ISBN 978-974-232-620-310 ˘ ˇ ˆ ˙ ˝ ˛˚˜ 21001 Exercise 2 ( 2) Put the correct article in the...

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ISBN 978-974-232-620-3

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- )����������3* (Adverb) 73

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- ������" Present Simple Tense 119

- ������" Present Continuous Tense 124

- ������" Present Perfect Tense 132

- ������" Present Perfect Continuous Tense 136

- ������" Past Simple Tense 140

- ������" Past Continuous Tense 143

- ������" Past Perfect Tense 146

- ������" Past Perfect Continuous Tense 149

- ������" Future Simple Tense 153

- ������" Future Continuous Tense 157

- ������" Future Perfect Tense 159

- ������" Future Perfect Continuous Tense 160

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����������� �� 21001

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������ 1 ������� ����

��������� ��������������������������������� �������!������ �����������

#! 21001 �$�%&�'�&()���!��!*� +��%���#���,�������%���()������-&�-$*�����

�������� � ����������������� �&����./*� �#�����*��&��3����./�� ���������

��� $�����������-�/-$*�+*������+)��

1. �������� (Alphabet) ���������� � &� 26 !�� -$*.��

A a B b C c D d E e F f G g

H h I i J j K k L l M m N n

O o P p Q q R r S s T t U u

V v W w X x Y y Z z

2. � (Vowel) ���������� � &� 5 !�� -$*.��

A a E e I i O o U u

3. �� ��� (Syllable) ��� ����������/�����&��������)��&����&�&������-&�&�

���&�&���4-$*

4. �� (Word) ��� ��������%+��#�����./��7)����*.�����&�&�� ����

boy (�$4�9*:���), cat (.&�), dog (� ��+) ��=�!*�

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 210012

5. ��� (Phrase) ��� �/� &������%$*���������!��� > !���.!� 2 ��+)��-�

&����:$*�����./&����&�&��.!�-&�-$*����&����&%:�?@

���� good boy (�$4�$�)

beautiful girl (�$4�9*:�������)

yellow flower ($��-&*����/���)

drinking water (��������%$��&) ��=�!*�

6. ����� (Sentence) ��� +*����&���&����&�&���&%:�?@A$�&���������%

������*�� 2 ���� ��� ��'�� (Subject = S) ./ ����� (Verb = V)

S + V

���� • I sleep. (D�����)

• She eats. (�'���%�����)

%����A����&����� (Object = O) �#�����*-$*���&����&%:�?@����+)��

S + V + O

���� • I eat rice. (D�����+*��)

• He drives a car. (�+�+�%�3��!@)

%����A���4��&�����+��� (Compliment = —) �#��&+)��$*��

(—) S (—) + (—) V (—) + (—) O (—)

����+������&������!���> 7)�����-�*-$*������*�./�/����'�� ����� .//���� ���&

���� • That beautiful woman always sings sweetly old

classical songs which composed by Chopang.

(����������������&���*���#/� �/���������> 7)����#��'@A$�

A�.��������#��#����)

7. ������ (Paragraph) �&��3)� ��A���/��> ��A�� 7)��&�����������

���� ����&���������$�������+������:�����������*��$������

����������� ������� 3

8. ������ (Story) �&��3)� �����*��/��> �����*��*���������������%����������$������

������������&�&���������� ���*�+*�� ���()���!*���+*��./��&��3��*��

�����!���> �/�./��A��-$*�����3:�!*�� 7)���/���3)����/����$��!��!��> -�

������ 2 ������ ��

�������-���*�������*����A��&� 8 ���$ ���

1. ����� (Noun) ��=��������*�����.���� ��!�@./����+�� ����*������=���'��

(Subject) �������& (Object) +����A��

����&.%��!�&/���?./�����*���&�&�������=� 8 �/� & ���

1.1 � ��� � (Common noun ���� General noun) ��=�����&

�����*������� ��!�@./����+������ > -� A$�-&��D#���������=����$ !���$���������$

���� man, bird, pen, road, actor ��=�!*�

1.2 �� � ��� � (Proper noun) ��=�����&�����*����������D#�+����

��!�@./����+�� �� ��������������������������� (Capital letter) ��&� ���� Somchai,

Bangkok, Malaysia, Chaopraya, Panasonic, The Earthquake ��=�!*�

1.3 ���� � (Collective noun) �&��3)� ����&���.�$����&��=��/� &

�&�: #�� ����&���$���&����&�&����=�#�:#�@ ��� &������ 1 ��/!��/��� ����

team, party, mob ��=�!*�

�& ���&��&��3��=�-$*�������#�@./#�:#�@+)�����:��%���&�&��+��

.!�/��A�� ����

• The government is trying to solve the traffic jam problem.

(��,%�/��/��#����&.�*-+�L������)

• The team wears white shirts.

(��&������������@!��+��)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 210014

1.4 ���!�� � (Material noun) ��=�����&��������������!3 .��'�! A/�

+��.+4�./+����/� ��=���&�����%-&�-$* .�$����&&���*��$*�����&�?-&��������

)����������������)����� Mass noun 7)������&��������-&���*������*���&

(article) ���� air, cloth, gold, ink ��=�!*�

����������!��� ��"��#���$��!����%����& �'�*��

����

• Gold is valuable. (�����=�+��&����)

���%�����&�?+����!3 ��&��*�����+��������� !�� ��$ ���� ����

���%�� ����

• a glass of water (�����)��.�*�)

• a bag of rice (+*����)��3 �)

• a kilo of meat (�������)����A/���&)

��%�����&�?���&����*����*���!3 ��& -$*.�� a lot of, much,

a little, little, some, no, plenty of, great deal of, enough

1.5 � � �� � (Abstract noun) ��� ����&���%���3�������������

�������������!��� > �������&��&���������� (Verb) ��� ?(�#�@ (Adjective)

���� ����& (Noun) A$��!�&�L�� (Suffix) -�+*���*�� ����

arrive arrival

examine examination

inform information

admit admission

govern government

please pleasure

neighbour neighbourhood

����������� ������� 5

friend friendship

alcohol alcoholism

happy happiness

deliver delivery

please pleasure

safe safety

1.6 ��� ���"��� (Noun - equivalent) ��=������-&��������&.!���&���*

����*��������& -$*.��

(1) ������ to ���� infinitive

� ����*������=���'��+����A��

���� To defrost this fridge takes ages.

(!*:��4�!*:�����*��/�//�����.+4����&��)

� ����*������=����&+����A��

���� He forgot to mail the letter.

(�+�/�&���$�&��)

(2) #$������� ing ���� gerund ��%���� �

� ����*������'��+����A��

���� Smoking is not allowed.

(�*�&�:%% ����)

� ����*������=����&+����A��

���� I apologized for being late.

(9&+�A�����&����)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 210016

(3) #$�����&'��*��+��� article “the” ����� �&��3)� �/� &% ��/����>

������& ���� the sick (9*:�U��), the poor (������), the dead (��!��) ��=�!*�

1.7 ����� (Compound noun) ��=�����&�����*��&�����!���.!�

2 ��&���&��� ��=������*����+)����&����$��)���������� Word-building ���� Word

formation 7)�����+���!�$��� �����+���A$���*��������&�� “ – ” (hyphen) ���� ����

classroom, walk – in ��=�!*�

1.8 ��� �*����%�,�"��*� (Agent noun) ��=�����&�����*��+)����&� A$��!�&

�L�� (Suffix) �*�������$!��� > ./&����&�&��.�$���� ���% ��/����9*:���� ����

Europe European

serve servant

assist assistant

employ employee

sing singer

instruct instructor

violin violinist

technic technician

music musician

����������� ������� 7

Exercise 1

(���������� 1)

Change these words into nouns.

(���������� ������ ��������)

1. smoke

2. sing

3. assist

4. serve

5. employ

6. examine

7. admit

8. arrive

9. please

10. Europe

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 210018

��������� ������ (Articles)

A$���!�����&���������� �!*��&�������*���& (Articles) 7)��&����: 3 !��

��� a, an ./ the &���'������* $�����

1 ����"� a

(1) ��*����*�����&�����%-$* 7)����=����#�@./+)��!*�$*��#����� ����

a boy, a girl, a man ��=�!*�

(2) ��*����*����$ �&��3)� ��������=��#����� ��!�@./����+�� ����)�� !����)��

./�����)�� �������� �������-&�-$*����D#���� ���� she' s a beautiful woman.

(3) -&���*��%��&�����%-&�-$* �#��&����&�&����� “����”

2 ����"� an

(1) ��*����*�����&�����%-$*7)����=����#�@./+)��!*�$*���� ���� an hour,

an umbrella, an egg ��=�!*�

(2) ��*����*����$�&��3)���������=��#����� ��!�@./����+���������-&�-$*����D#�

���� • My father is an engineer.

