core networks, 316
optical, 374COS (class of service), 642, 685
APPN routing, 686–687subarea routing, 685
COS (class of service)
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cost, IPv6, 593cost savings of voice/data integration, 252–253counter-rotating rings, FDDI, 137counters (SNMP SMI), 903CPE (customer premises equipment), 171
wireless technologies, 315CPs (control points), 637CP-to-CP sessions, 641CRC (cyclical redundancy check), 29
Frame Relay, 158CRC field (Level 2/3 PDUs), 195–195creating SMRP groups, 785CS (convergence sublayer), AAL3/4, 503CSA-CELP (conjugate structure algebraic
CELP), 264CSMA/CD (carrier sense multiple access collision
detect), 36–37, 100–102, 614half-duplex, 37switching, 125–126
CSNP (complete sequence number packet), 724CSU/DSU, 49CTI (computer telephone integration), 253cut-through switching, 66–68, 488CVM (Cisco Voice Manager), 284
D
D channel, LAPD, 175DA (destination address), Ethernet frames, 98DAC (dual-attachment concentrator), FDDI, 141DAP (Data-Access Protocol), 656DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency), 569DAS (dual-attachment station) ports, 140data (information units), 12data communication equipment.
See
DCEdata communications standards, 203–205data compression schemes, OSI presentation
layer, 16Data field
Ethernet frames, 99FDDI frames, 146LAPB frames, 229PPP frames, 183
data flows, 765flow specifications, QoS, 766RSVP, 764
reservations, 766traffic types, 765
sessions, 765data link layer (OSI model), 9, 14–15, 558
LAPB (Link Access Procedure, Balanced), 228LLAP, CSMA/CA, 614media access, DECnet, 653
data link layer (DNA), 650data link layer addresses, 21data link layers (AppleTalk), 612data link protocols, DQDB, 190–191data links, LMDS, 318data modeling, 809
containment, 811–812data terminal equipment.
See
DTEdata transfer
LANE, 518–519PVCs, 47SVCs, 46
data transfer mode (PLP), 227data transmission process, ELAP, 613data units, 19data/command frames (Token Ring), fields, 1014databases
LSDB, 744MIBs, 900
data-direct VCCs, 515datagrams, 18data-stream service, 1027dB (decibel), 331DBS (direct broadcast satellite), 351D-CAR (distributed CAR), 928DCC (data country code), ATM private addresses,
505DCE (data circuit-terminating equipment), 154–155
X.25, 223DCE (data communication equipment), 94
modems, 203, 205DDCMP (Digital Data Communications Message
Protocol), 653DDOS (distributed denial of service) attacks,
vulnerability of Internet, 7DDP (Datagram Delivery Protocol), 618–619
dynamically assigned sockets, 609FLAP encapsulation, 615–616packets, 627transmission process, 619
DDR (dial-on-demand routing), 47DE (Discard Eligibility) bit, 163
Frame Relay, 157–158decentralized mulitpoint conferencing, 398
cost, IPv6
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DECnethistory, 649–650media access, 653
DECnet Phase IVaddressing, 651–652DNA, relationship to OSI reference model, 650network application layer, 656network management layer, 656NSP, 655routing, 654session control layer, 657transport layer, 655Transport Protocol classes, 655upper layers, 656–658
default path, MPOA, 519delay
VoATM, 262VoIP, 267, 271
delay spread, 305delay-sensitive traffic, 765deleting SMRP groups, 785delta frames, 765demodulators, 332demultiplexing, 29–30DEN (directory-enabled networks), 814–815
application of, 829–830business policy modeling, 822–823directories, characteristics, 818directory services, 815
intelligent networking, 823in Cisco products, 830–831network management, 825–827policies, 825schema, 814, 827
dense mode (PIM), 713deploying
ATM LANE, 512Frame Relay networks, 159–160
private enterprise, 161public carrier-provided, 160
wireless solution, 317derivative protocols, SDLC, 218–220design constraints of VoIP, 266–271design goals
of routing algorithms, 77of XNS, 1015
Designated Intermediate System (DIS), 744designated nodes, SMRP, 783designated routers (OSPF), 734
Destination Address field (FDDI), 146Destination host number field, IDP packets, 1017Destination network number field, IDP packets,
1017Destination socket number field, IDP packets, 1017destination unreachable messages, 581destination/next hop routing table, example, 74destination-based routing
MPLS, 528, 532forwarding component, 529–530
QoS, 536deterministic networks, 37
Token Ring, 1012development of FDDI, 138device models, 814devices, 40
agents (SNMP), 898, 1003ATM, 495
proxy servers, 518bridges, 65, 67
buffering, 67MAC-layer, 67
business policy implementation, 823CableLabs Certified, 351CableLabs Qualified, 351CODECs, 201codecs
bandwidth requirements, 267–269delay, 267, 271measuring sp, 265–266VAD, 267
configuration management, 87–88Ethernet, 94FDDI, connecting, 140–141Frame Relay, 154–155gateways, 579H.323 network, 273–274, 395–398
audio CODECs, 411–414H.225, 400–406H.225 RAS, 414–421H.245, 406–410H.450, 410–411protocols, 398
hardware addresses, mapping to network addresses, 618
hubs, 40ISDN, 171–172LAN extenders, 40link-layer, 65–66
devices
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LLC, supported services, 220load, 81managed (SNMP), 898MGC (media gateway controller), 276models, 203–205QDM (Quality of Service Device Manager),
922, 946repeaters, 40routers
dial backup, 47dial-on-demand, 47
SMDS, 187switches, 65, 68
ATM, 69LANs, 70performance, 65ports, 66
terminal adapters, 202WANs, 47–48
access servers, 48CSU/DSU, 49ISDN terminal adapters, 49modems, 49switches, 47
waveform codecs, 264X.25
DCE, 223PAD, 224
DFE (decision feedback equalization), 311DGKs (directory gatekeepers), 397DHSSS (direct sequence spread spectrum), 312dial backup, 47dial peers, H.323 network devices, 397dialer interface, 209dialer map-based interfaces, 209dialer profiles, 209dialer-in-band command, 209dialup
AAA, 208BRI, 201connection costs, 210dialer interface, 209flexibility, 210interesting traffic, 209MMP, 208modems, 203, 205PPP
authentication, 206connection establishment, 205–207
T1/E1, 202–203WANs, 47
differential ECL (emitter-coupled logic), HSSI, 168differentiated service (QoS), 922
signaling, 926digital certificates, PKI support with EAP, 455–456Digital Corporation
DECnet.
See
DECnetDNA.
See
DNAdigital signals, multipath, 306Dijkstra algorithm, 731directed broadcasts (XNS), 1018directed multicasts (XNS), 1018directories, 815
attributes, 817characteristics, 818hierarchical structure, 816–817
directory gatekeepers (DGKs), 397directory services, 815, 818–819
APPN, 641intelligent networking, 823
DIS (Designated Intermediate System), 744election process, 750
disappearing member endpoints (SMRP), detecting, 786
discovery processEIGRP, 676gatekeepers, 416IDRP, 581–582PNNI, 510
displaying, Cisco router version, 56–57distance vector routing algorithms, 80, 695distinct reservations, 766distributed call management schemes, VoIP, 263distributed management, SNMP, 910Distributed Queue Dual Bus, 190distribution manager, NetView, 890distribution methods, LDP, 528distribution of intelligence in networked
applications, 822
distribution treesshared trees, 709, 711source trees, 708–709
DIT (directory information tree), 816–817DLC (data link control), 636DLC (digital loop carrier) systems, 340DLC Header Length field (DLSw message header),
552
devices
ITHIX.fm Page 1040 Friday, September 19, 2003 8:12 PM
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DLCI (data-link connection identifier), 161–162Frame Relay, 157
DLSw (Data Link Switching), 541adaptive pacing, 548–549canureach frames, 547capabilities exchange, 546–547circuit establishment, 546–548comparing to SRB, 543flow control, 546, 548
granted units, 549icanreach frames, 547message formats, 550–553SNA support, 544SSP, 545version 2, 541–542
DLSw+ (Data Link Switching Plus), 542DLUR/S (Dependent Logical-Unit Requestor/
Server), 691DLUS (Dependent Logical-Unit Server), 691DMA (direct memory access), 636DMT
comparing to CAP, 343latency, 344power consumption, 343speed, 344
DNA (Digital Network Architecture)DECnet Phase IV, 650
network application layer, 656network management layer, 656session control layer, 657upper layers, 656–657user layer, 656
DECnet/OSI, 652upper layers, 657–658
DNIC (Data Network Identification Code) field (X.121), 230
DNS (Domain Name System), 28DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service Interface
Specification), 351bandwidth availability, 355–357business case model, 365–368cable plant infrastructure, 366CMTS
CM server specifications, 360–361hardware specifications, 363Telco return data service, 365uBR7246 deployment, 364
future applications, 368layer definitions, 357–359QPSK, nominal upstream data rates, 359–360
domains, 19, 732, 739IDRP, 751–752NLSP, 722routing, 75, 79
DoS attacks, 796resource reservation, 20
dotted decimal notation, 572downstream cable specifications, 355–357downstream data rates, ADSL, 338downstream-on-demand distribution, 529DPT (Dynamic Packet Transport), 439–440
packet format, 445resiliency, 443
DQDB (Distributed Queue Dual Bus), 190DRP (DECnet Routing Protocol), 654DS (Directory Services), 565DS0 (digital service 0), 202DS1 (digital service 1), 202DSAP (destination service access point) field
(SDLC), 220DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
ADSL, 337–338, 340CAP, 342downstream data rate, 338error correction, 340performance, 340signaling, 342–343standards, 344
G.SHDSL, 346HDSL, 345HDSL-2, 346IDSL, 346SDSL, 345VDSL, 347
DSP (Digital Signal Processor), 251DSP (domain-specific part) fields, 560–561
ATM addresses, 504DSSS (direct sequence spread spectrum), 312DTE (data terminal equipment), 94, 154–155
HSSI, 167characteristics, 167–168peer-to-peer intelligence, 168
DTL (designated transit list), 510DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm), 675
feasible successors, 676dual homing (FDDI), 144
dual homing
ITHIX.fm Page 1041 Friday, September 19, 2003 8:12 PM
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dual-ring topologyFDDI, 137, 142–143
duplication of resources, 6DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing), 373D-WFQ (distributed weighted fair queuing), 935dynamic addresses, 27
AppleTalk, 616–617dynamic client bypass, WCCP, 847, 849dynamic routing algorithms, 79, 580dynamically assigned sockets, 609
E
E&M signaling, 257E.164 addresses, 503–504
ATM, NSAP encoding, 504–505EA (Extended Address), 162EAP (Entensible Authentication Protocol), 451–453
conversations, 454implementing, 456–457PKI support, 455–456RADIUS, 453–454
EAP-TLS (EAP Transport Layer Security), 456early token release, 1012EBGP (External BGP), 663echo cancellation, 341echo request messages (ICMP), 581ECL (emitter-coupled logic), 168economic advantages of voice/data integration,
252–253edge LSRs, 524efficiency of routing algorithms, 77egress switches, 510EIA (Electronic Industries Association), 31EIGRP (Enhanced IGRP)
AppleTalk implementation, 676DUAL, 675finite-state machine, 676metrics, 678neighbor discovery/recovery mechanism, 676neighbor tables, 677packet types, 679partial updates, 675protocol-dependent modules, 677route-tagging, 678RTP, 676topology tables, 677
EIRP (effective isotropic radiated power), 332ELANs (emulated LANs), joining, 518ELAP (EtherTalk Link Access Protocol), 612–613electromagnetic spectrum, 332ELLC (Enhanced Logical Link Control), 636embedded MAC addresses, translational bridging,
472EN (end nodes), 640enable passwords, setting, 57encapsulation, 13
AURP, 623DDP packets, FLAP, 615–616ELAP, 613IEEE 802.3, 68IPX, 600TLAP, 615
encoding techniques, Ethernet, 108end communications layer (DNA), 650End Delimiter field
FDDI , 146Token Ring, 1014
end systems (ESs), 19, 75, 739point-to-multipoint connections, 506polling, 86
End System-to-Intermediate System (ES-IS), 740–742
end-node directory service negotiation (APPN), 642endpoints
ATM, 495H.245 control channel capability exchange, 406master/slave determination, 407MGCP, 277MGs (media gateways), 276SIP, 279, 421–431
end-to-end delay, VoIP design constraints, 267end-to-end signaling, SIP, 421–431enpoints, MGCP, 276enterprise networks
DEN, 830voice/data integration
cost savings, 253web caching, 837
entity names, 620entity types, 620entries
EIGRP topology tables, 677route states, 678
IP routing tables, 580RIP routing tables, 761
dual-ring topology
ITHIX.fm Page 1042 Friday, September 19, 2003 8:12 PM
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EP (Error Protocol), 1019EPONs (Ethernet passive optical networks), 375error checking, 16
FCS field (Ethernet), 99forward error-correcting codes, 108
error correction, ADSL, 340error messages (RSVP), 771error notification, 15Error Protocol (EP), 1019error rates, modulation schemes, 308error-checking schemes, 29ES hello messages (ESHs), 740ESCON (Enterprise Systems Connection), 636ESD (end-of-stream delimiter), 113ESF (extended super frame), 202ESHs (ES hello messages), 740ESI (end station identifier), NSAP format ATM
addresses, 504ESI (End System Identifier) field (ATM addresses),
506ES-IS (End System-to-Intermediate System),
740–742establishing
adjacencies (NLSP), 723ATM connections, 509–510RSVP multicast sessions, 766X.25 sessions, 225
establishment phase (SVCs), 46Ethernet, 38
10BaseT, 110100 Mbps, 111100BaseT2, 115–116100BaseT4, 114100BaseX, 112–1131000BaseT, 117–118
master/slave loop timing, 1201000BaseX, 120–121, 128autonegotiation, 124–125autonegotiation sublayer, 110baseband transmission, signal encoding,
106–108baseline wander, 107clock recovery, 107devices, 94encoding techniques, 108fabric, 859Gigabit Ethernet, 1000BaseT, 117–118history, 93
intermediate nodes, 94link aggregation, 131–132MAC addresses, 705MAC sublayer, 98
frame format, 98–99frame reception, 104frame transmission, 100–104VLAN tagging option, 105
migrating to higher-speed networks, 132–133multiple-rate, 129–131network management, 132NICs, multispeed, 126physical layers, 106QoS, 946–947SRT, 476switching, 125–126topologies, 94translational bridging, 473–475
challenges of, 471–472transparent bridging, 65
Ethernet version 2, IPX encapsulation type, 600EtherTalk, 612EtherTalk Link Access Protocol, 612–613ETSI (European Technical Standards Institute), 344events, MGCP, 278Events group (RMON), 895evolution of voice/data integration, 283–284examples
of destination/next hop routing table, 74of SMRP transaction session, 787
exception-notification packets, 1026exchange capabilities, SDP, 425–426execute command, IBM common operations
services, 887explicit routes, 684–685explicit scopes
FF (fixed-filter) reservations, 767SE (shared-explicit) reservations, 767
explorer frames, 472RIF field, 481SRB, 480
extended AppleTalk networks, 610extended DDP packets, 627extended long-haul networks, 378Extended-SuperFrames, 258extenders (LAN), 40
extenders (LAN)
ITHIX.fm Page 1043 Friday, September 19, 2003 8:12 PM
1044
Extensible Authentication Protocol.
