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UPDATED!! PART 3 of 3: A highly detailed synopsis of the Recommended Practice in three parts intended as a training tool.
Citation preview
1Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Designing Walkable Designing Walkable Urban Thoroughfares: Urban Thoroughfares:
A Context Sensitive A Context Sensitive ApproachApproach
An ITERecommended Practice
Part 3 of 3
2Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
This presentation… Is a synopsis of the Recommended
Practice Intended as an introduction to
Context Sensitive Solutions for design professionals
Funded by the Federal Highway Administration
Offered as public domain for use by professionals in the transportation and urban planning/design fields, as well as elected officials and the public
Use as desired but please retain credits for ITE, the RP’s authors, and photos and refrain from significantly altering content
Brian Bochner, PETexas
Transportation Institute
PreamblePrincipal Authors
James Daisa, PEOve Arup &
Partners, Ltd.
San Francisco
3Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Preamble This presentation is divided into three
separate Powerpoint files each containing multiple segments:1) ITE RP Presentation (Part 1 of 3).ppt
• Segment 1: Introduction
• Segment 2: CSS in Transportation Planning
2) ITE RP Presentation (Part 2 of 3).ppt
• Segment 3: CSS Design Framework
• Segment 4: Design Controls and Thoroughfare Design Process
3) ITE RP Presentation (Part 3 of 3).ppt
• Segment 5: Streetside Design
• Segment 6: Traveled Way Design
• Segment 7: Intersection Design
Additional Powerpoint presentations are available: A 15-20 minute
overview of the RP An appendix of CSS
background information and many annotated photographic examples of thoroughfare types in varying contexts
The above presentations are available at no cost from ITE at:
www.ite.org/CSS
4Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
STREETSIDE DESIGN
Segment 5
5Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Thoroughfare Components
6Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
The Streetside
Right of way between curb and property line
Streetside zones: Edge Zone Furnishings Zone Throughway Zone (ADA) Frontage Zone
Function and dimensions vary by context zone and adjacent land use
7Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Streetside Zones Example
Frontage Zone
ThroughwayZone
Furnishing Zone Edge Zone
8Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Distinct streetside zones Zone width and function Pedestrian throughway ADA requirements Placement of paraphernalia Public art Buffering traffic Driveway and alley crossings Street furniture and amenities Public space, plazas Utilities and vaults Landscaping/street trees
Potential Elements of Streetside Design
9Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Example Streetside Design Parameters
10Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Streetside Examples
Context SensitiveNot Context Sensitive
Photo: James M. Daisa, P.E., Arup
Example: Retail Main Street
11Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Streetside Examples
Context SensitiveNot Context Sensitive
Example: Urban Core Business District Photo: James M. Daisa, P.E., Arup
12Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Streetside Examples
Context SensitiveNot Context Sensitive
Example: Urban Residential Photo: James M. Daisa, P.E., Arup
13Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Streetside Examples
Context SensitiveNot Context Sensitive
Example: Historic DistrictPhoto: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.
14Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Interface with traveled way
Functions Vehicle overhang and
clearance Door opening area Wheelchair access at
transit stops
Edge Zone
15Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Buffers pedestrians from traveled way
Space for streetside appurterances
Functions Accommodates street furniture
and utilities Transit stops Lighting Public spaces (seating) Business space (cafes) Landscaping
Furnishings Zone
16Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Furnishing Zone in Residential Context
17Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Furnishing Zone in Commercial Context
18Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Throughway zone Clear area for pedestrian
travel ADAAG requirements
Frontage zone Area adjacent to property
line “Shy” distance from
buildings Business space (cafes,
signs) Landscaping Seating Building access
Throughway and Frontage Zones
Photo: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.
19Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Streetside and Vehicle Speed
Vehicle speed affects actual and perceived safety
Distance between pedestrians and vehicles most important
Improves actual safety
Improves sense of comfort
Buffer width on arterial / collector: 5-6 feet (AASHTO)
Use multiple techniques in constrained right of way
20Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Designing Walkable Urban Thoroughfares: A Context Sensitive ApproachPhoto: Dan Burden, Walklive.org
20
Example: Use of fencing to buffer pedestrians from traffic
21Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Curb Extensions
Example: Mitigating narrow buffer between pedestrians and traffic
Photo: James M. Daisa, P.E., Arup
22Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Clear Zones on Urban Thoroughfares
Clear zone = edge clear of fixed objects
Less consequence than rural or highway context Lower speeds, traffic
stops Parked vehicles
Not practical in urban areas
Clear Zone(Typ. 20 feet)
23Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
TRAVELED WAY DESIGNSegment 6
24Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Thoroughfare Components
25Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Central portion of thoroughfare between curbs Provides for movement of all vehicles Interface with streetside via on-street parking
The Urban Traveled Way
26Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Cross-section Access management Emergency vehicle needs Transition principles Lane width Medians Bicycle lanes On-street parking Geometric transition Mid-block crossings Pedestrian refuge islands Transit design Bus stops in the traveled way Stormwater management Snow removal
Potential Elements of Traveled Way Design
Photo: James M. Daisa, P.E., Arup
27Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Recommended practice 35 mph thoroughfares:
Arterial lane widths: 10-12 feet
Collector lane widths: 10-11 feet
Less than 30 mph: Arterial and collector lane
widths: 10-11 feet Based on:
Target speed Design vehicle Right of way Width of adjacent parking and
bicycle lanes
Lane Width
Photo: James M. Daisa, P.E., Arup
28Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Recommended practice
Medians
Thoroughfare TypeMinimum
WidthRecommended
WidthMedian for access control
All Thoroughfare Types 4 ft. 6 ft.