(#��+��D����=���(�������)��)

(3) -&���*��%����&�����%-&�-$* �#��&����&�&����� “����”

3 ����"� the

(1) ��*����*�����&�����%-&�-$* ���� the water, the sugar, the crowd

(2) ��*����*�����&��%-$*�����=����#�@./#�:#�@���9*:#:$./9*: L��*:���:./*�

����&��3)������$ A$�&����#:$3)������/���3)�&�./*�������*����

���� • He' s got three children, two girl and a boy. The boy' s

ten years old.

(�+�&�/:���&�� ��=�9*:�������9*:�����)�� 9*:������ ��%�_)

����������� ������� 9

(3) ��*�&�����/���/���3)��� ��!�@./����+���������D#����

���� • Who is the man in the car over there with Patcharapa?

(9*:���������������:���3��!@��%#������!��������=����)

(4) ��*�&���!*������/���3)��� ��!�@./����+��7)����=�����+*�����$����:./*����

�&��3)���-�� !��-����������-��

���� • Close the door, please!

(�� ?��|$��!:)

• Where is Toy? In the kitchen?

(!*�����:���-�� ������������/��)

(5) 3*�&���� ?(�#�@7)������D����:./*� -&�!*����* the ���

���� • This is my son.

(������/:����+��D��)

• I like this pen.

(D����%�����$*�&���)

3*� the ����*�����&���+)��!*�$*������������ “$�” ���� the ant,

the eggs ��=�!*�

*�-�/����� a 04� an �"���������������& �'!��/���5&��� �� �04���%������

!����6/�� ���7�!�� the �"���������������& �'��8�&�#& �'!���5&��� �� �04������

!����6/��/��

A$���!�����&�����=�#�:#�@./��&�����%-&�-$*-&�!*��&�������*���& ���� cats,

water, sunshine ��=�!*�

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 2100110

Exercise 2

(���������� 2)

Put the correct article in the blank.

(������ �������������������������)

1. ________ white cat is on the roof.

(.&���+�����:%��/����)

2. She will buy________ umbrella at that department store.

(�'�7�����&����*�����#����*�.�����)��)

3. ________ car which is parked in front of your house is your father's car.

(�3�������$���:��*�%*���'���=��3+��� ?#���'�)

4. ________ man is standing in front of the shop.

(9*:�������)����/��������:��*��*��+��+��)

5. May I have ________ cup of coffee?

(D��+���.^.�*���)��-$*-�&)

6. ________ sun rises in the west.

(#�����!�@+)�������(!���!�)

7. At ________ end of this year, I will go to England.

(�/���_���D��-����� �)

8. ________ water in this glass is dirty.

(�����.�*���������)

9. My book is on ________ table.

(�������+��D�����:%�A!~)

10. This chair is made from ________ wood.

(��*����!�������$*��-&*)

����������� ������� 11

���������!"�#� ���!

(Singular & Plural Nouns)

��� �����/�� (Singular noun) ��� ����&���&������#�����)�� &��

����*�$*�� a ���� an ���� a man, a girl, an egg, an hour ��=�!*�

��� ���"�/�� (Plural noun) ��� ����&���&�����&��������)�� ���������&

�����#�@��*��=�����&#�:#�@ &���'����$�����

1. A$�����!�& “s” �*������&���� > -� ����

���& �' &�#& �' ��������

house houses %*��

son sons % !����

picture pictures �:���#

farmer farmers �����

banana bananas �/*��

table tables A!~

bicycle bicycles ������

pen pens �����

2. A$�����!�& “-es” �*������&���/��*��$*�� -ch, -s, -ss, -sh, -x ��=�!*�

���& �' &�#& �' ��������

class classes �*��

glass glasses .�*�

kiss kisses :%

box boxes ��%

fox foxes � ��+�����

watch watches ������

match matches -&*+�$-^

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 2100112

���& �' &�#& �' ��������

brush brushes .���

bush bushes #� &-&*

bus buses �3%��

dish dishes ��

push pushes 9/�� $��

3. A$�����!�& “-es” �*������&���/��*��$*�� “o” ���� :-

���& �' &�#& �' ��������

tomato tomatoes &�+����(

buffalo buffaloes ��%��

mango mangoes &&���

potato potatoes &�������

hero heroes ���% � �

volcano volcanoes �:�+�-^

����*� ��!���� ����:��8�� �����/��*��$*�� “o” ��*�!�& “-s” ����

���& �' &�#& �' ��������

kilo kilos ��A/

piano pianos ��_��A�

casino casinos ����A�

dynamo dynamos -$��A&

zero zeros (:��@

bamboo bamboos -&*-9�

radio radios ����

photo photos 3�����#

����������� ������� 13

4. A$������/���� “-y” ���/��*������&��* “i” 04����$� “es” �8� “ies” ����

���& �' &�#& �' ��������

lady ladies � ��#�!��

story stories ���������

baby babies �$4�����

army armies �����#

fly flies %��

city cities �&�������

5. A$�����!�& “-s” �*������&���/��*��$*�� -y !������4��*�� (a, e, i, o, u)

���& �' &�#& �' ��������

boy boys �$4����

monkey monkeys /��

day days ���, �/�����

key keys � �.

way ways ��� �����

6. A$������/���� "-f" ���� "-fe" ���/��*������& ��*��=� "-ves" ����

���& �' &�#& �' ��������

half halves ��)��

knife knives &�$

leaf leaves �%-&*

life lives ����!

thief thieves +A&�

wife wives �����

wolf wolves � ��+�U�

calf calves /:����/:�����

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 2100114

3*��*������&���/��*��$*�� -f ��8� -fe 6������*�!�&�*������&����

$*�� "s" ����

���& �' &�#& �' ��������

roof roofs �/����

proof proofs #��:�@

dwarf dwarfs ��.��

chief chiefs �����*�

safe safes !*:�7^

7. ����&%���������=����#�@ �&�����=�#�:#�@��4�����#�-�

���& �' &�#& �' ��������

man men 9*:���

woman women 9*:����

foot feet ��*�

tooth teeth L�

goose geese ����

mouse mice ��:

louse lice ���, ��4%

8 ��%�����!�& "-en" ��8� "ren" �&�����=�#�:#�@

���& �' &�#& �' ��������

child children �$4�>

ox oxen ���

����������� ������� 15

9. ����&%����&��:�#�:#�@���8���#����& �' ����

���& �' &�#& �' ��������

fish fish �/�

deer deer ����

sheep sheep .�

cod cod �/���$

salmon salmon �/�.7/&��

10. ����&%�����"��5&�����#����& �'�������� ����

���& �' &�#& �' ��������

news news +���

works works A�����, ����+���

furniture furniture ������������

help help ������/��

11. ����&%����!*���"����#�&�#& �'�!������ ����

���& �' &�#& �' ��������

shorts shorts ������+�����

clothes clothes �����9*�

trousers trousers ������+����

glasses glasses .���!�

arms arms ��� '

billiards billiards %�/�/��$

spectacles spectacles .���!�

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 2100116

12. ���%������+�������!����6/��/�� ����6�������"��!���"���6�������

����

a glass of water �����)��3*��

a cup of tea ����)��3*��

a cup of coffee ��.^��)��.�*�

a piece of chalk ��/@���)��.���

a bottle of ink �&)���)��+�$

D��������?����!*�����%������+����&��%-&�-$*������&�� > )��*�&�!�&

-s ���!������&�����%-&�-$*7)���!�&��=��:�#�:#�@-$*$�����

���& �' &�#& �' ��������

a glass of water two glasses of water ������.�*�

a cup of water ten cups of tea ����%3*��

a cup of coffee four cups of coffee ��.^���.�*�

a piece of chalk some pieces of chalk ��/@��/��.���

a bottle of ink five bottles of ink �&)��*�+�$

����������� ������� 17

Exercise 3

(���������� 3)

Change the underlined words into plural.

(�������� ����� ���!)

1. There will be an English class this afternoon.

(%������&������������������ �)

2. He will buy a car next month.

(�+�7����3�����)���$�����*�)

3. She buys a kilo of mango.

(�'�7���&&��� 1 ��A/���&)

4. It' s a good news for me.

(&����=�+���$������%9&)

5. Mother goes with her child.

(.&�-���%/:�+���'�)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 2100118

6. A mouse runs through a hole in the house.

(��:!����)������9����:��%*��)

7. A thief stole a knife in the kitchen.

(+A&�����)��+A&�&�$������-�)

8. I put my foot in the water.

(D�������*�.�����)

9. Can you bring me a bottle of mineral water?

(� ?����������.��&���*9&���+�$��)��-$*&���)

10. I have a pair of sun glasses.

(D��&�.���!����.$$ 1 ���)

����������� ������� 19

2. ��*��&��� (Pronoun) ��� �������*�����.�������� ��!�@./����+���#���-&���*

!*���/�����&����7�� >

�����#��&.%�������=� 7 ����� ���

2.1 0�������� � (Personal pronoun) ��� �����#��&�������*������=�

��'�� (Subject) ���� ���& (Object) +����A�� &��:�$�����

���<�� (Subject) ���� (Object)

���#��&% � ���� 1 I me

We us

���#��&% � ���� 2 You you

���#��&% � ���� 3 He him

She her

It it

They them

���� �0����*�� 1 ��� �����#��&�����*.��!��9*:#:$���������� � &� 2 ��

��� I (5��) ��*.��!��9*:#:$7)����=����#�@ ��� &�9*:#:$���$��� ���� We (���) ��*.��

!��9*:#:$ 7)����=�#�:#�@ ��� &�9*:#:$�/����

�&����/���3)�!��9*:#:$��,�����&+����A����/�����:��� I ��=� me ./

We ��=� us

���� • I give that man a pen. He gives me a book.