See
EAPextensions
EAP, 456–457Frame Relay, 154LMI, 158
exterior gateways, 579exterior routers, 580, 622External BGP (EBGP), 663external routes, EIGRP, 678
F
fabric, 859failure domains, 1012Fast Ethernet, 111
100BaseT2, 115–116100BaseT4, 114100BaseX, 112–113CSMA/CD, 101
fast fading, 307fault management
standardization, 88Token Ring, 1012–1013
fault toleranceFDDI, 142
dual homing, 144dual ring, 142–143optical bypass switch, 143
of cache clusters, 846FCS (Frame Check Sequence) field
Ethernet frames, 99FDDI frames, 146Frame Relay LMI, 164LAPB frames, 229PPP frames, 183SDLC frames, 217Token Ring, 1014
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)concentrators, 141DAS ports, 140development, 138devices, connecting, 140–141dual-ring architecture, 137dual-ring topology, 142–143fault tolerance, 142
dual homing, 144dual ring, 142–143optical bypass switch, 143
frame format, 145–146modal dispersion, 138multi-mode fiber, 138SAS, 140single-mode fiber, 138specifications, 139transmission media, 138
FDDITalk, 615FDDITalk Link Access Protocol (FLAP), 615FDM (frequency-division multiplexing), 30,
311–313, 341feasible successors (EIGRP), 676FECN (Forward Explicit Congestion Notification),
157–158, 162, 935FEPs (front-end processors), 635FF (fixed-filter) reservations, 767FHSS (frequency hopping spread spectrum),
312–313FIB (forwarding information base), 528Fibre Channel, 861–862
addressing, 869classes of service, 872connection methodology, 866, 868distributed fabric services, 875–876fabric routing, 873flow control, 873frame format, 870, 872port types, 864–866topologies, 863
fieldsATM addresses, 506ATM cell headers, 497–498ATM cells, 496, 498BIUs, 643–645configuration messages, 468DDP packets, 629DLSw message headers, 551–553EAP, 452FDDI frames, 146Frame Relay, 161–162, 164IDP packets, 1017–1018IP packets, 571–572IPX packets, 602LAPB frames, 229Level 1 LAN Hello packets, 728–729Level 3 PDUs, 192–193OSPF header, 734PIUs, 645–646PLP, 228
Extensible Authentication Protocol
ITHIX.fm Page 1044 Friday, September 19, 2003 8:12 PM
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PPP frames, 182–183RIF, 481–482RIP packets, 758–759RSVP message headers, 772–774RSVP objects, 774–775SDLC frames, 216–217SDP, 425–426SMRP packets, 787–788SNMPv1 PDUs, 913SNMPv2 PDUs, 912SRB frames, 481–482statusDeterminationNumber, 407TCP packets, 585TLV, 748–749Token Ring frames, 1013–1014transparent bridge configuration messages, 468VIP packets, 1023–1024WAN hello packets, 727
FIFO queues, 929filtering, 464
frames, 66SAP advertisements, 601
Filters group (RMON), 895fixed wireless, 332Flag field
LAPB frames, 229SLDC frames, 216
Flag fieldFrame Relay LMIs, 163PPP frames, 182
FLAP (FDDITalk Link Access Protocol), 615Flash memory, 53flat address space, 26flat routing algorithms, 79flexibility
of dialup, 210of routing algorithms, 78
flooding LSPs, 724, 749floor distributors, 131flow control, 15–16, 28, 104
ARB (adaptive rate-based), 691DLSw, 546–548
adaptive pacing, 548–549granted units, 549
SIP, 429–431QoS classification, 925–927TCP, 582windowing, 28
flow specifications, RSVP, 764–766Flow-Control Byte field (DLSw message
header), 551flush procedure, LANE, 518–519flush timer, IGRP, 697footprints, 332forking, 428format
of ATM cells, 494–498of ATM private addresses, 505of configuration messages, 468of DDP packets, 627of FDDI frames, 145
fields, 146of Frame Relay frames, 161–164of IPX packets, 602of LAPB frames, 229of RIP 2 packets, 759of RIP packets, 758–759of RSVP packets
message header fields, 772–774object fields, 774–775
of SDLC frames, 216–217of Token Ring frames, 1013
forward error-correcting codes, 108forwarding
LAN switches, 488packets, 75
forwarding component (MPLS), 526, 530label encapsulation, 531
forwarding information base (FIB), 528FQDNs (fully qualified distinguished names), 816fragmentation, 272Frame Control field (FDDI), 146Frame Direction field (DLSw message header), 552frame reception of MAC sublayer, 104Frame Relay, 153
C/R bit, 162comparing to X.25, 153congestion-control, 157
CRC, 158DE, 158
DCEs, 154–155DLCIs, 162DTEs, 154–155EA (Extended Address), 162frames, 161–162, 164implementing, 159–160LMI, 154, 158, 163–164
Frame Relay
ITHIX.fm Page 1045 Friday, September 19, 2003 8:12 PM
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prioritizing voice frames, 263private enterprise networks, implementing, 161public carrier-provided networks,
implementing, 160RS-232 specification, 155standardization, 154VCs, 155
DLCIs, 157PVCs, 156SVCs, 156
Frame Status fieldToken Ring frames, 1014FDDI frames, 147
frame transmission, MAC sublayer, 100–104frame-based MPLS, 525–526frames, 547
best-effort delivery, LocalTalk, 613cut-through switching, 68Ethernet, broadcast/multicast bit, 704explorer, 472
SRB, 480FDDI, 145–146, 616filtering, 66Frame Relay, 161–164
LMI, 163–164standard, 161–162
giants, 488icanreach, 547I-frames (SDLC), 217ISDN, physical layer, 173–174LAPB, 228
format, 229LCP, 184PPP, 182–183RIF, fields, 481–482runts, 488SDLC, 216–217Token Ring
fields, 1013–1014reservation field, 1012RIF field, 472
VLAN-tagged, 105frame-status bits, 472framing, ESF, 202frequency reuse, 332fresh content, Cisco Cache Engine, 851–852
freshness factor, 852FRF.12, 263FRTS (frame relay traffic shaping), 941–942FSC (Fiber Switch-Capable) LSRs, 380FSPF (Fabric Shortest Path First), 873FTAM (File Transfer, Access, and Management),
565FTTH (Fiber To The Home), 373full peering model (UCP), 385full-duplex operation, 37, 103, 582
LAN switching, 486fully connected multipoint tunnels, AURP, 623future of telephony applications, 285FXO (foreign exchange office), 256FXS (foreign exchange service) interfaces, 256
G
G.ASON (Automatic Switched Optical Networks), 382
control plane, 383UCP, 383
overlay model, 384peer model, 384–385
G.SHDSL, 346gain, 332Garcia-Luna-Aceves, J.J., 675gatekeeper routed signaling (GRS), 414gatekeepers
discovery, 416H.225 RAS, 414–421H.323 network devices, 273, 397interzone calling, 419
gateways, 579.
See also
MGs (media gateways)bandwidth, modifying, 421call admission, 417–419call legs, 399H.323, 273registration, 416unregistration, 417
gauges (SNMP SMI), 903GE (Gigabit Ethernet) networks, 379general topology subnetworks, ES-IS, 740generic token cards, 453Get operation (SNMPv1), 903GetBulk operation (SNMPv2), 905
PDU format, 912GetNext operation (SNMPv1), 904
Frame Relay
ITHIX.fm Page 1046 Friday, September 19, 2003 8:12 PM
1047
GFC (Generic Flow Control) field (ATM cells), 497GFI (General Formate Identifier) field (PLP
packets), 228giants, 488Gigabit Ethernet, 117–118
1000BaseT, 117–1181000BaseX, 120–121CSMA/CD, 101
glare, 257gleaning addresses (AARP), 618global addressing extension (LMI), 158global internetworks, 722global multicasts (XNS), 1018globally scoped addresses, 703glop addressing, 704GMPLS (Generalized Multiprotocol Label
Switching), 379LMP, 380
CCM, 381link property, 381
LSRs, 379–380UNI, 382
goalsof network management, 87–89of routing algorithms, 77
granted units, 549graph theory, 465graphic image formats, 17ground start, 257groups
capability exchanges, 407CODECs, 412confederation, 752RMON, 894–895
groups (multicast), CGMP, 707GRS (gatekeeper routed signaling), 414GTS (generic traffic shaping), 940guaranteed service (QoS), 765, 922
RSVP, 944
H
H.232, SCNs (switched circuit networks), 274H.225 RAS, 414–421
H.323 network devices, 400–406H.245 protocol
H.323 network devices, 406–410H.323, 272, 395–398.