Median for pedestrian refuge
All Thoroughfare Types 6 ft. 8 ft.
Median for street trees and lighting
All Thoroughfare Types 6 ft. 10 ft.
Median for single left-turn lane
Collector Avenues and Streets 10 ft. 14 ft.
Arterial Boulevards and Avenues 12 ft. 16-18 ft.
Median for dual left turn lanes
Arterial Boulevards and Avenues 20 ft. 22 ft.
Median for transitway
Dedicated rail or transit lanes 22 ft. 22-24 ft.
Added median width for platforms10 ft. for each side platform
30 ft. for center platform
29Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Recommended practice Min. median width
6 feet for up to 4” caliper trees
10 feet for larger trees
Use a crash tested barrier for large trees in narrow medians or when speed > 40 mph
Trees in Medians
Photo: James M. Daisa, P.E., Arup
30Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Recommended practice Combined with on-street parking = 13 feet Without on-street parking = 6 feet
Bicycle Lanes
Photos: James M. Daisa, P.E., Arup
31Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Photo: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.
Example: Marked bike lane on a street in an General Urban context
32Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Recommended practice Thoroughfare types in all
contexts: Commercial: 8 feet Residential: 7 feet
Angled parking Low-volume, low-speed
avenues and streets Commercial main
streets Reverse angled
parking Consider on bicycle
routes
On-Street Parking
Photo: Dan Burden, Walklive.org
Photo: James M. Daisa, P.E., Arup
33Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Recommended practice Locate so crossings
are 200-300 feet apart Significant pedestrian
demand Criteria for
unsignalized crossing 12,000 ADT or less 15,000 ADT with
median refuge Speed less than 40
mph Adequate sight
distance
Mid-Block Crossings
Illustration: Claire Vlach, Bottomley Design & Planning
34Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Photo: James M. Daisa, P.E., Arup
35Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Thoroughfare Speed Management Controlling speed using
enforcement, design, and technology
Local street “traffic calming” measures not appropriate
Passive measures: Provide motorist feedback Motorist perceive need to lower
speed Active measures:
Enforcement Physical devices force slower
speedPhoto: Dan Burden, Walklive.org
36Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Thoroughfare Speed Management
Multidisciplinary decision
Requires input from: Emergency services Engineering Street maintenance Law enforcement Transit service
providers Business and
community stakeholders
37Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Planning for Transit on Thoroughfares
Type of Transit
Local Bus
Rapid Bus
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)
Trolleys / Streetcar
Light Rail Transit (LRT)
38Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Transit Facilities on Thoroughfares
Mixed-flow travel lanes High-occupancy vehicle
(HOV) lanes in median or outside lanes
Reversible or contraflow transit lanes
Dedicated transitway in inside or outside travel lanes
Separated transitway in thoroughfare right of way
Transit-only streets, busways, or transit malls
39Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Thoroughfare Component
Factors to be Considered
Streetside
Streetside width at stops or stations
Space for passenger requirements such as shelters, seating, trees, lighting, etc.
Accessibility requirements (lift pads)
Traveled Way
Available total right-of-way to accommodate running ways, stops and stations
Lane width to accommodate transit vehicle in mixed flow lanes
Type of running way and separation
Median width to accommodate running ways and stations
Pedestrian access to median stations
Parking restrictions near stops and stations
Bike/bus conflicts where buses stop in bike lane
Additional width for transit facilities versus pedestrian crossing distance
Horizontal and vertical clearances for transit
Transit operations on one-way streets, location of stops, turns
Overhead clearance for catenary power supply or trolley wires and space to mount poles
Considerations When Planning for Transit
40Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Photo: Texas Transportation Institute
Example: Local bus route in a High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lane on an Urban Core avenue
41Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Photo: James M. Daisa, P.E., Arup
Example: Trolley in mixed flow lane with raised island stop
42Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Photo: James M. Daisa, P.E., Arup
Example: Shared bus and bike lane
43Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Photo: James M. Daisa, PE, Arup
Example: Light rail transit in separate right-of-way within an Urban Center boulevard
44Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Bus Stops in the Traveled Way Some considerations in
stop placement Crossing—every stop is a
potential crossing point Buffering passengers from
traffic Space for amenities and
passengers on streetside Visibility for passenger and
police surveillance Street and stop illumination Access for people with
disabilities Transfers to other routes Adequate curb for expected
buses
45Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Example: Compact bus stop on Urban Center street with “lean bar” around street treePhoto: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.
46Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Photo: Dan Burden, Walklive.org
Example: Bus stop Suburban boulevard
47Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
48Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
INTERSECTION DESIGNSegment 7
49Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Intersection sight distance
Managing modal conflicts
General intersection layout
Curb return radii
Channelized right turns
Modern roundabouts
Crosswalks
Curb extensions
Bicycle lane treatment Bus stops at intersections
Intersection Design
Photo: James M. Daisa, P.E., Arup
50Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Minimize conflicts between modes
Minimize pedestrian exposure
Provide crosswalks on all approaches
Minimize curb radii consistent with design/control vehicle
Ensure good visibility
Balance vehicle LOS with pedestrian convenience and safety
Urban Intersection Design Principles
51Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Through and turning lanes Intersection sight distance Medians Curb return radii Design vehicle Channelized right turns Modern roundabouts Crosswalks and refuges Curb extensions Bicycle lane treatment Bus stops Traffic signals
Urban Intersection Design Elements
52Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Designing Intersections for All Users Understand crash types
and their causes Review design conventions
and policies that impact safety
Analyze pedestrian/bike safety problems
Use best practices resources to assess countermeasures for each problem
Integrate best solution into design
53Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Median refuge island High visibility crosswalk
markings Advanced warning signs Street and crosswalk
illumination Advanced yield lines Curb extensions Pedestrian activated flashing
beacons Consistently applied within
pedestrian-oriented corridors
Features at Uncontrolled Intersections
Illustration: BMS Design Group
54Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Median refuge island
High visibility crosswalk markings
Advanced warning signs
Street and crosswalk illumination
55Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Reduce conflicts between pedestrians and turning vehicles achieved with: Pedestrian lead phases Scramble phases No right turns on red when pedestrians are
present
Improve pedestrian awareness with: Pedestrian countdown timers “Look Before Crossing” markings
Improve safety at large radius or channelized right turn lanes with: Low speed right turn channelization Pedestrian refuge island Raised pedestrian crossing/speed table Signal control of right turn traffic
Example Pedestrian Treatments
56Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Example Bicycle Treatments
Bicycle lanes striped up to crosswalk
Bicycle detectors or bicyclist-accessible actuation buttons
Adequate clearance interval
Colored paving in bicycle/vehicle lanes in high-conflict areas
“Bike Boxes”
57Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Intersection Design Considerations
Source: Community Design +Architecture and Urban Advantage
Typical Auto-oriented Intersection Features
58Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Intersection Design Considerations
El Camino Real @ Los Robles – PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTSEl Camino Real @ Los Robles – PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTSSource: City of Palo Alto
CD+A, FPA, and Urban AdvantageSource: Community Design +Architecture and Urban Advantage
Features that Accommodate All Users
59Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Recommended practice Consider
Design vehicle Effective radii Width of receiving lanes
Minimum radius in C-5 and C-6 zones = 5 feet
Use 5-15 feet radius when: High pedestrian volumes Low turning volumes and
speed Bike/parking lanes create
higher effective radii
Curb Return Radii
Curb radii may be larger where:Encroachment into opposing lane is unacceptableThere are curb extensions Receiving thoroughfare is less than 12 feet wide
60Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Improves visibility Reduces crossing width Only on streets with
parking Recommended practice
Extend curb line 1 ft. less than parking width
Curb return radius for control vehicle
Use with bus stops to increase waiting area
Curb Extensions
61Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Curb Extensions
62Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Recommended practice Generally discouraged in walkable
environments Signalized intersections with high
right turns Low pedestrian volumes Where pedestrian volumes high –
eliminate or install pedestrian signal
Low-angle turn Clear visibility Illumination
Channelized Right Turns
63Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Photo: Dan Burden, Walklive.org
Example: A low-speed channelized right turn lane with an uncontrolled crossing. Note the damaged mountable pavers likely caused by trucks.
64Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Example: A conventional channelized right turn lane with an uncontrolled crossing. The at-grade channel through the refuge island conforms to ADA.
Photo: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.
65Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Pedestrian Refuge Islands
Recommended practice Refuge islands are used in medians and on
channelized right turns Allow pedestrians to cross wide or busy streets in
multiple stages Consider at intersections and midblock
crossings when one or more of the following conditions apply: Unsignalized location High-volume thoroughfare Crossing is 60 feet or longer Four or more lanes Right of way for a minimum 6 foot wide raised island
66Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Photo: James M. Daisa, P.E., Arup
Example: Median refuge island with “Z” configuration on a General Urban boulevard
A “Z” configuration directs pedestrians crossing the median to look toward oncoming traffic
This tree must be pruned regularly to maintain proper sight distance and visibility between drivers and pedestrians
67Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Photo: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.
Example: Multiway boulevard with refuge islands between the center thoroughfare and access lanes.
68Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)
Modern Roundabouts
Photo: Dan Burden, Walklive.org
69Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Photo: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.
70Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Photo: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.Photo: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.
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