(D����*�����.��9*:����������) (�+���*�������.��D����)���/�&)

• We show them a picture. They show us their house.

(�����*�+� (�����/��) $:��#) (�+� (�����/��) ��*���$:��#%*��+���+�)

���� �0����*�� 2 ��� �����#��&�����*.��9*:������#:$$*����,����'��+��

��A�� ���������� �&� 1 �� ��� you (!���) 7)����=�-$*���������#��&���#�@./

#�:#�@ �&������#:$��%��������#:$$*����,������+����A���4��* you �����$������

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 2100120

���� • You give me a flower. I give you a present.

(� ?��*$��-&*.��D��) (D����*+��+���.��� ?)

���� �0����*�� 3 ��� �����#��&�����*.���� ��!�@��������+���������/���3)�

���������� �.�������#��&.��9*:�������/���3)���,����'��+����A��!�&�#(

-$*.�� He �&��3)� ��� (>�#"��) She �&��3)� ��� (>�#��$�) 7)����=������#�@ ���

�/���3)��� > �$��� .!�3*�9*:�������/���3)�&��/�� > �� ��* They 7)���&��3)� ���

(>�#��$���8�>�#"�� ��8� !���>�#��$�04�>�#"��) �4���� ���������%-$*��� They �&��3)�

�+� (9*:����) ���� �+� (9*:���) �/�� > �� ����!*��$:������&����/���3)�!���.!�.��

.!�3*�����/���3)���!�@��������+�������=����#�@��* It (���) ./3*���=�#�:#�@��*

They (����4�����/���) �����$������

.!�3*�����/���3)��� ��!�@��������+����,�����&+����A�� ��/�����:����$�&

$�����

He him

She her

It it (���$�&)

They them

��������

• Toy likes to eat apples. She buys them at the supermarket every

day. Yesterday, I visited her and gave her some.

(!*����%���.����|�/ �'�7���&�����7 �����@&��@��4!� �> ��� �&���������D��-�

���'�./���.����|�/-���*�'�$*��)

• Ying and Yai are studying English . They go to attend English class

in Sunday evening. Teacher told them to buy a book last week. They

went to buy it at the CU Book Centre yesterday.

(����./������/��������������� � �+�-�������������� �� ���4��������!�@

��:%����*�+�7�����������/�&��)���&������$��@���./*� #���+�)�-�7�������������

(:��@������� ��� �&���������)

����������� ������� 21

Exercise 4

(���������� 4)

Fill in the blanks with the correct personal pronoun.

(����$��������������%'���*+�+,������� ��������)

1. I will give ________ a book on the table.

(������������ ��������������������(������))

2. Toom can not go to the concert with me because ________ has

a lot of work to do.

(���!"!��!�#$"%&�'���*#+�������"&��,#������-�! ��������/!��!��)

3. I love children. I think ________ are lively, sweet and innocent.

(���#���&4� ���'*&����&4�5 #���#*� ���������6�"#��& ���)

4. Santa Claus is coming to town. ________ is making a list.

(8����'6��/6��!����!�� ����/6���/��9� #���������)

5. Tell ________ how I can go to the post office.

(����������"%� ��/��#"%#;< �+������������$��'��)

6. The woman loves her black cat and gives ________ someting to eat.

(�-�#���!� &/����-��6��������#!���*�)

7. ________ is really an interesting monument park for tourists.

(!���%?���6��#�!�����# �+/�#����������� ���)

8. She will pick the red roses from her garden and give them to _______ .

(�-�A���4�&�����6�� �&�A��������-� �6����!�������)

9. His Majesty the King has conducted numerous royal function to promote

and to develop rice cultivation to disseminate _______ to the people.

(,#����!�&4A,#��A���������"&�%#����,#�#���#< ��*A�6��%#���#

�,�����#*!�6�,�D����#%6�������6�����,#�������%#�����)

10. People always succeed in their work if they do _______ intentionally.

('��#�!��A��/��� ������ /�#4A$����F��A)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 2100122

2.2 ���� �9+��� ���%��/� :�� (Possessive pronoun) ��� �����#��&

�����*.������������#:$3)������=�+��+����� �/��������/���3)����������������.��./*� �� �����

/�������������������4�� �����#��&.�$����&��=��*�+�� (Possessive Pronoun)

��� &��:� $�����

I mine

We ours

You yours

He his

She her

It its

They theirs

��������

• I have many friends. (D��&��#�����/����)

Ta is a friend of mine. (!���=��#��������)��+��D��)

• Tam likes to buy books and he has various kinds of book.

Samkok is one of his.

(!��&��%7����������./�+�&��������&��&���/�����$ ��&�~��4��=��������

�/�&��)������+�&�)

A$���!�&������.�$����&��=��*�+������������)��7)����=���� ?(�#�@

(Adjective) ����������� ?(�#�@.�$����&��=��*�+�� (Possessive Adjective) &��:�����+���

$�����

I my

We our

You your

He his

����������� ������� 23

She her

It its

They their

���-7B�&!'0*��������%�� �������� �����4������������*�� ���()���!*��

.����*��������������������A����=������#��&.�$����&��=��*�+�� (Possessive

pronoun) ������� ?(�#�@.�$����&��=��*�+�� (Possessive adjective)

��������

• This is my pen. That is your pen.

(�����������+��D�� ������������+��� ?)

��=� possessive adjective.

• This blue one is a pen of mine and that black one is yours.

(������� ����=������$*�&��)��+��D�� ./�������$�������=������+��� ?)

mine ./ yours ��=� possessive pronoun �#����*.������& my

pen ./ your pen

2.3������ �*��� (Reflexive pronoun) �&��3)� �����#��&���.�$����

9*:������=�9*:-$*��%9/���������������� &��:�����+��� $�����

I myself

We ourselves

You yourself, yourselves

He himself

She herself

It itself

They themselves

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 2100124

��������

• I myself wash the car.

(D��/*���3���)

• She sees herself in the mirrow.

(�'�&����4�!�������������)

• He talks to himself about his mistake.

(�+�#:$��%!���������������+���9�$)

• I saw him myself.

(D����4��+������%!�)

• He did it by himself.

(�+�����������$*��!��+���+����)

• We should go to attend the examination ourselves.

(���!*��-��+*���%$*��!����)

• Go and get the money order yourself.

(-�./��%'��?�!�$*��!����)

2.4 �;/< ���� � (Interrogative pronoun) ��=������#��&�����*��=�

��3�& -$*.�� Who, What, Where, When, Why, Whom, Whose, Which &���'������*

$�����

(1) 3�&��������%% ��/ ��* Who / Whom / Whose

Who ��=���'��+����A�� Whom ��*��=����&+����A�� ./

Whose ��*��=���� ?(�#�@.�$����&��=��*�+�� (Possessive adjective)

��������

• Who are you?

(� ?������)

����������� ������� 25

• Whom do you meet?

(� ?-�#%���)

• Whose house is that?

(������=�+�����)

(2) 3�&��������%����+�� ��* what

��������

• What is this?

(�������-�)

• What do you want?

(� ?!*������-�)

(3) 3�&��������%% ��/������������+�� ��* Which

��������

• Which of these girls is the loveliest?

(�$4���-�� (��%��$��$4���/�����) ���������� $)

• Which will she buy, car or house?

(�'��/���7����-� �3��!@7���%*��)

(4) 3�&��������%���&� +� �+@ ��* How

��������

• How are you?

(� ?�%��$�����)

• How do you come here?

(� ?&�������-$*�����-�)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 2100126

• How is your work?

(������� ?����=������-�%*��)

• How are you feeling?

(� ?�*:�)������-�)

(5) 3�&��������%��! 9/ ��* Why

��������

• Why do you come late?

(��-&� ?)�&����)

(6) 3�&��������%�3����� ��* Where

��������

• Where are you going?

(� ?-�-��)

(7) 3�&��������%��/� ��* When

��������

• When did you come to Thailand?

(� ?-�����(-��&��&���-���)

%���������* what ����

• What is the time? ���� What time is it?

(��/����A&�./*�)

����������� ������� 27

Exercise 5

(���������� 5)

Fill in the blanks with the correct word.

(��$������������������������)

1. ________ car is that?

(�3���������=�+�����)

2. ________ do you go to school.