See also
SIP
audio CODECs, 411–414call flow, 274comparing to MGCP, 283comparing to SIP, 280devices, 273–274gatekeeper, 273H.225, 400–406H.225 RAS, 414–421H.245, 406–410H.450, 410–411MC (multipoint controller), 274MCU (multipoint control unit), 273MP (multipoint processor), 274point-to-point conference, 274protocols, 398videoconferencing, 765
H.450 protocol, H.323 network devices, 410–411half-duplex transmission, 37, 100–102handling delay, VoIP, 267handshakes, 614
three-way, 583hardware addresses, mapping to network addresses,
618hardware monitor, NetView, 890hardware specifications, CMTS, 363–364HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control), 181,
218–219comparing to SDLC, 219transfer modes, 219
HDSL (High Bit-Rate DSL), 345–346HE (Header extension) field (Level 3 PDUs), 193head-end location (CATV), 352, 366header compression, RTP, 267 Header Length field (DLSw message header), 551Header Number field (DLSw message header), 551headers, 12
802.2, 220cells, 18DLSw, 550–553encapsulation, 13IPv6, 589–590OSPF, fields, 734prepending to DDP packets, 616RSVP messages, 772–774SAR PDUs, 503
HEC (header error control), 501ATM cells, 498
HEL (Header Extension Length) field (Level 3 PDUs), 193
HEL (Header Extension Length) field (Level 3 PDUs)
ITHIX.fm Page 1047 Friday, September 19, 2003 8:12 PM
1048
hello packets, 723EIGRP, 679IS-IS, 744–746LANs, sending over NLSP, 724NSLP
LANs, 727–729WANs, 726–727
Hello protocol, 24OSPF, 734
help function, NetView, 890HFC (hybrid fiber coax)
bandwidth, 355RING topography, 354
hierarchical address space, 26NLSP, 725
hierarchical deployment, WCCP, 843hierarchical organization of AppleTalk
components, 607hierarchical routing, 79, 532
NLSPsending LAN hello packets, 724
hierarchical structureMIBs, 900of directories, 816–817repositories in data modeling, 811–812
High Bit-Rate DSL (HDSL), 345–346high-speed networks, migrating to, 132–133history
of AppleTalk, 607of DECnet, 649–650of Ethernet, 93of internetworking, 5–6of LAN switching, 486of RSVP, 763of SRB, 479of transparent brigding, 463
History group (RMON), 894HLPI (Higher layer protocol identifier) field (Level
3 PDUs), 193HO-DSP (High-Order Domain-Specific Part) field
(ATM addresses), 506holddowns, IGRP, 696hold-time variable, IGRP, 697hop count, 81
RIP, 758RTMP, calculating, 620
hops, 599horizontal cabling, 131
Host group (RMON), 894host-intelligent routing algorithms, 80hosts, ES-IS, 740–742HostTopN group (RMON), 894H-series recommendations (ITU-T), 272HSSI (High-Speed Serial Interface), 167
bandwidth, 168cabling, 168characteristics, 167–168differential ECL, 168loopback testing, 168
HTTP caching standards, fresh content, 851–852hubs, 40
I
IAB (Internet Activities Board), 31IBGP (Interior BGP), 663IBM
establishment controllers, 217network management, 885
change management, 887configuration management, 886ONA, 888operations management, 887performance and accounting
management, 886platforms, 889–890problem management, 886SystemView, 888
SNA routingAPPN, 689–691APPN connection networks, 691COS, 685–687explicit routes, 684–685session connectors, 683subarea routing, 688TGs, 684ToS, 948virtual routes, 684–685
SRB, history of, 479icanreach frames, 547ICD (international code designator)
ATM private addresses, 505ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), 581ICP (Internet Control Protocol), 1021, 1026Identifier field, EAP, 452IDI (initial domain identifier), 504, 560
hello packets
ITHIX.fm Page 1048 Friday, September 19, 2003 8:12 PM
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idle mode (PLP), 227idle timer, 209IDN (International Data Number) field (X.121), 230IDP (initial domain part) fields, 560IDP (Internet Datagram Protocol), 1017–1018IDRP (ICMP Router-Discovery Protocol), 581–582IDRP (Interdomain Routing Protocol), 751–752IDSL (ISDN DSL), 346IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers) specifications, 31IEEE 802.2, LLC, 219–220IEEE 802.3, 94
connecting to IEEE 802.5, 68physical layer, 98
IEEE 802.5, 1009IEEE802.2, headers, 220
IEs (information elements)Alerting message, 403–404Call Proceeding message, 402–403Call Setup message, 401Connect message, 404REL message, 405–406RLC message, 405–406
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)Internet drafts, MCML (Multiclass Extensions
to Multilink PPP), 942Policy Framework working group, 823
I-frames, 217, 228IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol),
706–707IGMP snooping, 708IGPs (Interior Gateway Protocols), 580, 663IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
automatic route selection, 696characteristics, 695–696flush timer, 697holddowns, 696hold-time variable, 697invalid timer, 697metric, 696multipath routing, 696split horizon, 697stability, 696–697timers, 697triggered updates, 696
IKE, 238–240ILECs (incumbent local exchange carriers), 393
ILMI (Integrated Local Management Interface), 510image formats, 17images, copying to Flash memory, 62implementing
ATM LANE, 512EAP, 456–457Frame Relay, 159–160
private enterprise networks, 161public carrier-provided networks, 160
STA on bridged segments, 474implications of RSVP reservation styles, 767IMS (If-Modified-Since), 852IMTs (intermachine trunks), 393incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs), 393Inform operation (SNMPv2), 905Information and Padding field (Level 3 PDUs), 193information elements (IEs).
See
IFsinformation formats
cells, 18datagrams, 18messages, 18packets, 18segments, 18
information header, DLSw, 550–553information modeling, 809–811
CIM (Common Information Model), 813–814DEN, 814–815
application of, 829–830business policy model, 822–823directory services, 818–819in Cisco products, 830–831intelligent networking, 819, 821–822network management, 825–827schema, 814schemata, 827
directories, 815attributes, 817characteristics, 818
information distribution, 818information modules (SNMPv2), 904information requests, 421information units, 12infrastructure
PKI, EAP support, 455–456VoIP, 394
ingress switches, 510
ingress switches
ITHIX.fm Page 1049 Friday, September 19, 2003 8:12 PM
1050
initiating RSVP multicast sessions, 766integers (SNMP SMI), 903integrated IS-IS, 742intelligent networking
DEN, 819, 821–822directory services, 823
interaction between layers (OSI model), 11interarea routing, 732interdomain ISs, 19, 75interdomain routing algorithms, 80Interdomain Routing Protocol (IDRP), 751–752interesting traffic, 209interface serial number, 23interfaces
ATM, 496dialer, 209HSSI, 167
characteristics, 167–168loopback testing, 168
Interior BGP (IBGP), 663interior gateways, 579interior routers, 580intermachine trunks (IMTs), 393intermediate nodes, 94intermediate system (IS), 739Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-
IS), 742–749internal routes, EIGRP, 678International Organization for Standardization.
See
ISOInternet, vulnerability of, 7Internet Control Protocol (ICP), 1021, 1026Internet Protocol Device Control (IPDC), 276Internet protocols, mapping to OSI layers, 569internetworking, 5
addressesdata link layer, 21dynamic, 27MAC, 22mapping, 23network layer, 24static, 27
challenges of, 7history of, 6information formats
cells, 18datagrams, 18messages, 18
packets, 18segments, 18
names, 28standards organizations, 30–31
interoperability of DEN, 826interzone calling, gatekeepers, 419intra-area routing, 732intradomain ISs, 19, 75intradomain routing algorithms, 80invalid timer (IGRP), 697IP (Internet Protocol), 570
address classes, 573–574addressing, 572
RIP 2 packets, 760application layer protocols, 586logical AND operation, 578packet format, 571–572subnet masks, 575–578
IP multicastingclass D addresses, 702Ethernet MAC address mapping, 705globally scoped addresses, 703glop addressing, 704IGMP, 706–707Layer 2 multicast addresses, 704limited scope addresses, 704reserved local link addresses, 703
IP precedence bitssetting, 926–927weight, 934
IP routing tables, 580IP spoofing attacks, 796IPDC (Internet Protocol Device Protocol), 276IPPV, 357IPSec, 234
AH, 236ESP, 236IKE, 238–240SAs, 238transport mode, 237tunnel mode, 237
IPv6addressing, 590broadcasting methods, 591
anycast, 592multicast, 592unicast, 591
packet headers, 590
initiating RSVP multicast sessions
ITHIX.fm Page 1050 Friday, September 19, 2003 8:12 PM
1051
IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange), 599addresses, 599encapsulation types, 600packet format, 602SAP, 601
filters, 601ticks, 599
IS (intermediate system), 19, 739IS hello message (ISH) packets, 740iSCSI protocol, 876
frame format, 877services, 879–880
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), 45BRI, 201devices, 171frames, physical layer, 173–174LAPD, 175PRI, 173reference points, 172services, 173signaling, 175, 178terminal adapters, 49
ISH (IS hello message) packets, 740ISI (intersymbol interference), 306IS-IS (Intermediate System-to-Intermediate
System), 742–749ISL (Inter-Switch Link), 488ISO (International Organization for
Standardization), 31, 393network management model, 87
accounting management, 88configuration management, 87–88fault management, 88performance management, 87security management, 88–89
OSI reference model, 7ISO/IEC 11801 cable model, 129–131isolated LANs, 6ISR (intermediate session routing), 690ISs (intermediate systems), 75, 82ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union
Telecommunications Standardization Sector), 31ATM standards, 494
addressing, 503–504G.ASON (Automatic Switched Optical
Networks), 382control plane, 383UCP, 383–385
H-series recommendations, 272voice-coding standards, 265
IWF (interworking function) cards, 315
J-K
jitter, 270joining
ELANs, 518SMRP groups, 785
key frames, 765
L
L2SC (Layer 2 Switch-Capable) LSRs, 379L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol), 240
client-aware tunneling, 241–242client-transparent tunneling, 241security, 243
L2VPNs, 245–246label bindings, 528label swapping, 529label switching, ATM, 531labels, 524Lamar, Heddy, 312LAN Network Manager, 890LAN protocols, 10, 36
FDDI, 137LAN switchingLAN-based telephony solutions, 285–286LANE
ELAN membership, 518configuration, 517control connections, 515data transfer, 518–519flush procedure, 518–519initialization, 517LEC registration, 517SSRP (Simple Server Redundancy Protocol),
514LANE (LAN Emulation), 511
architecture, 512components, 514connection types, 515
LAN-PBX, 285LANs (local-area networks), 5, 36.
See also
WLANs
LANs (local-area networks)
ITHIX.fm Page 1051 Friday, September 19, 2003 8:12 PM
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asymmetric connections, 37collision domains, 37collisions, 37contention, 37devices, 40
extenders, 40hubs, 40repeaters, 40
Ethernet/IEEE802.3, 38transparent devices, 65
FDDIconcentrators, 141DAS ports, 140development, 138devices, connecting, 140–141dual ring topology, 142–143frame format, 145–146SAS, 140specifications, 139transmission media, 138
full-duplex mode, 37isolation, 6LLC, 219–220media-access, 36microsegmentation, 485NLSP
adjacencies, 723hello packets, 727, 729receipt-confirmation process, 724
remote bridges, 67ring topology, 38SRB, 479
frame format, 481–482star topology, 39switches, 37switching, 70
asymmetric, 489bandwidth, 489forwarding, 488full-duplex operation, 486history, 486Layer 2, 489Layer 3, 489multilayer, 489segmentation, 66switch ports, 487symmetric, 489VLANs, 486, 488
Token Ring, 1009active monitor, 1012determinism, 1012early token release, 1012failure domains, 1012fault-management, 1012–1013frame fields, 1013–1014NAUN, 1013physical connections, 1010priority system, 1012token-passing, 1011
topologies, 38translational bridging, 473–475
challenges of, 471–472transmission methods, 38tree topology, 39
LAPB (Link Access Procedure, Balanced), 219, 228–229
LAPD (Link Access Procedure, D channel), 175Largest Frame Size field (DLSw message
header), 552latency
cut-through switching, 68DMT, 344VoATM, 262VoIP, 267, 271
Layer 2 LAN switches, 489Layer 2 multicast addresses, 704Layer 2 switching, multicast, 707Layer 3 LAN switching, 489layer definitions of DOCSIS specification, 357–359layered information models,
AppleTalk protocol suite, mapping to OSI layers, 627
ATM reference model, 499–500adaptation layers, 501–503physical layer, 501
CIM, 813–814DNA, relationship to OSI reference model, 650EAP-TLS, 456OSI model
application, 17characteristics, 9data link, 14–15information exchange, 12–13interaction between, 11LAN switching, 489network, 15physical, 13–14
LANs (local-area networks)
ITHIX.fm Page 1052 Friday, September 19, 2003 8:12 PM
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presentation, 16services, 11–12session, 13, 16transport, 16
LCI (Logical Channel Identifier) field (PLP packets), 228
LCP (Link Control Protocol), 206.
