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Isolation and Expansion
CIVILIZATION VS. GEOGRAPHY700-1000 AD
Expanding civilizations move to new regions seeking new
resources
Africa Geography and barriers
Sahara Ocean High ground with steep rivers
Only 5-6 major basins Half rivers never reach coast
Dense forest Malarial mosquitoes
Spread and exchange of cultures took centuries longer than Europe
African Exceptions Ethiopia
Contact via sea trade Monsoon winds
West Africa Jenne – Jeno C. 300 BC Flood plain of Niger river Crossroads of trade
North to South Slaves Salt Copper Gold
African Exceptions cont. Ghana and Gao
C. 1000 AD Sacred kings Rich middlemen of trade Lack of contact between E and W along Sahel
reason Africa does not mirror Asia/Europe
America and Geography Lack of N-S corridor kept Americas from
mirroring Eurasia
No known contact between South America and Mesoamerica
The Maya 3 contrasting environments
Volcanic highlands (Guatemala) Limestone plateau (Yucatan) Caribbean coast (Mexico)
Rulers 3 responsibilities (similar in all North American civilizations) War Communicate with Gods Building ceremonial centers
Maya cont. Mayan City-states
Too equally matched for imperialism Constant warfare
Terror Sacrifice
Centered around ceremonial building Markets Temples Human Sacrifices
Maya cont. Unique writing system
Astronomical observation Genealogies of Kings
Mayan Civilization declines c. 1000 AD Environment changes Droughts and storms El Nino currents
Mayan Calendar
North American Civilization Civilization expands along Ohio &
Mississippi river valleys Maize Culture
Maize and beans move to central plains New crops allow spread of people Allowed large scale building
Mound building in Mississippi Adobe cliffs in South West
Areas of Mound-Builder Influence
Maize
Islam and the Environment Imp expansion slows in late 700s Ecological exp. increases
New foods gathered and moved Medicinal Plants Examples
Coffee Cotton Sugar
New technology Clearing forests Fertilizer Increases amount of arable land
Coffee Plant
Cotton Plant
Sugarcane Plant
Clearing Forests
Frontier Expansion in Japan Drive to increase food production
Gov sponsored Slow development of marginal land farming Adopt barley to replace millet as secondary
crop Open new lands to agriculture by displacing
“barbarians” Ainu people Developed fortified farming settlements
Ainu Peoples
India and Environmental Expansion Gupta empire collapse 500 AD
Replaced by many rival kingdoms Small kingdoms sent priests and warriors to
clear/cultivate uninhabited “wasteland” Forests Swamps Generated revenue by taxes these new lands
Tang China and Environmental Expansion Improved canal system and irrigation Land reform
Break large holdings among smaller holders New rice strains from Vietnam Moved southward
Away from steppes Take land from southern “barbarians”
Exterminated Assimilated Marginalized
China’s southern movement led to conflict with coastal trading powers
New Agrarian States 700-1000 AD Chenila (Cambodia) Khmer (lower MeKong) Viet Cham Java Sumatra
Expanding Christendom Conquest rather than new crops
Ireland & Scotland (monks) Saxons (Boniface) 719
Charlemagne Carolus Magnus Traveled to Italy 774 -> collected books, etc. Proclaimed self successor of Rome Conquered in name of a new “Roman” empire First “Roman” expansion since Trajan
Charlemagne’s satellites (Christian states) Slav states in Bohemia Bulgars in modern Bulgaria
Carolingian Empire
Charlemagne
700-1000 AD Overall, a time of new environmental
expansion and conquest New crops New farming strategies Military expansion Agriculture expanded into marginal areas All to deal with population increase
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