(� ?-�A������������-�)

3. ________ does he do?

(�+����-�)

4. ________ did you arrive?

(� ?&�3)��&���-�)

5. ________ time is it?

(��/����A&�./*�)

6. ________ didn' t you come yesterday?

(��-&�&���������� ?-&�&�)

7. ________ are you traveling?

(� ?��/���$�����-�-��)

8. ________ can I buy the ticket?

(D��7���!���-$*���-��)

9. ________ one do you like, black or red?

(� ?��%���-�� ��$�������.$�)

10. ________ do you meet this afternoon?

(� ?#%���%������)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 2100128

2.5 �����=���� � (Relative pronoun) ��� �����#��&�����*��

��������&��A�� A$��D#�����A�����7�%7*��7)��&����=�!�������&��������A���/��

����& +���A�� (Main clause) ./��A��+��������� ��A�� (Subordinate clause)

�����#��&�������� ��� �������*+)��!*���A�������� -$*.�� what, where, when,

who, whom, whose, which ./ that

����#��'���#��&$���/�������*���� $�����

what .�/��� *$���� ��*��=��������&����+�����������������

���� • She tells us what she will do next.

(�'�%���������'����-�!��-�)

where .�/��� !���� ��*��=��������&�3�����

���� • I will go to the bank where people can walk around.

(D��-�'��������&�%����?��*�$��-$*)

when .�/��� ��8�� ��*��=��������&%����/�

���� • Dan will study in the university when he had past the

examination.

(.$�-������!����&�������/���&����+���%9���./*�)

who .�/��� >�#�� ��*��=���#��'���#��&.���� 7)������*������=���'��+��

��A��

���� • Mr. John who teaches English in our school, will go

back to England next week.

(� ?��@��������������� ����A�������+����� �/�%���� ���

���$��@��*�)

whom .�/��� >�#�� ��*��=���#��'���#��&.����7)������*������=����&+��

��A��

����������� ������� 29

���� • The woman whom I met yesterday is her mother.

(9*:�������D�����&������������.&�+���'�)

whose .�/��� ���>�#!�� (��) ��*��=���#��'���#��&.�$����&��=��*�+��

���� • The policeman whose car was crashed, is the

Director - general of the Police Department.

(!���������33:��� ��� �'�%$���&!���)

which .�/��� �����, !����, ����7)����=�����#��'���#��& 7)����=�-$*����

��'��./���&+����A�� ��*��%��!�@./����+����������

���� • The house which bought by Pom is on Phahonyothin

Road.

(%*���/��������&7������:%�3��#�/A�'��)

• The elephant which is the star in that movie, comes

from Pang Chang.

(�*�������=�$���.�$�������#��!�@���������� ��=��*��+������*��)

that .�/��� �����, !����, *$���� ��=�����#��'���#��& 7)����*.��-$*������

��!�@./����+��

���� • The car that I like, is red.

(�3������D����%��.$�)

• The dog that is caught, lives in the street.

(� ��+!�����3:��%��(�����:!�&3��)

• The man that is walking down the street, must be

crazy.

(����������/���$�����:+*��3������!�-&�$�)

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Exercise 6

(���������� 6)

Fill in the blanks with the correct word.

(��$������������������������)

1. I tell that man ________ he should do.

(�!���������'���F�������'�#A��/��"#)

2. She doesn' t want to go with me to the department store ________

there are a lot of people.

(�-�"!�����"%����##,*�'��� �! '�"%�������5 ������)

3. Pom will resign ________ she is fifty years old.

(%G�!A�6�����!���-����� 50 %J)

4. Pimchai ________ teaches Fine Arts in our institute, will visit

England next week.

(,*!,+�A'�� ���Q*6%�� �$��������#�A�"%%#���Q����R;�%&��+����)

5. The man ________ you met yesterday is my friend.

(������� �'�<,��!������%?��,���������)

6. The boy ________ legs are broken, had a car accident yesterday.

(�&4�������� ������ %#�������*�����!������ F)

7. The car ________ parked in the car park yesterday was stolen.

(#$���+'��� �A�&������� �A�&#$�!������ F $����!�"%�6��)

8. The cat ________ she like, lives in that house.

(�!����� ��-������Q��������������F�)

9. Don' t believe ________ he says because he always tell a lie.

(����"%����*��� ����,�& �,#��������,�&����)

10. That is the zoo ________ Panda are brought up.

(�����%?������+� ��! �,�&��$�����"%�6 F��"��)

����������� ������� 31

2.6 �������� � (Demonstrative pronoun) ��� �����#��&�����*.��

������ ��!�@./����+��������:��/*����-�/ -$*.�� this, these, that, those

*D��!�� ���& �' (Singular) &�#& �' (Plural)

��/* this (���) these (��/�����)

-�/ that (����) those (��/������)

!� ��%����� � ����D� *$��!�����#��4� ��=����#�@��* this ��=�#�:#�@��*

these 0��D����%�*��&��� ����D� *$��!�����#/�4 ��=����#�@��* that ��=�#�:#�@��*

those

���&���#��&����*����-$*�/������� -$*.��

(1) ��%���= �:�������

• This is interested me very much.

(�����������*D�������=������&��)

(2) ��%�����:�������

• How can you do that?

(� ?�����������-$*�����-�)

(3) �����0�*��0��������

• I prefer this than that.

(D����%�������&��������������)

(4) ��%�����:��0��0*

• Please be aware of that.

(A��$!�����������������$*��)

2.7 ���� ���09*� (Reciprocal pronoun) ��=����#��&7)��!�%.��

7)�����./��� -$*.�� each other ./ one another (7)�����./���)

���#��&!�%.������*����-$*�/������� -$*.��

(1) ��%���= �:�������

• Each other has different opinion.

(.!�/��&����&��$��4����.!�!������)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 2100132

������

(Subject)

���

(Object)

�� ��������

�������������

(Possessive

Adjective)

����������

�������

(Possessive)

���������

��������

(Reflexive)

(2) ��%�����:�������

• We meet each other in the college.

(���#%����������/��)

• Four brothers do not like one another.

(#���*����������� -&�&������%����/�)

(3) ��%�����:��0��0*

• They take care of each other.

(�+� (�����/��) $:./7)�����./���)

• She puts all the books on the top of one another.

(�'�����������7*��> ���+)��-�)

(4) ��%��/� :��

• The students borrowed each other's lecture.

(���()�����&�& $$��%�����7)�����./���)

�������� : �����"�#�����

I (��#�;� � 1 ���,A�+) me my mine myself

We (��#�;� � 1 ,��,A�+) us our ours ourselves

You (��#�;� � 2) you your yours yourself,

(���,A�+)

yourselves

(,��,A�+)

He (��#�;� � 3 ���,A�+) him his his himself

She (��#�;� � 3 ���,A�+) her her hers herself

It (��#�;� � 3 ���,A�+) it its its itself

They (��#�;� � 3 ,��,A�+) them their theirs themselves

����������� ������� 33

Exercise 7

(���������� 7)

Choose the correct word and fill in the blanks.

(��-��������������"�����$������������)

this these that those each other one another

each other’s one another’s

1. She prefers these than ________.

(�-�������,��� F!���������,����F�)

2. What do you mean by ________?

('�<�/�������F� �!��'��!��������"#)

3. ________ is very interesting.

(!���%?��#���� ������A!��)

4. They met ________ at the restaurant.

(���,����� �#�������#)

5. We take care of ________ dog.

(�#�&��6������������6����)

6. ________ dresses different style.

(���6�'����������������� ��������)

7. Look at ________! It looks like your pen.

(&�� �8* !����!��%�������'�<�6�)

8. Elephants walk after ________ in a line.

(�����&*���!����%?��$�)

9. They are all junk foods. ________ are not good for your health.

(!���%?�����#�����F���F� !��"!�& �����\�,���'�<)

10. It' s a wonderful firework. Can you see ________?

(!���%?�,6�� �����!!�� '�<!����4��#��%6��)

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3. ����$�� (Verb) ��� �����.�$�����������������+����'��+����A��

.%�������=� 5 ���$ ���

3.1 �������� (Transitive verb) �&��3)� ��$��!��������������

�����6��8�����������������4�� �#�����*��������&+�������!������ L��+*����$��

����&�����-$*.�������!��-���� give, buy, bring, write, speak, hit, see, look at,

order, open, close, wash, clean, etc.

��������

• My father bought meat and eggs yesterday.

(#��+��D��7��������./-+��&���������)

�������&���*��=����&+������&����� (Object of a transitive verb) -$*����

-$*.�� ��!��-���� ���

1 ���!-�"�$� (All kinds of nouns)

• Kenya needs the growth and development.

(����(�����!*��&����+���!��./#����)

2 *��&��� (Pronoun) �"��

• I told him that he could pass his examination.

(D��%���+�����+���%-$*)

3 ��$��*�����4� (/��0�� Infinitive) �"��

• These students want to continue their studies in the U.S.A.