See also
NCPframes, 184link quality determination, 183link termination, 183
LD-CELP (low delay CELP), 264LDP (Label Distribution Protocol), 525, 528, 532LDUP (LDAP Duplication and Update
Protocol), 820leaking routes, 751learning process of transparent bridges, 463leased lines, 44least-cost path, APPN, 643leave group messages (IGMP), 707leaves, 506leaving SMRP groups, 785LECs (LAN emulation clients), 514
registering with LES, 517LECS (LAN Emulation Configuration Server), 514legacy DDR, 209LEN (low-entry networking) nodes, 639, 642, 689Length field
EAP, 452Ethernet frames, 99IDP packets, 1017Level 3 PDUs, 193
LES (LAN Emulation Server), 514, 517Level 1 routers (NLSP), 722, 739Level 2 PDUs, 194Level 2 routers (NLSP), 722, 739Level 3 PDUs, 189, 192–193Level 3 routers (NLSP), 722LFI (link fragmentation interleaving) 942limitations of IDSL, 347limited scope addresses, 704link aggregation, 131–132Link Control Protocol.
See
LCPlink crossover requirements, 122link efficiency mechanisms, 921, 942, 944
LFI, 942RTP header compression, 943
link layer (OSI model), devices, 65–66link local addresses, 703link quality determination phase (LCP), 183
link state database (LSDB), 744link state packets (LSPs), 744, 749link-access protocols, ELAP, 613link-establishment frames (LCP), 184link-failure recovery, HPR, 691link-maintenance frames (LCP), 184links
dual homing (FDDI), 145efficiency, 921point-to-point, 44, 181–182reliability, 81serialization delay, 921wireless, LMDS, 318
link-state advertisements, 74link-state routing protocols, 80
backbone, 732NLSP, 721
adjacencies, 723hello packets, 726–729hierarchical routing, 722LSPs, 724reachability, 723receipt-confirmation process, 724WAN links, maintaining, 723
OSPF, 731areas, 732–733metrics, 735packet format, 734routing hierarchy, 732TOS-based routing, 735variable-length subnet masks, 736
SPF algorithm, 734link-termination frames (LCP), 184LLAP (LocalTalk Link Access Protocol), 613LLC sublayer (Logical Link Control), 15, 97,
219–220bridging, 67devices, supported services, 220
LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution Service), 333data links, 318
LMI (Local Management Interface), 154, 158frames, 163–164
LMI DLCI field, 163LMP (Link Management Protocol), 380
CCM, 381link property, 381
LNM (LAN Network Manager), 890load, 81local bridges, 67
local bridges
ITHIX.fm Page 1053 Friday, September 19, 2003 8:12 PM
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local form-session identifiers, 689local preference attribute (BGP), 665LocalTalk, 612–613
CSMA/CD, 614node IDs, 614TokenTalk, 614
LOCATE requests (APPN), 643location requests, 419location servers, SIP, 280logical addresses, 24logical AND operation, 578logical tree topology, 39logical units (LUs), 637long-haul networks, 376–378look ahead, 270loop start mode, 257loopback testing, HSSI, 168loops (routing), 77
maintenance signaling methods, 409split horizon, 697transparent bridging, 464
LOS (line of sight), 333lower layers of OSI reference model, 9low-latency queuing, 936LSC (Lambda Switch-Capable) LSRs, 380LSCs (label switch controllers), 525LSDB (link state database), 744LSP (link state packets), 744, 749LSPs (label-switched paths), 524LSRs (label switch routers), 379–380, 524LUs (logical units), 637LVCs (label virtual circuits), 524
M
MAC (Media Access Control) sublayer, 15, 98addressing, 22
embedded, 472reconciliation sublayer, 109STA, 465
bridging, 67Burst mode, 102frame format, 98–99frame reception, 104frame transmission, 100–104link aggregation, 131–132VLAN tagging option, 105
MADCAP (Multicast Address Dynamic Client Allocation Protocol), 717
managed devices, 898data representation, 902
managed objects (MIB), 900ASN.1 data types, 902SMI-specific data types, 903
managementcall control, 406–410dial peers, H.323 network devices, 397SIP, 421–431
management proxies, 86managing Ethernet networks, 132Manchester encoding, 108
10BaseT Ethernet, 110MANs (metropolitan-area networks)
DQDB, 190–191mapping addresses, 23
multicast addresses to network layer (SMRP), 782
names to addresses, 28market viability, voice/data integration, 252marking packets, 272masquerading (SNMP), 906master/slave determination, H.323 network
devices, 407master/slave loop timing, 1000Base-T, 120Matrix group (RMON, 895MBGP (Multiprotocol Border Gateway
Protocol), 714MC (multipoint controller), 274MCML (Multiclass Extensions to Multilink
PPP), 942MCNS (Multimedia Cable Network System
Partners, Ltd.), 351MCU (multipoint control unit), 273, 396–398MDI (medium-dependent interface), 110measuring
QoS service levels, 922voice quality, 265–266
MED (multi-exit discrimintor) attribute (BGP), 666media access
Banyan VINES, 1020CSMA/CD, half-duplex, 100–103DECnet, 653XNS, 1016
Media Gateway Control Protocol.
See
MGCPmedia-access implementations, LANs, 36
AppleTalk, 612CSMA/CD, 36–37
local form-session identifiers
ITHIX.fm Page 1054 Friday, September 19, 2003 8:12 PM
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media-access protocolsLLAP (LocalTalk Link Access Protocol), 613NetWare, 598
media transport, basic telephony service, 256MEGACO, 276membership
ELANs, 518multicast groups, 706–710
memorizing OSI reference model layers, 8memory, 53
NVRAMsaving running configuration, 58startup config, viewing, 58–59
Message ID field (Level 2 PDUs), 194Message Length field (DLSw message header), 551Message Type field
DLSw message header, 551Frame Relay LMI, 163–164
messages, 18Alerting, 403–404ATM connection requests, negotiation, 509BPDUs, 467Call Proceeding, 402–403configuration (transparent bridging), 467confirmation (RSVP), 771Connect, 404connection signaling requests (ATM), 509connection-management (ATM), 509DLSw, 550–553error (RSVP), 771Frame Relay VC status, 158ICMP, 581IGMP version 2, 707ISDN, 175, 178leave group (IGMP), 707link-state advertisements, 74MGCP, 277path (RSVP), 771path-error (RSVP), 771RAS. See also RAS, 415REL, 405–406reservation-request, 768reservation-request (RSVP), 771RLC, 405–406routing updates, 74
RIP, 757RSVP, 772–774Setup, H.323 network, 401–402SIP, 281, 422–425
SNMPTrap PDUs, 913version1, 911version 2, 911
source-quench, 28system messages, severity levels, 60teardown (RSVP), 772topology-change (transparent bridging),
467–468Metric field
RIPv2 packets, 760RIP packets, 759
metric-notification packets, 1026metrics, 74, 80–81
EIGRP, 678IGRP, 696OSPF, 735RIP, 758
metro access networks, 376metro optical networks, 374MGC (media gateway controller), 276MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol), 275–277
call flow, 278centralized call control, 277comparing to H.323, 283comparing to SIP, 283events, 278messages, 277MGC, 276MGs, 276reliability, 278signals, 278
MGs (media gateways), 276MHS (message handling service), NetWare, 602MHSRP (Multigroup Hot-Standby Router Protocol),
846MIBs (Management Information Bases), 900microsegmentation, 485microwave communication systems, QAM, 304–308migrating to higher speed networks, 132–133millimeterwave, 307minimizing delay on Frame Relay networks, 263mitigating security threats, 801mixed media bridging
SRT, 476STA, 474translational bridging, 473–475
MMDS (multichannel multipoint distribution service), 333
MMDS (multichannel multipoint distribution service)
ITHIX.fm Page 1055 Friday, September 19, 2003 8:12 PM
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MMP (multichassis multilink PPP), 207–208mnemonics, memorizing OSI reference model
layers, 8mobile wireless, 333modal dispersion, 138modems, 49, 203–205
ADSL, 338ISDN terminal adapters, 49
modes of switch ports, 487modification
bandwidth, 421modulation
ADPCM, 264ADSL, 342–343BPSK, symbols, 308BPSK, 308PCM, 264PSK, 308QAM, 308 311QPSK, 308
MOP (Maintenance Operations Protocol), 656MOS (mean opinion score), 265–266MP (multipoint processor), 274MPCs (multiprotocol clients), 519MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching), 947
AToM, 246cell-based label-switching, 531control component, 532downstream on-demand distribution, 529downstream unsolicited distribution, 529forwarding component, 526, 530
label encapsulation, 531frame-based, 525–526hierarchical routing, 532label bindings, 528label swapping, 529QoS, 535–536traffic engineering, 751
MPLS-based VPNs, 533–535BGP, 243–245L2VPNs, 245–246
MPOA (Multiprotocol over ATM), 519MPS (multiprotocol servers), 519MSAU (multistation access unit), 1009MSDP (Multicast Source Discovery Protocol),
715–716MSOs (multiple system operators), 351MTP (Multicast Transaction Protocol), 782–783
MTU (maximum transfer unit) sizes, translational bridging, 472
Mu-law, 264mulitcast gatekeeper discovery, 416multiaccess networks, Hello protocol (OSPF), 734multicast forward VCCs, 515multicast forwarding
RPF, 711–712MBGP, 714
multicast groupsclass D addresses, 702IGMP, 706–707membership, 710
multicast routesSMRP, 784
multicast send VCCs, 515multicast server, 507multicast transfers, mixed-media networks, 475multicast transmission, 38multicast update packets
EIGRP, 679multicasting
ATM, 507CGMP, 707distribution trees
shared trees, 709, 711source trees, 708–709
Ethernet MAC address mapping, 705globally scoped addresses, 703glop addressing, 704IGMP snooping, 708IPv6, 592Layer 2 addresses, 704Layer 2 multicast addresses, 704Layer 2 switching environments, 707limited scope addresses, 704link local addresses, 703PIM, 713
dense mode, 713sparse mode, 713sparse-dense Mode, 714
reserved local link addresses, 703sessions, 765
RSVP, 766SMRP
address management, 782forwarding datagrams, 786group management, 785topology maps, 786
MMP (multichassis multilink PPP)
ITHIX.fm Page 1056 Friday, September 19, 2003 8:12 PM
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multicasting extension (LMI), 159multicasts
directed multicasts (XNS), 1018global multicasts (XNS), 1018
multihoming WCCP, 846multilayer LAN switches, 489multilink PPP, 207–208multi-mode fiber (FDDI), 138multipath, 304, 306
in analog systems, 306in non-LOS environments, 307ISI, 306spatial diversity, 314
multipath routing, IGRP, 696multipath routing algorithms, 79multiple authentication mechanisms.