(���()����/� &���!*�����()���!��������(����,��&����)

4 ����$��!����$� ing (Gerund) 04�������"���������

• I don' t like smoking.

(D��-&���%����:%% ����)

3.2 ��������� (Intransitive Verb) �&��3)� ��$��!��/������������

(Object) �������8�/�������������������6�#��&���������&�&%:�?@���:��!�����:./*� ����

����������� ������� 35

go -� run ���� sleep �/�% dance �!*���

stay #��, ���: come &� fly %�� light ����.��, $

regret ����� sit ���� stand ��� exhale �������

��������

• Who comes?

(���&�)

• My sister dances very well.

(�*�����D���!*�������&��)

����&�����%��!��.&*-&�!*��������& (Object) &���%A$�!�� .!��4���!*��#)������

��(���������/� &����������+����#�����*��������&��$��+)�� �����&�+���!�&�/��

����&���������-&�-$*&���,����=����& (Object) &���,����=�!��������*����&�����

!������&����&�&����$������+)�� 7)������������ ��������� "Subjective complement"

�&��3)� "!��+�������� �#�����*��'��+����A��&�����&�&%:�?@" ����&�����

(Intransitive Verb) ������!*����(�� Subjective complement ./*���������&)��&%:�?@����

����������&��*������:-$*.�������!��-����

get = ��=� &�

become = ��=�, �/����=�

remain = ��������:!��-�

3.3 ���� 9*� (Finite Verb) �&��3)� ��$��!�������"���%�*���*�������

���K�� � �+*����&������#:$�����+������-����� ���+�$����7)�������.�* (Finite Verb)

./*� +*����&������=���A��+)��&�-&�-$*A$��$4$+�$ �#��D������$��0!� ���%�����

��8�*���*����������K�����$���./��*�����!-�*����������)��$*�������$��0!���� ������

��4����0�4�/���� Tense ����L ���!�����4����0�4�/����������<��!�����!���8�

0*����$������L $*��

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���� • Who comes?

(���&�)

• The girls are coming early.

(�$4�9*:����&���4������)

3.4 ���� ?��9*� (Non - finite Verb) �&��3)� ����$��!���$/�������"������

��$��0!� 0��D#������"�!�����!����%�������8�� ���� ��=�����& (Noun) %*�� ��=���

� ?(�#�@ (Adjective) %*�� ��=�����������(�?@ (Adverb) %*��������=������������

��A�� ���������� �.%�������-&�.�* (Non - finite Verb) �����=� 3 ���$ ���

(1) Infinitive ��� ��������&� to ����*� (to + Verb1

) 7)����=����

+�������������-&�-$*&������/����.�/�-�!�&��/ (Tense) ���� to walk, to run ��=�!*�

(2) Gerund ��� ���������!�& ing (Verb + ing ���� Ving

) ����

walking, sleeping, smoking ��=�!*�

(3) Participle ��� ���������!�& ing �����% Present participle ����

eating coming ��=�!*� ������=������������� 3 �����% Past participle ���� eaten,

come, cleaned, spoken ��=�!*�

/���?+�������!���$��=������.�* (Finite Verb) ���������-&�.�* (Non - finite

Verb) ���� �����!-$*���!�.����+������������A�� �/��������$�����!��������#����*-� �

��%���$��0!� ���������!����������=����$�%!��> -� ��=������-&�.�*

���� • We want to develop our company in many ways.

(���!*��������#����%�����+��������/��> $*��)

want ��=������.�* (finite Verb) to develop ��� Infinitive

��=������-&�.�* (Non-finite Verb)

3.5 ���� $��� (Modal Verb, Helping Verb or Auxiliary Verb)

��� ��$��!��!�����!��"�����$������8���&8��0*�������%���4� (Mood) �� � (Voice) 04�

��4 (Tense)

����������� ������� 37

��������� (Auxiliary Verb) &����:�����&$ 24 !�� ���

Verb to be (is, am, are, was, were) Verb need

Verb to have (has, have, had) Verb dare

Verb to do (do, does, did) Verb ought to

Verb will (will, would) Verb used to

Verb shall (shall, should) Verb had better

Verb can (can, could) Verb would rather

Verb have to (���&����&�&��������% must)

1.1 ����"� Verb to be ��*����*�������������!������-$*$��!��-����

1 � �?����� ���� ���*������ ing ����*��A��������=� Continuous Tense

7)��.�/��� "��4��" � ������

���� • We are learning English.

(�����/��������������� �)

2 � �?����� ���� $���*�� 3 (�D#�����&�����) ����*��A��������=�

���&��� (Passive Voice) .�/��� "D#�"

���� • John was punished by the teacher yesterday.

(��@�3:���:��A���&���������)

3 � �?����� ���� B �� � (Infinitive) .�/��� " �, �����" .�$�3)�

��*�������!*������ .9���� ����!���&��� ������ ��+��*���������&��=�-�-$*

���� • He is to stay here till I come back.

(�+�!*�����:�����������D���/�%&�)

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4 ����������, �����, *������� �����+�������&'��*� (Adjective)

!*����* be ����*���&�

���� • Be quiet. The baby is sleeping.

(����% > /:���/������/�%���:)

5 #$������ ���� about to + Verb $���*�� 1 .�/��� "��4�� �"

.�$�3)���! ���?@������$+)��������!�����/*

���� • They are about to start their journey this week.

(#���+���/������$�����������$��@���)

6 #$�*���� *����%����� ���� (Principal Verb) ����A��-$* ��?������

��A������-&�&� Verb !�������+*�&����&���:��% Verb to be

���� • Jean is always a good girl.

(����=��$4�$���&�)

1.2 � �#$� have, have to, have got to, had better

have ��=���$��0!� .�/��� "��" �:��� Present tense ��� have, has

./�:��� Past tense ��� had

V1

V2

V3

to have have, has had had

���� • She has good health.

(�'���=������&�� +��#$�)

• I have a lot of books.

(D��&������������&��)

• He has his own land.

(�+�&����$����=�+��!����)

����������� ������� 39

• You have a diamond ring.

(� ?&�.����#��)

• They have little money but have a lot of friends.

(�+������.!�-&���#����)

• We have three sisters.

(���&�#����� 3 ��)

• That library has 20,000 books.

(�*���& $.�������&�������� 20,000 �/�&)

• Toom has a good income.

(!* &&����-$*$�)

• Pom often has a high fever.

(���&&�-+*�:�%���> )

have ��.�/��� "�$�" "�8��" ���� "��6���"

���� • The children have ice - cream after lunch.

(�$4�> ��%�����-�(���&�/�����+*���/�����./*�)

• She had lunch in that restaurant.

(�'����������/���������*������)

• My son had a glass of milk five times a day.

(/:����D��$��&�&���/ 5 ����� > / 1 .�*�)

• The manager has a cup of coffee twice a day.

(9*:�$���$��&��.^���/ 2 �����)

• How many times do you have a bath daily?

(� ?��%������/��������)

• Does she have sunbath?

(�'�-���%.$$������/��)

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have ��=�������������:���A�� Present Perfect Tense 3*���=� Past

Perfect Tense ��* had

���� • He has answered these questions.

(�+�!�%��3�&��/�����./*�)

• We have been invited to the party.

(���-$*��%����-�����/����)

• Have you ever been to Singapore?

(� ?���-�����A��@�������)

• They hadn' t listened to the radio before they went to

the cinema yesterday.

(#���+�-&�-$* L����� �������-�$:�����&���������)

• Had you eaten anything?

(� ?����-�&��������)

have to .�/��� "����, ���%�����" (= must) ��*.�$�3)�#��'��*����./�����

���=����!*������ �/�� have to !*����*������������ 1 (infinitive without to) ��&�

���� • I have to leave now.

(D��!*��-�./*�)

• George has to go to school from Monday to Friday.

(��@!*��-�A�������!���.!��������@3)����( ��@)

��A��%���/�����&� have to �&�������=���3�&���������'!*����* Verb to do

�+*�&����� ��� have (���� has) +)��-�-�*!*���A���&�����=���A����3�& (Question

sentence) ���� �!�& not �/�� have, has �&�����=���A�������' (Negative sentence)

-&�-$*

���� • Do I have to leave now?

(D�����=�!*��-��$����������-�&)

����������� ������� 41

• I don' t have to leave now.

(D��-&����=�!*��-��$�������)

• Does he have to go to work?

(�+�!*��-������$*������)

have to ��*-$*��%��! ���?@�����=��L %��./����! �:��$�!+�� have to ���

had to

Have got to ��.�/�����$�����% have to ��&��"�����:�&#�0!� had to

�&�����=���A��%���/�� (Affirmative sentence) ��� have ���� has ��=�

' ve ���� ' s

���� • He' s got to go.

(�+�!*��-�./*�)

• I' ve got to do.

(D��!*����./*�)

�&�����=���A�������' (Negative sentence) �!�&�:����+�� not ��� n't

��*������ got

���� • He hasn' t got to go.