See
EAPMULTIPLE_FRAME_ESTABLISHED, 202multiple-rate Ethernet, 129–131multiplexing, 16, 29–30, 582
statistical, Frame Relay, 153VCs, X.25, 225–226VLANs, 488
Multipoint control unit (MCU), 396, 398multipoint tunnels, AURP, 623multipoint-to-multipoint connections, 506multispeed NICs, 126MZAP (Multicast-Scope Zone Announcement
Protocol), 717
N
name binding, 622name confirmation (NBP), 622name lookup (NBP), 622name recognition (NBP), 622names
comparing to addresses, 28internetworks, 28
naming Cisco IOS routers, 57NAS (Network Access Server), EAP, 453–454NAUN (nearest active upstream neighbor), 1013NAUs (network addressable units), 637, 688NBAR (network-based application recognition),
926–928NBP (Name Binding Protocol), 620–622NCP (NetWare Core Protocol), 602NCP (Network Control Protocol), 181, 207NDS (NetWare Directory Services), 601
negotiationATM connection requests, 509LCP, 206
neighbor discovery/recovery mechanism, EIGRP, 676–677
neighborsLSP, 749NAUN, 1013
NET (network entity title), 561, 741NetView (IBM), 889NetWare
application layer services, 602IPX, 599
addresses, 599SAP, 601
media-access protocols, 598NetBIOS emulation software, 602remote procedure calls, 597RPC, 602transport protocols, 601upper-layer protocols, 602
NetWare Core Protocol (NCP), 602NetWare Shell, 602Network Access Server (NAS)
EAP, 453–454EAP conversations, 454
network addresses, mapping to hardware addresses, 618
SNMP SMI, 903network application layer
DECnet Phase IV, 656DNA, 650
network control information field (Level 2 PDUs), 194
network entity title (NET), 741network integrated web caching, 839network interfaces, ATM, 496network layer
addressing, end-system NSAPs, 561Banyan VINEs, 1021Hello protocol, 24OSI protocol suite, 15, 558–560PPP protocol configuration, 183XNS, 1017
network layer addresses, 24network management, 85, 922–923
accounting management, 88agents, 86architecture, 86
network management
ITHIX.fm Page 1057 Friday, September 19, 2003 8:12 PM
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as wireless solution, 316–317configuration management, 87–88DEN, 825–827Ethernet, 132fault management, 88history of, 85IBM
change management, 887configuration management, 886ONA, 888operations management, 887performance and accounting
management, 886platforms, 889–890problem management, 886SystemView, 888
management proxies, 86performance management, 87QoS, 917–918
architecture, 919–923flows, 917signaling, 920tools, 918
security management, 88–89SNMP
commands, 899data representation, 902distributed management, 910messages, 911–913MIBs, 900security, 906–907version 1, 902–904version 2, 904–906
standardization, 87network management layer
DECnet Phase IV, 656DNA, 650
network models, 814network numbers, SMRP, 782network protocols, 10, 82network service access point (NSAP), 741network-based shared caching, WCCP, 842Next Hop field (RIP 2 packets), 760next hops, 75next-hop attribute (BGP), 667NICE (Network Information and Control Exchange)
protocol, 656NICs (network interface cards), 94
ATM LANE, 512
autonegotiation, 124–125multispeed, 126UTP-based, selecting, 123
NIU (network interface unit), wireless, 315NLMs (NetWare loadable modules), 602NLOS (non-line-of-sight), 333NLSP (NetWare Link Services Protocol), 721
adjacencies, 723maintaining over LANs, 723
CSNP (complete sequence number packet), 724hello packets
LANs, 724, 727, 729WANs, 726–727
hierarchical addressing, 725hierarchical routing, 722LSPs (link-state packets), 724receipt-confirmation process, 724scalabilty, 721–722WAN links, maintaining, 723
NMSs (network management systems), 898OSS (Operational Support System), 316
NNI (Network-to-Network Interface), 382 387NNs (network nodes), 640node addresses, DECnet Phase IV, 651–652node IDs (LocalTalk), 614node management, SMRP, 783Node type 2.1 routing, 689nodes
AppleTalk, 609name binding, 622reachability, 624zones, 611
APPN, 639LENs, directory services, 642LocalTalk, CSMA/CA, 614SDLC, 215–216SNA, 638
noise-mitigating countermeasures, CMTS, 363noncanonical formats, bit ordering, 472nonextended AppleTalk networks, 610non-line-of-sight microwave systems, multipath,
304–307notification messages, MGCP, 277Novell
IPX encapsulation types, 600NLSP, 721
adjacencies, 723hierarchical routing, 722
as wireless solution
ITHIX.fm Page 1058 Friday, September 19, 2003 8:12 PM
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NRM (normal response mode), 219NSAP (network service access point), 741NSAP encoding
Address fields, 560–561ATM addresses, 504–505end-system NSAPs, 561shortcuts, 519
n-selector, 561NSP (Network Services Protocol), 655NT1 (network termination type 1), 171NT2 (network termination type 2), 171NVEs (Network-Visible Entities), 620–622NVRAM (nonvolatile RAM), 53
running configuration, saving to NVRAM, 58startup config, viewing, 58–59
Nyquist’s theorem, 201, 257
O
object classes, RSVP, 774–775object identifier (MIB), 900objective scoring (voice quality), MOS tests, 265object-oriented information modeling, 809–811
CIM (Common Information Model), 813–814DEN, 814–815
application of, 829–830business policy model, 822–823directory services, 818–819in Cisco products, 830–831intelligent networking, 819, 821–822network management, 825–827schemata, 827
data models, hierarchical structure, 811–812directories, 815
OCP-NNI (Optical Control Plane Network-to-Network Interface), 387
OCP-UNI (Optical Control Plane User Network Interface), 385–386
OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing), 311, 313–314
ommand-control facility, NetView, 890ONA (Open Network Architecture), 885, 888one-time password (OTP), 453one-way hash, 207one-way operation, CATV, 353on-pass connection establishment (ATM), 509ONTs (Optical Network Terminals), 375ONUs (Optical Network Units), 375
opaques (SNMP SMI), 903Open System Interconnection.
See
OSIoperational model, RSVP, 768
general operation, 769tunneling, 770weighted fair queuing, 770
operational states, Frame Relay PVCs, 156operations management (IBM), 887optical bypass switch (FDDI), 143optical fiber, comparing to copper media, 138optical networking, 373
10GE networks, 379AOMs, 374core optical networks, 374DWDM, 373EPONs, 375extended long-haul networks, 378FTTH, 373G.ASON, 382
control plane, 383UCP, 383–385
GE networks, 379GMPLS, 379
LMP, 380–381LSRs, 379–380UNI, 382
long-haul networks, 376–377metro, 374metro access networks, 376OCP-NNI, 387OCP-UNI, 385–386PONs, 375protection and restoration, 387–388transparent optical networks, 376ULH networks, 378
optimality, routing algorithms, 77origin attribute (BGP), 666Origin Data-Link Correlator field (DLSw message
header), 553Origin DLC Port ID field (DLSw message
header), 553Origin LSAP field (DLSw message header), 552Origin MAC Address field (DLSw message
header), 552Origin Transport ID field (DLSw message
header), 553OSI (Open System Interconnection), 393
See also
OSI reference modelIDRP, 751–752
OSI (Open System Interconnection)
ITHIX.fm Page 1059 Friday, September 19, 2003 8:12 PM
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networks, 739operations, 740
ES-IS, 740–742IDRP, 751–752IS-IS, 742–749LSP, 749
OSI reference model, 7application layer, 17, 564–565data link layer, 14–15, 65–66, 558LAN switching, 489layers
characteristics, 9control information, 12information exchange, 12–13interaction between, 11services, 11–12
mapping to AppleTalk protocol suite, 627media-access implementations, AppleTalk, 612network layer, 15, 558
addressing, 560–561connectionless network service, 559connection-oriented network service, 559
physical layer, 13–14, 558presentation layer, 16, 563relationship to DECnet Phase IV DNA network
architecture, 650relationship to DECnet/OSI DNA network
architecture, 652relationship to IEEE 802.3, 96–97session layer, 13, 16, 562transport layer, 16, 562upper-layer protocols
AppleTalk implementations, 624–625transparency, 66
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), 731adjacencies, 734area partitioning, 732areas, 732–733backbone, 732designated routers, 734Hello protocol, 734metrics, 735packet format, 734routing hierarchy, 732TOS-based routing, 735variable-length subnet masks, 736
OSS (Operational Support System), 316OTNs (Optical Transport Networks), 376OTP (one-time password), 453
OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier), 23output, Cisco 3640 startup, 54overhead bits, link efficiency, 921overlaid point-to-multipoint connections, 507overlay model (UCP), 384overload bypass, WCCP, 847
P
P/F (poll/final) bit (SDLC), 217Packet Capture group (RMON), 895packet communication model, XNS, 1016Packet Exchange Protocol (PEP), 1019packet scheduler, RSVP, 769packet sniffers, 795packet switching, 46Packet type field, IDP packets, 1017packet-based networks
VoATM, voice quality, 255VoFR, 262
addressing, 262–263signaling, 262voice quality, 263
voice/data integrationapplications, 253–254market viability, 252QoS, 948VoATM, 254–255
VoIP, 255, 263packets, 18
CSNP (complete sequence number packet), 724DDP, 627
encapsulation, 615FLAP encapsulation, 615–616
EIGRP, 679encapsulation, AURP, 623error-checking, 29exception notifications, 1026forwarding, 75fragmentation, 272IDP (Internet Datagram Protocol), fields,
1017–1018interesting traffic, 209IP, 571–572IPv6
header format, 589headers, 590
IPX, 602
OSI (Open System Interconnection)
ITHIX.fm Page 1060 Friday, September 19, 2003 8:12 PM
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ISH, 740IS-IS, 744–746LSP, 744, 749LSPs (link-state packets), 724metric notifications, 1026multicast transmission, 38multiplexing, 29–30OSPF, 734path determination, 74PLP, fields, 228RIP, format, 758–759RIP v2, 759RSVP
message header fields, 772, 774object fields, 774–775
SIP, 421–431SMRP, 787–788SPP, 1018SRP, 445–447tagging, 272tail drops, 937TCP, 585tracking, 583unreliable datagram service, 1027variable-length, 153
packet-switched networks, Frame Relay, 153PAD (packet assembler/disassembler), 224PAP (Password Authentication Protocol), 206PAP (Printer Access Protocol), 624, 627PAR (Positive Acknowledgment and
Retransmission), 583parabolic antenna, 333partial deployment, RSVP, 770partially connected multipoint tunnels
AURP, 623passive link (dual homing), 145passive state, topology-table entries, 678passwords, OTP, 453path attributes (BGP), 714path control network (SNA), 635path cost, bridge ports, 465path determination, 74
convergence, 77destination/next hop routing table, 74link-state advertisements, 74metrics, 80–81
path length, 81path loss, 333path messages (RSVP), 771
path selection, BGP, 671path-error messages (RSVP), 771path-teardown messages (RSVP), 772payload, link efficiency, 921payload (cells), 18Payload length field (Level 2 PDUs), 195PBR (policy-based routing), 926PBXs (private branch exchanges), 171, 394PCM (pulse code modulated) voice, 264PCS (media-dependent physical coding
sublayer), 110PDLM (Packet Description Language Module), 928PDUs (protocol data units), 19
cells (SIP), 189–190Level 2, 194Level 3, 192–193
SAR (segmentation and reassembly), 503SIP Level 3, fields, 192–193SNMPv2 messages, 911–913
peak factor, DOCSIS, 366PEAP (Protected EAP), 456peer model (UCP), 384–385peer-based networking, APPN, 639
node types, 639services, 640–641, 643
peer-to-peer intelligence, HSSI, 168penetration rate, DOCSIS, 366PEP (Packet Exchange Protocol), 1019performance
ADSL, 340network management, 85
agents, 86architecture, 86history of, 85management proxies, 86standardization, 87–89
switches, 65VoATM, 255
performance and accounting management (IBM), 886
performance monitor, NetView, 890peripheral nodes, 638Perlman, Radia, 731PGM (Pragmatic General Multicast), 717phases of communication, SVC s, 46physical addressing, 14physical connections, Token Ring, 1010physical entities, SNA, 635physical layer, 9, 558
physical layer
ITHIX.fm Page 1061 Friday, September 19, 2003 8:12 PM
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AppleTalk, 612ATM reference model, 501DNA, 650IEEE 802.3, 98, 106–109ISDN frames, 173–174media access, DECnet, 653PPP, requirements, 182X.21bis, 228
physical models, 814physical units,
637piecemeal deployment, RSVP, 770PIM (protocol-independent multicast), 713
dense mode, 713sparse mode, 713
MSDP, 715sparse-dense Mode, 714
ping command, 581PIUs (path information units), 645–646PKI (Public Key Infrastructure), 235
EAP, 455–456PLAR (Private Line Automatic Ringdown)
circuits, 283platforms, IBM network management, 889–890playout buffer, 270PLP (Packet-Layer Protocol), 227–228PMA (physical medium attachment), 110PMD (physical medium-dependent) sublayer, 112,
139, 501PNNI (private network-to-network interface),
261, 510point-to-multipoint connections
ATM, 506overlaid, 507
point-to-point conferences (H.323), 274point-to-point connections
ATM, 506Ethernet, 94
point-to-point links, 44Point-to-Point Protocol.
See
PPPpoint-to-point subnetworks, ES-IS, 740point-to-point tunnels, AURP, 623poison-reverse updates, 697policies
DEN, 825QoS, 271–272
QPM, 946policing, 271
CAR, 927traffic, 921
policing traffic, CAR, 939Policy Framework working group, 823policy models, 814polling, 86PONs (passive optical networks), 375
customer requirements, 375popularity of routing, 73ports
FDDI DAS, 140on switches, 66
Positive Acknowledgment and Retransmission (PAR), 583
POTS (plain old telephone service), 201power consumption, DMT, 343PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), 181
authentication, 206connection establishment, 205–207frames, 182–183L2TP, 240LCP
frames, 184link quality determination, 183link termination, 183
link layer, 182–183NCPs, 181network layer protocol configuration, 183physical layer requirements, 182
PQCBWFQ (priority queue class-based WFQ), 936PRE (preamble),
Ethernet frames, 98FDDI frames, 146
precedence bits, setting, 926–927predefined community attributes (BGP), 669predictive codecs, 264–265predictive service, 765preempted service (optical networks), 388premises networks, 315prepending headers to DDP packets, 616presentation layer (OSI model), 16, 563, 657
AppleTalk, 625PRI (Primary Rate Interface), 173, 203primaries (SDLC), 216primary nodes
SMRP, 783SDLC, 215
prioritizing Frame Relay traffic, 263priority field (Token Ring), 1012priority queue class-based weighted fair queuing,
936
physical layer
ITHIX.fm Page 1062 Friday, September 19, 2003 8:12 PM
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priority system, Token Ring, 1012private addressing schemes, VoATM, 260–261private ATM addressing, 505private branch exchange (PBX), 171, 394private enterprise networks, Frame Relay, 161private networks, DDOS attacks, 7private network-to-network interface, 261, 510private NNIs, 496private UNIs, 496privileged mode, 55proactive performance management, 87problem management (IBM), 886processors, 53propagation delay, VoIP, 267proprietary trunk protocols, 488Protected EAP (PEAP), 456protected service restoration, optical networks,
387–388Protocol Data Units.
See
PDUsProtocol Discriminator field (Frame Relay
LMI), 163Protocol field (PPP frames), 183Protocol ID field (DLSw message header), 551protocol operations (SNMPv2), 905protocol-dependent modules, EIGRP, 677proxy (H.323), 273proxy servers, 518, 839
SIP, 280PSC (Packet Switch-Capable) LSRs, 379PSEs (packet-switching exchanges), X.25, 226PSK (phase shift keying), 308PSTN (public switched telephone network), 393PS-users (presentation-service users), 563PT (payload type) field, ATM cells, 498PTI (Packet Type Identifier) field (PLP packets), 228public addressing schemes, VoATM, 260–261public carrier-provided networks, Frame Relay, 160Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), EAP, 455–456public NNIs, 496public switched telephone network, 393public UNIs, 496PUs (physical units), 637PVCs (permanent virtual circuits), 47
CIR, 263Frame Relay, 156X.25, 226
Q
Q.2931 public network signaling protocol, 508QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation, 308
with DFE, 311QDM (Quality of Service Device Manager),
922, 946QLLC (Qualified Logical Link Control), 220QoS (quality of service), 271–272, 395, 917–918
architecture, 919–923end-to-end, 922–923signaling, 920within a single network element, 920–921
ATM, 508baselining, 922CAR, 927–928classification, 925congestion management, 928
class-based WFQ, 935–936custom queuing, 930FIFO queuing, 929flow-based WFQ, 931–935priority queuing, 929–930
congestion-avoidance tools, 937flow RED, 938–939WRED, 937–938
differentiated service, signaling, 926flows, 917for packetized voice, 948for streaming video, 949guaranteed, 944link efficiency mechanisms, 942–944
LFI, 942–943management, 922, 945–946MPLS, 535–536, 947NBAR, 928on Ethernet, 946–947PBR (policy-based routing), 926policy control architecture, 947Precedence bits, weight, 934RSVP, 763, 766
confirmation messages, 771error messages, 771operational model, 769–770path messages, 771path-error messages, 771reservation-request messages, 771teardown messages, 772
service levels, 922–923
QoS (quality of service)
ITHIX.fm Page 1063 Friday, September 19, 2003 8:12 PM
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tools, 918traffic policing, CAR, 939traffic shaping
FRTS, 941–942GTS, 940
QPM (QoS Policy Manager), 946QPM (Quality of Service Policy Manager), 922QPSK (quadrature phase shift keying), 308
nominal DOCSIS upstream data rates, 359–360qualifier bit (QLLC), 220quality of service (QoS), 395queries, EIGRP, 679queuing management, 920queuing methods, 920
D-WFQ, 935WRR, 946
queuing multicast transactions, MTP, 783quick mode (IKE), 240
R
radio frequency spread spectrum, 312RADIUS (Remote Access Dial-In User Service),
208, 453–454RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol), 579rate-sensitive traffic, 765RD (routing domain), 752RDI (routing doman identifier), 752RDNs (relative distinguished names), 816reachability
AppleTalk nodes, 624NLSP, 723
reactive performance management, 87read command (SNMP), 899real-time services, SIP, 421–431receipt-confirmation process, NLSP, 724receivers, resource reservations, 768reconciliation sublayer (MAC addresses), 109RED (Random Early Detection), 271redirect message (ICMP), 581redundancy
cache clusters, 846fault management, Token Ring networks,
1012–1013FDDI, 142
dual homing, 144dual ring topology, 142–143optical bypass switch, 143
reference points, ISDN, 172registrars, SIP, 280registration process
CM, DOCSIS specification, 361gateways, 416LECs, 517
REL (Release) message, 405–406reliability, 81
MGCP, 278UDP, 585–586
reliable message service, 1027reliable transport services, 582reload/refresh command, 853reloading, 61remote bridges, 67Remote Data-Link Correlator field (DLSw message
header), 551Remote DLC Port ID field (DLSw message
header), 551remote procedure calls, 597remote-access VPNs, 234repeaters, 40replies, EIGRP, 679repositories
data modeling, 811–812directories, 815directory services, 815
request-queue entries, MTP, 783requests
gatekeeper discovery, 416information, 421location, 419modes, 409SIP messages, 422–425
requirementsATM traffic, timing, 502bandwidth, VoIP, 266–269link crossover, 122PPP physical layer operation, 182
reservation field (Token Ring), 1012reservation-request messages (RSVP), 771reservation-request teardown messages (RSVP), 772reservations, 766reserved local link addresses, 703residential PONs, 375resource-management service, IBM common-
operations services, 887
QoS (quality of service)
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resourcesavailability, 421entity names, 621
response-queue entries, MTP, 783responses, SIP, 422–425restarting mode (PLP), 228Reverse Address Resolution Protocol, 759reverse proxy caching, WCCP, 850RFCs (Requests for Comments), 569
RFC 1006, TP0 over TCP, 655RIB (routing information base), 752RIF (routing information field), 472
fields, 481–482SRB, 481translational bridging, 475
RII (routing information indicator) bit, 481ring number, translational bridges, 474ring topologies, 38RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
AFI, 759metric, 758packets, 758–759RFCs, 757routing table entries, 761routing updates, 757stability, 758timers, 758
RIPv 2, packet format, 759RLC (Release Complete) message, 405–406RMON (Remote Monitoring), 893
groups, 894–895robbed-bit signaling, 203, 258robustness
DEN, 829QPSK, 308routing algorithms, 77
ROM, 53root bridge, selecting (STA), 466root path cost, 466root ports, 466ROSE (Remote Operations Service Element),
565, 657round-trip delay determination, 408route selection, SRB, 480–481route states, EIGRP topology-tables, 678Route Tag field (RIP v2 packets), 760routed protocols, 82router of last resort, 79router-intelligent routing algorithms, 80
routersdial backup, 47dial-on-demand, 47discovery
EIGRP, 676ES-IS, 740–742IDRP, 751–752memory, 53reloading, 61version, displaying, 56–57
routes, leaking, 751route-tagging, EIGRP, 678route-timeout timer (RIP), 758routing
autonomous systems, 75backbone, 79comparing to bridging, 73DECnet, 654discovery process, PNNI, 510domains, 79EIGRP
neighbor tables, 677topology tables, 677
hierarchical, 532IDRP, 752loops, 77metric, 74metrics, 74, 80–81path determination, 74popularity of, 73SNA
APPN, 692APPN connection network, 691APPN routing, 689–691COS, 685–687explicit routes, 684–685session connectors, 683subarea routing, 688TGs, 684virtual routes, 684–685
update messages, 74VoATM, 261
routing algorithmsconvergence, 77design goals, 77distance vector, 80dynamic, 79efficiency, 77flat, 79
routing algorithms
ITHIX.fm Page 1065 Friday, September 19, 2003 8:12 PM
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flexibility, 78hierarchical, 79host-intelligent, 80interdomain, 80intradomain, 80link-state, 80multipath, 79optimality, 77robustness, 77router-intelligent, 80single-path, 79static, 78–79
Routing Control field (SRB frames), 481–482routing delay, 81routing designator field (SRB frames), 482routing domain identifier (RDI), 752routing domains, 75routing information base (RIB), 752routing layer (DNA), 650routing loops, split horizon, 697routing protocols, 10
BGP, 663attributes, 664–670CIDR, 664
distance vector, 695NLSP, 721
adjacencies, 723hello packets, 726–727, 729hierarchical addressing, 725hierarchical routing, 722LSPs, 724reachability, 723receipt-confirmation process, 724scalability, 721sending LAN hello packets, 724WAN links, maintaining, 723
OSPF, 731areas, 732–733backbone, 732metrics, 735packet format, 734routing hierarchy, 732TOS-based routing, 735
RIPmetric, 758packet format, 758–759RFCs, 757stability, 758timers, 758
RIPv 2, packet format, 759SMRP, 779–780
example transaction session, 787forwarding multicast datagrams, 786MTP (Multicast Transaction ProtocoL),
782–783multicast address management, 782multicast group management, 785multicast routes, 784node management, 783packet format, 787–788terminology, 779–780topology maps, 786
SPF algorithms, 734routing tables
example, 74RIP, 761RTMP, 620
routing updates, RIP, 757routing-update timer, RIP, 758RPs (rendezvous points), 709
Anycast RP, 716RPC (Remote Procedure Call), NetWare, 602RPF (Reverse Path Forwarding), 711–714RS (redirect servers), SIP, 280RS-232 specification, 155RSS (route-selection services), 687RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol), 944
confirmation messages, 771data flows, 764–765
traffic types, 765error messages, 771history, 763multicast sessions, initiating, 766object classes, 774–775operational model, 768
general operation, 769tunneling, 770weighted fair queuing, 770
packets, format, 772, 774–775path messages, 771path-error messages, 771QoS, 766reservation request messages, 771reservation styles, 766
implications, 767scheduler, 769soft state, 768teardown messages, 772
routing algorithms
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RTCP (RTP Control Protocol), 409RTMP (Routing Table Maintenance Protocol), 620RTP (Rapid-Transport Protocol), 690RTP (real-time protocol), 409RTP (Reliable Transport Protocol), 676RTP (Routing Table Protocol), 1021, 1025RTP Control Protocol (RTCP), 409RTP header compression, 267, 944RTSE (Reliable Transfer Service Element), 565, 657RTU (rooftop units), 315running configuration, viewing, 57–58runts, 488
SSA (source address), Ethernet frames, 98sampling, Nyquist theorem, 201, 257SAN (storage area networking) model, 857–858,
860–861SAP (service access point), 11–12SAP (Service Advertisement Protocol), 601, 1015SAR (segmentation and reassembly) sublayer,
AAL3/4, 503SAs, 238SAS (single-attachment station), FDDI, 140SASEs (specific-application service elements), 565saving running configuration to NVRAM, 58scalability
NLSP, 721–722SIP, 280
scalable clustering, WCCP, 845scalar objects (SNMP), 900scheduler (RSVP), 769schemata, 809
DEN, 814SCNs (switched circuit networks), 274scopes
explicit, FF (fixed-filter) reservations, 767wildcard, WF (wildcard-filter) reservations,
766SDLC (Synchronous Data Link Control)
comparing to HDLC, 219derivative protocols, 218–220frames, 216–217primaries, 216primary nodes, 215secondaries, 216secondary nodes, 215
SDP (Session Description Protocol), 425–426SDSL (Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line), 345SDUs (Service Data Units), 19, 189SE (shared-explicit) reservations, 767SEAL (simple and efficient adaptation layer), 503secondary nodes (SLDC), 215–216secure VPNs, 233security
DDOS attacks, vulnerability of Internet, 7DOS attacks, resource reservation, 20EAP-TLS, 456IPSec, 234
AH, 236ESP, 236IKE, 238–240SAs, 238transport mode, 237tunnel mode, 237
L2TP, 243policies, 797–798SNMP, 906–907threats, mitigating, 801tools, 802–803VPNs
client-aware tunneling, 242client-transparent tunneling, 241L2TP, 240
vulnerabilities, 794–797security management, standardization, 88–89security wheel, 798, 800segment type field (Level 2 PDUs), 194segmentation, LAN switches, 66Segmentation unit field (Level 2 PDUs), 194segments, 18
microsegmentation, 485SEL (selector byte), NSAP format ATM
addresses, 504SEL (selector field), ATM addresses, 506selecting
1000BaseX components, 128CMTS backbone, 364QoS type of service, 923root bridge (STA), 466routes, SRB, 480–481UTP-based components, 123
selecting best path BGP, 671metrics, 80–81
Selector field (DSP), 561
Selector field (DSP)
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senders, resource reservations, 768Sequenced Packet Protocol (SPP), 1018serialization delay, 921servers
CA, EAP-TLS, 456DOCSIS CMTS specifications, 360–361RADIUS, EAP authentication, 453–454UAS, 426
service levels (QoS), 922differentiated service, signaling, 926
servicesAPPN, 642–643