(�+�-&����=�!*��-�)

• I haven' t got to do.

(D��-&����=�!*����)

��A����3�& (Interrogative sentence)

• Has he got to go?

(�+����=�!*��-�&���)

• Have I got to do?

(D�����=�!*����&���)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 2100142

had better (��*��&3)� had rather, had sooner) .�/��� "��� �...������"

�/�� had better !�&$*�� Verb ������� 1 (��=� Infinitive without "to" ) ��*����?����

��$�����=����$���������������)��������$ ������&��&�������%������ > ����/�

���� .&*&��:���=��$�! (Past) .!����&�&����=��L %�� (Present) A$���!���/�#:$����

�+���&����� had ��=� ' d �+*���%!����'����&�7)����*-$*��%� �#�@./� �% � �

���� • You had better start your trip tomorrow. ����

You' d better start your trip tomorrow.

(� ?�������&�$�����!���.!�#�� ����)

• I had better go home now. ����

I' d better go home now.

(D���/�%%*��$�����)

���*����� : start ./ go ��=� Infinitive without "to"

��A��%���/�����&� had better �����&�������=������'��*��$� not �4�� better

�������� ������� not -�*�/�� had ��=����+�$ ������3�&��*�� had -����-�*!*���A��

���� • She had better stay home alone.

(�'�������:%*�����$���$�����)

• She had better not stay home alone.

(�'�-&�������:%*�����$���)

• Had she better stay home alone?

(�'�������:%*�����$�������)

1.3 � �#$� Verb to do

Verb to do �&�����=������.�* .�/��� "!�" &��:��� Present Tense ���

do, does ./�:��� Past Tense ��� did �&�����=������������� 3 ��=� done

V1

V2

V3

to do do, does did done

����������� ������� 43

���� • I do my homework everyday.

(D�������%*��� ����)

• Our father does the garden on Sundays.

(� ?#��+����������� ��������!�@)

• Don' t do that!

(���������������)

• Two atomic bombs did great damage to Japan.

(��%�$��&�?: 2 /:� �����*���$���&�������.������(����U ������

�����/��)

• What did you do with my book?

(� ?���-���%�������+��D����)

• Everything is well done.

(� ��������-$*$�&��)

Verb to do �&�����=����������-&�&����&�&�� .!������������*���:���A��

��/���?!���> &��:��� Present Tense ��� do, does ./�:��� Past Tense ��� did

3*�����A��&� Verb to do ���� �����.�*���:���:� Infinitive without to

���� • I don' t like your smile.

(D��-&���%������&+��� ?)

• Do be quiet!

(����% > �����7�)

�&��� Verb to do ��=���������� ����*���� $�����

1 ��=��������������A����3�& (Question sentence)

���� • Do you like my new dress?

(� ?��%� $��&�+��D��������/��)

• Does he go to school today?

(�������+�-�A�������������/��)

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• Did they drive home yesterday?

(�&�������+� (�����/��) +�%�3�/�%%*��������/��)

• When did they come back?

(�+��/�%&��&���-�)

2 ��=��������������A�������' (Negative sentence)

���� • She doesn' t like English.

(�'�-&���%�������� �)

• You didn' t visit me yesterday.

(�&�������'�-&�-$*&���D��)

• I didn' t stay home last week.

(�&�������!�@����D��-&�-$*���:%*��)

�����K����D��04����K���[$�*< D��/������$�"�������8�����# ����"� Verb

to do ��"������D#���4 (Tense) 04�& �' (Number) K�����4����� Verb to

have /���� Verb to be /�����# �����"� Verb to do ��"��� 0��D���� will, would,

shall, should, can, could, may, might, must ���#04�� �\/�������"� Verb to

do ��"���

3 ��*.�������!������������:����A���$������ �#���-&���*!*����*�����!������7��> 7��>

���� • She goes to school every day as I do.

(�'�-�A�������� ������&���D��)

• I certainly do intend to help you.

(D��!�������������/���'���� > �)

• Do leave and let me stay alone.

(A��$-������3� ./*��/�����*D��-$*���:���$���)

• Don' t be hurry!

(-&�!*����%)

• Do come and see me once!

(A��$&���D������������)���3�)

����������� ������� 45

Exercise 8

(���������� 8)

Put the right form of given verb in the blanks.

(��$������$����������������������)

1. It doesn' t allow (smoke) ________ in the cimena.

(���!�����# ����#�\�,���#+)

2. (Dance) ________ is the way to both relax and exercise yourself.

(��#����#/�%?��*- ��#'6���'# �&�6�����/6�����/�#��'�<&������<�

�& �����)

3. My friend wants (visit) ________ the zoo after the class.

(�,�������������"%�� ��������+�6���6*��# ���6��)

4. Who (leave) ________ just a minute?

(�'#�,*�����"%��)

5. I already (have) ________ my breakfast at home.

(��������������!�A�������6��)

6. (Be) ________ calm! She wants to hear no noisy cry.

(������'��!������� �-�"!�������#^�� ��#���������)

7. You are about to (start) ________ the car when we see the fire.

('�<�/6��A��*&�'#���#$�!���#�!����4�"^"�!�)

8. Dam (be) ________ always dilligent to help his parent.

(&/�%?�'������ �!��A�������6�,���!�������)

9. She (have) ________ better go to the hospital now. She coughs

continuously.

(�-�'�#A�"%�#�,����6�& q��� F �,#���-�"��*&���������!��)

10. (Do) ________ he go to join the mob yesterday?

(���"%#��!��!��!�!������ F�#��%6��)

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4. ���-7B�&!' (Adjective) ��� �������*+�������& (Noun) �������#��&

(Pornoun) �#�����*&����&�&�������$������+)�� ����*�����'�%�� %��/���?./���#

+������&./�����#��& ���-$*�����A�������� Adjectives modify nouns.

(��� ?(�#�@����*����+�����&) ���������������� modify &����&�&������������ �

��� change a little $������ ��� ?(�#�@)�����*����& (Noun) &����&�&����$������+)��

���� young boy ������� ��� ����& boy ���� young �#��&���&�&����*��$+)��

�����*�*:��� �$4�9*:������������$4����:

4.1 ����&:������&'��*�

(1) ����&'��*�*�����"���������0�����:����� �*��������� ����4� (Noun

phrase) ��� ?(�#�@���:�/��������*���& (Article) ���$!��� > ./���:��*�����&

(Noun) ���� a beautiful smile, a big house, a loaf of white bread, all of the

male elephants ��=�!*�

���-7B�&!'!������������������ �������� Attribute adjective ��8�

Attribute function

(2) ����&'��*�*�����"� ����� verb to be �������� linking verb

����J �������� Predicative adjective ��8� Predicative function ���� seen,

appear, become, get, look, feel, taste, smell, stay, etc.

��������

• The house was big.

(%*���/������)

• Her smile is beautiful.

(���&+���'����)

����������� ������� 47

• All of the elephants are male.

(�*�������&$��=�!��9*:)

• She seemed sad.

(�'�$:�(�*� >)

• The food tasted good.

(���������!�$�)

(3) ����&'��*�0 ���������"?+�*�K���� � �9�� ����� Linking verbs ����

#:$����������)�� ��� ��� ?(�#�@%������&��3��=�-$*���� Attributive adjective ./

Predicative adjective ���� big, beautiful, male ��=�!*�

(4) ����&'��*�0 ������"��� ��� ��������� ��+����*� ��K� (Attribute)

���� chief, inner, indoor, outdoor, upper, utter, mere, main, only, former, elder

��=�!*�

��������

main season ( $:�/��), inner ring road (3����.�����%��),

mere child (�$4���������), upper class (����%�), only son (/:�������$���)

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�������� �:���A�������*��� ?(�#�@������:����*�����& (Noun) -$*�#���������$���

Chess is an indoor game. -&���*

(�&��� ���=���������&�������)��) The game is indoor.

(��������������=���������&)

adj. n.

This is the main road. -&���*

(������3������/��) The road is main.

(3������/��)

adj. n.

The former president is very young. -&���*

(��'���'�%$���������� &&��) The president is former.

(��'���'�%$����������)

adj. n.

(5) ����&'��*�*�����"���� verb to be ��8� linking verb �&�������������

�!������ (Predicative) -$*.�� ��� ?(�#�@���.�$����&�*:�)� ���� glad ($��), upset

(9�$����), pleased (A��$����), content ($��), well (� +��#$�), ill (�U��) ./

��� ?(�#�@���+)��!*�$*�� "a…" -$*.��

afraid �/�� aground ���!���

ahead +*����*� alone A$$�$����

ashamed /��� asleep �/�%

awake !��� alike ��&���

alive &�����!���: aware �*:, !�����

����������� ������� 49

��������

• I' m pleased to see you.

(D��$�����-$*#%� ?)

• Your friend looks ill.