configuration services, 641directory services, 641routing services, 642session services, 643
ATM, 498–499flow specifications, 764
RSVP traffic types, 765H.450, 410–411ISDN, 173LLC, 219–220OSI layers, 11–12SIP, 421–431
session connectors (SNA), 683session control layer, DECnet Phase IV, 657session control layer (DNA), 650Session Description Protocol (SDP), 425–426session establishment, APPN, 643Session Initation Protocol. See SIP, 421session layer, DECnet/OSI DNA, 658session layer protocols
ADSP, 625AppleTalk, 625ASP, 626PAP, 627ZIP, 626
session protocol (OSI protocol suite), 562session service, 563sessions, 765
AppleTalk, 626multicast, 765RSVP multicast, initiating, 766simplex, 765X.25, establishing, 225
sessions layer (OSI model), 13, 16Set operation (SNMPv1), 904setting IP precedence bits, 926–927setting CLP bit, 508
setting the C bit, 473Setup messages, H.323 network devices, 401–402severity levels for system messages, 60S-frames (supervisory frames), 228shaping traffic, 921
FRTS, 941–942GTS, 940
shared reservations, 766shared trees, 709, 711short DDP packets, 627shortcuts (MPOA), 519shortcuts (NSAP addresses), 519show queue command, 934show version command, 56–57signaling
ADSL, 342–343ATM, 508
connection establishment, 509basband transmission, 106–108basic telephony service, 256DSSS (direct sequence spread spectrum), 312end-to-end, SIP, 421–431FHSS, 313ISDN, 175, 178maintenance loops method, 409QoS, 920robbed bit, 258SIP, 279–280
VoATM, 259–260VoFR, 262VoIP, comparing alternatives, 283
signaling rate, HSSI, 167signaling transfer points (STPs), 393Simple Gateway Control Protocol, 276simplex sessions, 765single-mode fiber (FDDI), 138single-path routing algorithms, 79SIP (Session Initiation Protocol), 279–280, 421–431
addressing, 281call flow, 281comparing to MGCP, 283endpoints, 279Level 2 PDUs, 194Level 3 PDUs, 189, 192–193messages, 281methods, 281
SIP (SMDS Interface Protocol), 188Skinny Station Protocol, 285
senders, resource reservations
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sliding windows, 583slot time, 101SMDS (Switched Multimegabit Data Service), 187
AAL3/4, 503access classes, 191addressing, 191Level 2 PDU, 194Level 3 PDU, 192–193network components, 187SDUs (service data units), 189SIP (SMDS Interface Protocol), 188
SMI (Structure of Management Information), 902–904
SMRP (Simple Multicast Routing Protocol), 779–780
example transaction session, 787MTP (Multicast Transaction Protocol), 782–
783multicast address management, 782multicast routes, 784multicasting
forwarding datagrams, 786group management, 785
node management, 783packet format, 787–788terminology, 779–780topology maps, 786
SMT (Station Management) specification, FDDI, 139
SNAAPPN, 639, 689–691
border nodes, 692DLUR/S, 691ISR, 690nodes, 639Node type 2.1 routing, 689routing services, 642services, 641–643session services, 643
architecture, 634COS, 685
APPN routing, 686–687subarea routing, 685
DLC, 636explicit routes, 684–685IBM network management, 885NAUs, 637nodes, 638path control network, 635
physical entities, 635session connectors, 683subarea routing, 688TGs, 684ToS, 948virtual routes, 684–685
SNAP, 600SNI (SNA network interconnection) gateways, 683SNI (subscriber network interface)
SMDS, 187SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
agents, 898, 1003commands, 899data representation, 902distributed management, 910managed devices, 898managed objects
ASN.1 data types, 902SMI-specific data types, 903
MIBs, 900security, 906–907traversal operations, 899USM model, 909–910VACM, 910version 1, 902
message formats, 911, 913MIB tables, 903protocol operations, 903–904SMI, 902–903
version 2, 904, 906information modules, 904messages, 911protocol operations, 905SMI, 904
snooping, 708SNPA (subnetwork point of attachment), 742sockets, 608
ATP (AppleTalk Transaction Protocol), 624well-known, 1018
SOF (Start-of-frame) delimiter, Ethernet, 98soft savings, packet-based voice systems, 251soft state (RSVP), 768software agents, 86solutions, wireless, 316–317
access networks, 316core networks, 316deployment, 317premises networks, 315
Source Address field (FDDI), 146
Source Address field (FDDI)
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Source host number field (IPD packets), 1018Source network number field (IDP packets), 1018source routing, 80source trees, 708–709source-quench messages, 28source-route bridging, 65–66source-route transparent bridging, 65sparse mode (PIM), 713–716sparse-dense Mode (PIM), 714spatial diversity, 314specifications
ATM, 494CDDI cable, 147FDDI, 139
spectrum management, CMTS, 363SPF (Shortest Path First) algorithm, 731, 734split horizon, 697SPP (Sequenced Packet Protocol), 1018spread spectrum, 312
FHHS, 313SPT (shortest path tree), 709SPX (Sequenced Packet Exchange), 601SRB (source-route bridging), 479
comparing to DLSw, 543explorer frames, 480frames
Routing Control field, 481–482routing designator fields, 482
RIF (routing information field), 481–482route selection, 480–481translational bridging, 473–475
SRP (Spatial Reuse Protocol), 441multicast support, 448packets, 442, 445–447
SRP-fa, 442SRT (source-route transparent bridging), 476SS7 (Signaling System 7) networks, connecting, 431SSAPs (session-service access points), 562SSCP (system services control point), SNA COS,
685–686SSCPs (system services control points), 637, 688SSD (start-of-stream delimiter), 113SSP (Switch-to-Switch Protocol), 541, 545SSP Flags field (DLSw message header), 552SSRP (Simple Server Redundancy Protocol), 514SS-users, 562STA (spanning-tree algorithm), 465–467
BPDUs, 467
bridge portspath cost, 465
calculating, 467mixed media implementations, 474translational bridging, 473
stabilityIGRP, 696–697RIP, 758
standalone caches, 840standard Frame Relay frames, 161–162standardization of network management, 87
accounting management, 88configuration management, 87–88fault management, 88performance management, 87security management, 88–89
standardsADSL, 344data communications, 203, 205Frame Relay, 154ITU-T, H-series recommendations, 272OSI network layer, 559voice coding, ITU-T, 265voice/data integration, 251
standards organizations, 30–31standby condition, bridge ports, 465star topology, 39
Token Ring, 1009, 1012start delimiter, Token Ring frames, 1014Start Delimiter (FDDI frames), 146Start Delimiter field (Token Ring), 1013starting RSVP multicast sessions, 766Start-of-frame delimiter (SOF), 98startup config, viewing, 58–59static addresses, 27static routing, 580static routing algorithms, 78–79Station field (DSP), 561statistical multiplexing, 30
Frame Relay, 153Statistics group (RMON), 894status messages, LMI, 158status monitor, NetView, 890statusDeterminationNumber field, 407storage networking, 857–858, 860–861store-and-forward switching, 68, 488storing web pages, 837–838
browser-based client caching, 840proxy servers, 839
Source host number field (IPD packets)
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standalone caches, 840WCCP, 841–843, 845, 847, 849–850Web Cache Control Protocol, 842–843
stovepipe application designs, 820STPs (signaling transfer points), 393stranded groups (SMRP), detecting, 786streaming video, QoS, 949StreetTalk, 1027styles of RSVP reservations, implications, 767subarea nodes, 638subarea routing, 688
COS, 685subfields
DNIC, 230of Routing Control field, 481Routing Control field, 482Routing Designator field, 482
sublayersAAL3/4, 503data link layer (OSI model), 15
Subnet Mask field (RIP 2 packets), 760subnet masks, 575–578subnets, 575
ATM, 504VLANs, 486
subnetwork point of attachment (SNPA), 742subnetworks, ES-IS, 740–742subsystems, security management, 88–89summarization, EIGRP, 675SuperFrames, 258supervision signaling, 256
basic telephony service, 256Supervisory frames (SDLC), 217SVCs (switched virtual circuits)
Frame Relay, 156X.25, 226–227phases of communication, 46
switch ports, modes, 487switched circuits, 45
dial backup, 47Switched Multimegabit Data Service. See SMDSswitching, 37, 65–66, 68, 75
10/100, 489asymmetric, 489ATM, 69
cell delineation, 501cell header format, 496, 498cell-rate decoupling, 501endpoints, 495
HEC, 501ILMI, 510LANE, 511–512leaves, 506MPOA, 519multicast server, 507multicasting, 507network interfaces, 496PNNI, 510QoS, 508services, 498–499signaling, 508transmission path, 499VBR traffic, 502VCCs, 515VCs, 498virtual paths, 499VP multicast, 507
Catalyst 2924XL, 66Catalyst 6500, 66comparing to bridging, 66CSMA/CD networks, 125–126cut-through, 66, 488full-duplex mode, 37LANs, 70Layer 2 multicasting, 707performance, 65PSEs, X.25, 226store-and-forward, 488symmetric, 489WANs, 47
Switch-to-Switch Protocol, 541, 545symbols, 308
ISI (intersymbol interference), 306Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL), 345symmetric switching, 489synchronization, directory services, 819–820syntax, directory attributes, 817system messages, severity levels, 60system models, 814system services control poin, 637, 688SystemView (IBM), 888
TT1/E1, 202–203
CAS, 203PRI, 203
T1/E1
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T2 (node type 2), 638T4 (node type 4), 638T5 (node type 5), 638tables
capabilityTable, 407SNMP MIB, 903ZIT (Zone Information Table), 626
tabular objects (SNMP), 900TACACS, 208tag switching, 947
QoS, 535–536tagging packets, 272tail drops, 937Target Data-Link Correlator field (DLSw message
header), 553Target LSAP field (DLSw message header), 552Target MAC Address field (DLSw message
header), 552TC (transmission convergence) sublayer, 501TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), 582
connection establishment, 582flow control, 582multiplexing, 582packets, 585sliding window, 583
TDM (time-division mulitplexing), 30, 202, 393TE1 (terminal equipment type 1), 171, 396TE2 (terminal equipment type 2), 171teardown messages (RSVP), 772technology breakthroughs, voice/data integration,
251–252telco return data service, 365telephony service. See basic telephony serviceterminal adapters (ISDN), 49, 202terminal equipment type 1 (TE1), 396terminals, H.323, 273, 396, 407terminology, SMRP, 779–780TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) servers,
CMTS DOCSIS specification, 360TG (transmission group), 684, 687threats to network security, 794–797
mitigating, 801solutions, 798–800
three-way handshakes, 583throughput, full-duplex operation, 486ticks, 599time slots, MULTIPLE_FRAME_ESTABLISHED,
202time ticks (SNMP SMI), 903
time variation, 307time-division mulitplexing, 30, 202, 393time-exceeded message (ICMP), 581timers
AMT, 618IGR , 697RIP, 758
time-sharing networks, 5timing requirements, ATM traffic, 502TLAP (TokenTalk Link Access Protocol), 614–615TLVS, 748–749TOD (Time of Day) servers, CMTS DOCSIS
specification, 360token buckets, 927token passing LANs, FDDI, 138Token Ring, 1009
active monitor, 1012autoreconfiguration, 1012data/command frames, fields, 1014determinism, 1012early token release, 1012failure domains, 1012fault management, 1012–1013frame fields, 1013–1014frame-status bits, 472NAUN, 1013physical connections, 1010priority system, 1012RIF field handling, 472source-route bridging, 65SRT, 476star topology, 1012token passing, 1011translational bridging, 473–475
challenges of, 471–472token-passing LANs, 37
FDDI, 137, 145switches, 37Token Ring, 1011
TokenTalk, 614TLAP, 615
topologiesareas, 19bus, 613campus, 131data link layer, 14–15domains, 19, 79dual ring (FDDI), 142–143Ethernet, 94
T2 (node type 2)
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LANs, 38–39loops, 465–467ring, 38Token Ring, 1009, 1012
topology maps, SMRP, 786topology tables
EIGRP, 677route states, 678