(�#����+��� ?&��$:-&������%��)

Linking verb

• Tom was well this morning.

(��*������&�%��$�)

• He is ahead.

(�+����:+*����*�)

• The sky is aglow with fireworks.

(�*�� �������-��$*��$��-&*-^)

• Kate has two brothers who are very alike.

(���&��*����� 2 �������*�!���&���)

• Don' t make any noise. The baby is asleep.

(�����������$�� �$4���/���/�%)

• They are apart on such wide range of issues.

(�+��������&����&.!�!������&�����������/�� > ������)

/�������

1 ��A�����!*����*��� ?(�#�@���&����&�&���/*���/)���%��� ?(�#�@���+)��!*�$*��

"a…" ./�"���������������"����-7B�&!'�8��

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����

• The dog is alive.

(� ��+!��������&�����!���:)

0�� Dutch is a living language.

(����$����=����������*���:���L %��)

• Tom was ashamed of doing that.

(��&/��������.%%����)

0�� Tom was a shameful man.

(��&��=������&����&/���)

2 ��� ?(�#�@ ill (�U��) ��*!�&�/�� verb to be ���� linking verbs !���>

����

• She was ill. (�'��U��)

• Mary looks ill. (.&���&��$:-&��%��)

.!� ill �����-�*��*�����&-$*3*�&����&�&������ (�/� -&�$� �����*�� -&���=�

&��/)

���� ill news (+����*��) ill luck (A��-&�$�)

ill health (� +��#-&�$�) ill wind (��! ���?@-&�$�)

ill afford (��%���-&�-$*) ill management (����$���-&�$�)

3 ������������=� linking verbs !������������6��������#*� (sensational

verbs) ����*�����/*�� verb to be + adjective ��������*��=�����������$-&�!*��&����&

(intransitive verb) ./&����& (transitive verb) ./&�����+���������������������

��������(�?@ (adverb) �4-$*

����������� ������� 51

!�������

• He looked calm.

(�+�&���������%)

Linking v. adj.

• He looked calmly at the angry crowd.

(�+�&���������%����-�����:���7)����/��A��')

Vt. adv.

• The soup tasted horrible.

(7 %-&�������/�)

Linking v. adj.

• She tasted the soup suspiciously.

(�'���&7 �$*�����&�����)

Vt. adv.

4 ��� ?(�#�@ (Adjective) &�����+�������������� intensifiers ���� adverb

of degree ���+�����*���� ?(�#�@ ����+������ ?(�#�@�������� -$*.�� absolutely,

almost, completely, terribly, enough, entirely, extremely, fairly, much, nearly,

only, pretty, quite, rather, early, very etc.

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• You' ve got a really nice garden.

(� ?&�������������>)

Intensi. adj.

• It was getting quite dark.

(����&&�$./*�)

Intensi. adj.

• You are absolutely right.

(� ?3:����>)

Intensi. adj.

• I'm almost ready.

(D������%#�*�&./*�)

Intensi. adj.

• The box isn' t big enough.

(�/���-&�����#�)

Intensi. adj.

• Betty bought an extremely attractive overcoat.

(.%4!!��7��������A�*�������-��&��)

Intensi. Adj.

����������� ������� 53

5 ��� ?(�#�@��=������$���.�$���������%����%-$* (�����$�����%����������(�?@

���� adverb) 7)��&�+���!������������%����%.�$�+��� "����" ./ +��� "���� $" ���:

3 +���$*����� ��� +���������-&�-$*&���������%����% (Positive degree) +������.�$����&&�����

$����� ������� �/� (Comparative degree) ./+������.�$����&��=����� $ ���� &������ $

$����� $ ������� $ (Superlative degree)

��������

Positive Comparative Superlative

tall taller tallest

brave braver bravest

useful more useful most useful

�������� ?(�#�@ (Adjective) .�$�+�������./+������� $-$*$*������!�&�L��

-er, -est ./�����*�� more ���� most 7)��&��/����?�@$�����

5.1 ����&'��*�*������ ����+��� .�$� Comparative ./ Superlative

$*�������$�� �� er 04� -est !��!������-7B�&!'���� ����*���� ?(�#�@���4�!�������

-e ���#04�� �����$��5&�� -r 04� -st

��������

Positive Comparative Superlative

bright brighter brightest

dark darker darkest

brave braver bravest

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5.2 ����&'��*�*������K�9�� 3 �� ���:OK�?� ����������=���� ?(�#�@�����=�

�����$���� ���� ������� (Verb) .!�&�����!�&�L�� ���� -ed, -ing, -ful �#�����/����

���$+���� �����������*��=���� ?(�#�@ ���� (interested, interesting, respectful)

.�$� Comparative $*������#��&�� more ./ Superlative $*������#��&�� most

-�+*����*���� ?(�#�@

!�������

Positive Comparative Superlative

interested more interested most interested

frightenting more frightening most frightening

respectful more respectful most respectful

5.3 ����&'��*�0 ���/���"�9���� �?�/ ��"��+�������9+�� ������0�*��0

(Irregular comparison) -$*.�� good, bad, many, much, little, far ./ old (��

���&�&�������*��%% ��/) 7)��&������/�����:� $�����

Positive Comparative Superlative

good better best

bad worse worst

many more most

much more most

little less least

far farther farthest (��*��%���&-�/+�������)

further furthest (��*��%������4-$* ������*��%������

����> �����&�&�������*������)

old elder eldest (��*.�$���������%����%��� &������

.������+��% ��/)

older oldest (��*��%��./����+��)

����������� ������� 55

{

��������

• Hua Hin is farther than Cha - am.

(���������:-�/�������)

• Hua Hin is the farthest of the three.

furthest

(�3��������� 3 .��� ���������:-�/���� $)

• They believed there were likely to be further attacks.

(�+���������&����A&!����)

• My elder brother is doctor.

(#�����+��D����=�.#��@)

• He is older than me.

(�+�.������D��)

• This building is older than that one.

(������/�������������������/������)

��* eldest , oldest ��%�*��&���-$*

• Tom is the eldest.

• Tom is the oldest.

(��&.������ $ ���� ��&��� &������ $)

�����&��3%��-$*������$��=���� ?(�#�@ (Adjective) A$�$:����*����+�������/�

./��A�� �#����� ?(�#�@����*����+�������& (Noun) A$�����*������=�-$*����

Attributive ��� ����*�����& ���� young man ./ Predicative ��� !�&�/������&

�����/�� Verb to be ���� The man is young. ./&���� ?(�#�@�����=�����&��

���-&�&��:�/���?@���.����������=���� ?(�#�@ ���� -&�&�/���?+���L���*���� (suffix)

���� big, small, thin, young, clever, intelligent ��=�!*� .!�&������&�/���?

+������!�&�L�� (suffix) �:�.%%!��� > �����/�������$+����������&�����������

��*��=���� ?(�#�@ ���� beautiful (&��� beauty + ful), historical (&��� history

+ ical), friendly (&��� friend + ly) ��=�!*�

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1 ����&'��*�*��� / �� ������Q//�� (Suffix) �*������&./�������

�� "�$������ � �� ���-7B�&!' ��0�4

(suffix)

comfort verb -able comfortable �%�� �$���%��

wash verb washable 7��-$*

practice verb -al practical ������%�!�-$*

music noun musical ��������%$�!��

tire verb -ed tired �������

rag noun ragged +�$�� ����� +� +� �������� �

hope noun, verb -ful hopeful &�����

use noun, verb useful &���A���@

hero noun -ic heroic ���% � � �/*���� �:����

scene noun scenic �����(�@ D��

fool noun, verb -ish foolish A��

girl noun girlish &����&��=�9*:����

attract verb -ive attractive &������@ $)�$:$�

effect verb effective &�9/ &�9/%����%��*

bore verb -ing boring ����%���

excite verb exciting ���!����!*�

rest noun -less restless -&�-$*#��

care noun careless ��&�� �/���/��

child noun -like childlike ����&�����=��$4�

woman noun womanlike ����&���9*:����

����������� ������� 57

friend noun -ly friendly ��=�&�!�

lone noun lonely ������

desire noun -ous desirous ���� ���� !*�����

humor noun humorous &����&?@+��

bother noun -some bothersome ����� ��$��� �%��������

troble noun troublesome ����/�$�/* & �� ���� /�%��

praise noun -worthy praiseworthy &�������.�������������

������&

turst noun trustworthy &�������.����������3��

�����3��-$*

sand noun -y sandy ��=����� &�/���?��=�����

wind noun windy /&�$

�� "�$������ � �� ���-7B�&!' ��0�4

(suffix)

Participles - ed, -ing, *��#$���%�����&'��*�

�L�� -ed ./ -ing ����!�&�*��������� (Verb) ���� excited (past participle)

exciting (present participle) ����*����������$�����&��3����*������=���� ?(�#�@-$*

./��=���� ?(�#�@-$*���� 2 ���$ ��� predicative adjective (I'm interested in the

book; the book is interesting.) ./ attributive adjective (I need an interested

candidate; this is an interesting book.)