topology-change messages, transparent bridging, 467–468
ToS (Type of Service), 735, 948TP0 (Transport Protocol Class 0), 562TP1 (Transport Protocol Class 1), 562TP2 (Transport Protocol Class 2), 562TP3 (Transport Protocol Class 3), 562TP4 (Transport Protocol Class 4), 562TP-PMD (Twisted-Pair Physical Medium
Dependent) standard, 147TPRI (transmission priority), APPN, 687tracking
gatekeepers, 397packets, 583
traffic, 729ATM
timing requirements, 502VBR, 502
bandwidth, 81CBR (constant bit rate), 501classification method, 926, 928classification methods
CAR, 927D-, 928
collisions, 614congestion management, 920, 928
class-based WFQ, 935–936custom queuing, 930FIFO queuing, 929flow-based WFQ, 931–933, 935priority queuing, 929–930
congestion-avoidance techniques, 937flow RED, 938–939WRED, 937–938
data flowsflow specifications, 764–765RSVP, 765
differentiated service, 922filtering, 464flow control, 28
ARB (adaptive rate-based), 691
DLSw, 546QoS, 918
Frame Relaycontrolling, 157–158prioritizing, 263
guaranteed service, 922interesting, 209LAN switching, bandwidth, 489MPLS engineering, 751multiplexing, 29–30policing, 271, 921
CAR, 939QoS classification, 925queue management, 920shaping, 921
FRTS, 941–942GTS, 940
VLANs, multiplexing, 488traffic contracts, 508traffic engineering, 537traffic localization, web caching, 838–839traffic policing, 508traffic shaping, 271, 508trailers, 12
encapsulation, 13transaction services, ATP, 624transfer modes, HDLC, 219translational bridging, 65, 68, 473–475
challenges of, 471–472explorer frames, 472ring number, 474
transmission media, FDDI, 138transmission methods, LANs, 38transmission path (ATM), 499transmission process, DDP, 619transparency
upper-layer protocols, 66WCCP, 842
transparent bridging, 65, 463configuration messages, 467–468filtering, 464history, 463loops, 464SRT, 476STA, 465
calculating, 467designated bridge selection, 466root bridge selection, 466
topology-change messages, 467–468translational bridging, 473–475
transparent bridging
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transparent caching, WCCP, 842–843transparent optical networks, 376Transport control field, IDP packets, 1017Transport ID field (DLSw message header), 553transport layer protocols, 16, 562
ATP, 624AppleTalk, 619
NBP, 620, 622RTMP, 620
DECnet Phase IV, 655TCP, 582
connection establishment, 583packets, 584–585PAR, 583sliding windows, 584
transport layer servicesBanyan VINES, 1027
transport mode (IPSec), 237Transport Protocol Classes, 562transport protocols
connectionless, 20connection-oriented, 20DECnet/OSI, 655PGM (Pragmatic General Multicast), 717SPX, 601UDP, 585–586XNS, 1018–1019
trap command (SNMP), 899, 904traversal operations (SNMP), 899tree topologies, 39triggered updates, IGRP, 696troubleshooting IBM problem management, 887trunks, 487trusted VPNs, 233TTL (time-to-live), configuring web content, 852tunnel mode (IPSec), 237
SMRP, 783tunneling
AURP, 622RSVP, 770
two-way operation, CATV, 353two-way transmission, 103–104Type field (EAP), 452–453
UUAC (user agent client), 426UAS (user agent server), 426UBR (unspecified bit rate), 258UCP (unified control plane), 383
overlay model, 384peer model, 384–385
UDP (User Datagram Protocol), 585–586AURP encapsulation, 623
U-frames (unnumbered frames), 228u-law, 257ULH (ultra long-haul) networks, 378unacknowledged connectionless service (LLC), 219UNI (user-to-network interface), 382
OCP-UNI, 385–386UNI 3.1 specification, 508unicast gatekeeper discovery, 416unicast sessions, 765unicast transfers, mixed-media networks, 475unicast transmission, LANs, 38unicast update packets, EIGRP, 679unicasting, IPv6, 591Unified Messaging systems, 253unified namespace directories, 818unified network management, DEN, 821U-NII (Unlicensed National Information
Infrastructure), 334UNIs, 496Unnumbered frames (SDLC), 217Unnumbered Information Indicator field (Frame
Relay LMI), 163Un-PBX, 285unprotecting service protection (optical
networks), 388unreachable destinations, RIP, 758unregistration, gateways, 417unreliable datagram service, 1027unsigned integers (SNMP SMI), 903unspecified bit rate (UBR), 258Unused field (RIP 2 packets), 760update messages, 74update packets, EIGRP, 679update timer, IGRP, 697
transparent caching, WCCP
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updatesIGRP, triggered updates, 696RIP, 757
upgrading Cisco IOS Software, 61–62upper layers
DECnet Phase IV, 656–657DECnet/OSI, 657–658OSI reference model, 9
upper-layer protocolsAppleTalk, 624–625
ADSP, 625AFP, 627ASP, 626PAP, 627ZIP, 626
Banyan VINES, 1027NetWare, 602transparency, 66
upstream amplifiers, two-way HFC, 353upstream CATV specifications, 355–357URLs
browser-based client caching, 840web caching, 837–838
user agent client (UAC), 426user agent server (UAS), 426User Data field (PLP packets), 228user layer
DECnet Phase IV, 656DNA, 650
user mode, 55user models, 814user-user IEs
Alerting message, 403–404Call Proceeding message, 402–403Call Setup message, 401Connect message, 404REL message, 405–406RLC message, 405–406
user-user IEs, 401. See also IEsUSM (user-based security model), 909–910UTP
autonegotiation, 124–125horizontal cabling, 131selecting, 123
VV.34 connectivity, 201V.90 modems, 205VACM (view-based access model), 910VAD (voice activity detection), 267variable bit rate (VBR), 258, 502variable-length packets, 153variable-length subnet masks, 736VBR (variable bit rate), 258, 502VCCs, 515VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier) field, ATM
cells, 497VCs (virtual circuits)
Frame Relay, 155–156DLCIs, 157status messages, 158
PVCs, 47SVCs, phases of communication, 46VINES transport layer, 1027X.25, 225–226
VCs (virtual channels), 498 VDSL (Very-High-Data-Rate DSL), 347Version field (RIP 2 packets), 760Version Number field (DLSw message header), 551video
capability exchanges, 406QoS, 949SIP, 421–431
videoconferencing, H.323, 272, 765viewing
running configuration, 57–58startup config, 58–59
VINES (Virtual Integrated Network Service), 1020ARP, 1026ICP, 1026media access, 1020network layer, 1021RTP, 1025transport layer services, 1027upper-layer protocols, 1027
VIP (VINES Internetworking Protocol), 1021–1023virtual addresses, 24virtual circuits, 16, 46
WANs, 46–47virtual connections, ATM, 498Virtual Integrated Network Service (VINES),
1021–1023
Virtual Integrated Network Service (VINES)
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virtual paths, 499virtual ring, 544virtual routes, 684–685virtual telecommunication access method
(VTAM), 637VLAN tagging, MAC sublayer, 105VLANs (virtual LANs), 486
multiplexing, 488proprietary trunk protocols, 488trunks, 487
VLSM (variable-length subnet masking), EIGRP, 675
VoATM (Voice over ATM), 254–255addressing, 260–261delay, 262routing, 261signaling, 259–260voice quality, 255
VOFDM (vectored orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing), 314–315
VoFR (Voice over Frame Relay), 255, 262addressing, 262–263signaling, 262voice quality, 263
Voice over Frame Relay. See VOFRVoice over IP. See VoIPvoice quality, 265–266
VoATM, 255VoFR, 263
voice/data integration, 948applications, 253–254codec technology, 252economic advantages of, 252–253evolution, 283–284H.323, 272
call flow, 274–275devices, 273–274
market viability, 252MGCP, 275–276
protocol definitions, 277–278SIP, 279–280
addressing, 281call flow, 281messages, 281
standards, 251VoATM, 258
addressing, 260–261routing, 261signaling, 259–260
VoIP (Voice over IP), 255, 393centralized call management schemes, 263comparing alternatives, 283design constraints, 266–269
delay, 267, 271distributed call management schemes, 263H.323 network devices, 395–398
audio CODECs, 411–414H.225, 400–406H.225 RAS, 414–421H.245, 406–410H.450, 410–411protocols, 398
infrastructure, 394jitter, 270QoS, 271–272SS7 networks, connecting, 431
VP multicast, 507VPI (Virtual Path Identifier) field, ATM cells, 497VPNs (virtual private networks), 233
applications, 234L2TP, 240
client-aware tunneling, 241–242client-transparent tunneling, 241security, 243
MPLS VPNsBGP, 243–245L2VPNs, 245–246
MPLS-based, 533, 535VPWS (Virtual Private Wire Service), 246VTAM (virtual telecommunication access
method), 637vulnerability of Internet, 7
WWANs, 5, 10, 43
access servers, 48CSU/DSU, 49development of, 6devices, 47–48dialup services, 47Frame Relay, 153
comparing to X.25, 153congestion-control mechanisms, 157–158DCEs, 154–155DLCIs, 157DTEs, 154–155
virtual paths
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frames, 161–162, 164implementing, 159–160LMI, 154, 158private enterprise networks, 161public carrier-provided networks, 160PVCs, 156RS-232 specification, 155standardization, 154SVCs, 156VCs, 155
hello packets, 723HSSI, 167
bandwidth, 168characteristics, 167–168loopback testing, 168
ISDN terminal adapters, 49leased lines, 44modems, 49NLSP
hello packets, 726–727receipt-confirmation process, 724
packet switching, 46point-to-point links, 44remote bridging, 67switched circuits, 45switches, 47virtual circuits, 46–47X.25, 223
DCE, 223LAPB, 228PAD, 224PLP, 227PVCs, 226session establishment, 225VCs, 225–226X.121 addressing, 230X.21bis, 228
WAP (Wireless Access Protocol), 334waveform codecs, 264WCCP (Web Cache Control Protocol), 841–843\
cache engine operation, 842–843dynamic client bypass, 847, 849hierarchical deployment, 843multihoming, 846network-based shared caching, 842overload bypass, 847proxy servers, 839
reverse proxy caching, 850scalable clustering, 845standalone servers, 840transparent caching, 842–843
WDM (wave-division multiplexing), 373web caching, 837–838
browser-based client caching, 840Cisco Cache Engine, fresh content, 851–852network integrated, 839reload/refresh command, 853traffic localizationl, 838–839TTL, configuring, 852
web pages, caching. See WCCP web sites, Cisco Systems, 41weight attribute (BGP), 664weights, 934well-known socket numbers, 1018WF (weighted field), 687WF (wildcard-filter) reservations, 766WFQ (weighted fair queuing), 770
IP precedence, 934–935wildcard notation, shared trees, 710windowing, 28wire, 308wireless technologies
DSSS, 312FDM (frequency-division multiplexing), 313FHSS, 313LMDS data links, 318microwave, multipath, 304, 306OFDM, 313–314QAM, DFE, 311solutions, components of
access networks, 316core networks, 316deployment, 317network management, 316–317premises networks, 315
spatial diversity, 314spread spectrum, 312VOFDM (vectored orthogonal frequency-
division multiplexing), 314–315WLANs (wireless LANs), standards
comparison, 318WRED (weighed random early detection), 271write command (SNMP), 899WRR (weighted round robin), 946
WRR (weighted round robin)
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XX+ field (SIP Level 3 PDUs), 192–193X.121 addressing, 230X.21bis, 228X.25 protocol suite, 223, 226
comparing to Frame Relay, 153DCE (data circuit-terminating equipment), 223devices, PAD, 224LAPB frames, 228–229LAPB (Link Access Procedure, Balanced), 228PLP, 227–228PVCs, 226session establishment, 225VCs, 225–226X.121 addressing, 230X.21bis, 228
Xerox, history of Ethernet, 93XmplsATM, 525XNS (Xerox Network Systems), 1015
design objectives, 1015directed broadcasts, 1018directed multicasts, 1018global multicasts, 1018media access, 1016network layer, 1017packet communication model, 1016tranport layer functions, 1018–1019
XO (Exactly-Once) transactions, 624
ZZero field (RIP packets), 759ZIP (Zone Information Protocol), 617, 626ZIT (Zone Information Table), 626zones
AppleTalk, 610–611managing H.323 network devices, 397
X+ field (SIP Level 3 PDUs)
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