���-7B�&!'!���� �������$�� �� -ed 04� -ing !�������$�� ���%��4�-���

��$��!������������0*��������#*� 04���%�����$��"�$�*������$�� (transitive

verb) ���� interest (����*���), amuse (����*�� �����), disappoint (����*9�$����)

��=�!*�

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��������

• The movie disappointed me last night.

(�������-�$:�&�������������*D��9�$����)

• This program interests me very much.

(�������������*D�����&��)

�&�����������/� &���&��L�� -ed ���� -ing �!�&�*���� ./����*������=���� ?(�#�@

&����&�&�����.!�!������ ��� ?(�#�@ -ed .�$����&�*:�)�+����'��+����A��

����3*����+�����*�����& ��� ?(�#�@ -ed �4&����&�&��+�������&��������*:�)������-�

��������

• Tom was interested in the game.

(��&�������)

• The interested man is over there.

(�����.�$����&������:!������)

�����!�����+*�& ��� ?(�#�@ -ing ��*���&�&����� ��'��+����A��������=�

�����-� "���*�� ����68�� ����4��" ���� ��� ?(�#�@ -ing ������+�����*�����&

.�$��������&����&�/���?�����-� ��=������-�

��������

• The book is interesting.

(��������/�&���������)

• This is an interesting book.

(����������������������)

��� ?(�#�@ -ed !�&$*����% #%� by, in, of, with, at etc. ���()���!*��

�����*���$���������� ?(�#�@�$��*��%% #%��$ ���� interested in, amused by,

surprised at ��=�!*�

����������� ������� 59

�����6�!��6K���*�������K��04������������ ���-7B�&!' -ed 04�

���-7B�&!' -ing

-ed adjective -ing adjective

• I'm interested in psychology.

(D����������!�����)

• After playing all afternoon they

were tired.

(�/��������/��!/�$����%��� #���+�

�4�*:�)��������)

• We were surprised at the result.

(����*:�)����/�$���9/������&�)

• I was very amused by her story.

(D���*:�)��� ���%������+���'�)

• I feel relaxed when I lie in a hot

bath.

(D���*:�)�9����/���&������.�����������

�*��)

• Psychology is very interesting.

(�!�������=��������������)

• Psychology is a very interesting

subject.

(�!�������=��������������&��������)��)

• The game went on all afternoon.

It was tiring.

(���.+��+��$�����-�!/�$����%���

&������%���)

• The result was surprising.

(9/������&�������/�$�)

• Her story was very amusing.

(������+���'��� �&��)

• She told me a very amusing story.

(�'��/������������� �&����*D�� L�)

• Lying in a hot bath is relaxing.

(�������������� ������������������)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 2100160

��� ?(�#�@���&�������!�&�L�� -ed, -ing �*������������/� &�$�����% interest -

interested - interesting ��� &��L���������������@���&�&��./��*����+������

��A�� �#�� verb + -ed ���� verb + -ing ��%����A����-&�-$*����*������=�

��� ?(�#�@ .!���=��:�.%%��)��+������������.�$���*�������-�����?@ ����

This is an interesting problem.

(�����=��L������������)

adj. n.

.!� We are interesting them in the problem.

(�����/������*#���+�����L������)

Progressive form of v. obj.

���� We have interested them in the problem for years.

(�������*#���+�����L������&����./*�)

Present Perfect Tense obj.

2 ����&'��*� (Adjective) + ��0��0* (Preposition)

��� ?(�#�@�����*!�&�/�� verb to be ���� linking verb ����> ��&�����

-&�&� % #%��/�!�&&��4-$* 3*�!�&$*��% #%��/�!*���/�����% #%���*3:�!*����%���&�&��

!�&%��%����� >

���� • He was afraid. (�+��/��) ����

• He was afraid of his enemies. (�+��/��(�!�:+���+�)

����������� ������� 61

2.1 #$�����&'��*� (Adjective) + ��0��0* (Preposition) of �#���%��

���&�*:�)�!��� > ����

afraid of (�/��) jealous of (��D�)

aware of (�*:!�����) proud of (�:&��)

convinced of (�����&��� &����) scared of (�/��)

envious of (��D�) tired of (�������)

guilty of (���)�9�$)

!�������

• He is not afraid of anything.

(�+�-&��/���-��/�)

• We are well aware of the situation.

(����*:�3�����?@����$�)

• Are you convinced of his talent?

(� ?&���������&��&��3+���+����-�&)

• She is envious of her sister.

(�'���D��*�����+���'����)

• They' re scared of failure.

(#���+��/�����&/*&��/�)

2.2 #$�����&'��*� (Adjective) + ��0��0* (preposition) of �#���.�$�

�3����#./� ������+�� % ��/ ����

capable of (&����&��&��3) innocent of (%��� �'��)

clever of (���� �D/���D/�$) made of (���� ��$*��)

composed of (����%$*��) stupid of (A��)

generous of (���*��) unreasonable of (-&�&���! 9/)

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��������

• A molecule is composed of atoms.

(A&�/� /����%$*���!�&!��� >)

• That was clever of you.

(������=����&���D/�$+��� ?)

• Jack was innocent of the crime.

(.4�%��� �'������������& ���� .4�-&�&�����������+*����%��������&)

• These shoes are made of the finest leather.

(�����*���:�����������^�����$����� $)

• I turned the job down, which was stupid of me.

(D��-&���%���7)����=����&A��+��D��)

2.3 #$�����&'��*� (Adjective) + ��0��0* (Preposition) with �#���.�$�

���&�*:�)�

acquainted with (�* ����) happy with (&����&� +)

angry with (A��') impatient with (-&��$��)

bored with (�%���) patient with (�$��)

content with (#��) pleased with (#�� #)�-$*)

delighted with (���$�) satisfied with (#��)

dissatisfied with (-&���=����#��) upset with (�*��� � �� $���$)

familiar with (�* ����)

��������

• Are you acquainted with Mr. Simmers?

(� ?������&��%� ?7�&�&��@����-�&)

����������� ������� 63

• We were angry with him.

(���A��'�+�)

• I could never be bored with football.

(D��-&�����%��� !%�/�/�)

• I' m delighted with the gift.

(D�����$���%+��+����������)

• I' m familiar with the work.

(D���* ���%���./*�)

• The teacher is patient with her students.

(�����@�$����%/:�(���@+���'�)

2.4 #$�����&'��*� (Adjective) + ��0��0* (Preposition) at �#���.�$�

���&�*:�)����� �.��./�#���%�����&��&��3

astonished at (���/�$�) bad at (.��)

shocked at (!�!/)�) good at ($� ����)

surprised at (���/�$�) hopeless at (�&$����)

��������

• He was shocked at the hatred they showed.

(�+�!�!/)���%���&A��'���#���+�.�$����&�)

• We were surprised at the news.

(������/�$���%+�������)

• She had always been good at languages.

(�'���������������&�!/�$)

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2.5 #$�����&'��*� (Adjective) + ��0��0* (Preposition) to �#���%��

���&��&��� ���&�/*�� ���&��&#��'@ ����&����&�� ���&�!���: ���&�������$�

close to (��/* ��&���) married to (.!�����)

dedicated to (� ��(!��) friendly to (��=�&�!�)

addicted to (!�$��) grateful to (�!���:)

equal to (������%) polite to (� ��#)

related to (��������% ������+*����%) relevant to (������+*�� ��&���)

engaged to (�&���) sensitive (�*:�)�-� ����-������)

��������

• He was addicted to heroin.

(�+�!�$� A����)

• Mary is engaged to Jim Wilson.

(.&���&�����% �& ��/���)

• She has been very friendly to me lately.

(�'�&�&�!�-&!��!��D��&����./*�)

• Her remark was relevant to the problem.

(��#:$+���'�!����%�L���)

2.6 #$�����&'��*� (Adjective) + ��0��0* (Preposition) for �#���%��

���&�&����������%��� �-� �#������ �#����-�

famous for (&����������) thankful for (+�%� ?)

known for (&����������) ready for (#�*�&)

late for (&����) responsible for (��%9�$��%)

����������� ������� 65

��������

• The restaurant is famous for its steaks.

(�*�����&�������������!4�)

• This town is known for its pleasant climate.

(�&��������=�����*:��������������($�)

• You' re late for school.

(� ?&�A����������)

• We' re thankful for your help.

(���+�%� ?�����%���&������/��+��� ?)

• I' m responsible for running the business.

(D����%9�$��%�������' ���)

3. ����&'��*�*��� ����� verb to be ���� linking verb ���� > ��!�&$*��

infinitive ������ ��A�� that-clause �#���.�$����&�*:�)� ���&!*�����./�#���%��

���&��$��4�

����/���!��-���� adj. �&��3)� ��� ?(�#�@ (Adjective)

3.1 adj. + to + infinitive

��������

• I was happy to see them again.

(D��&����&� +���-$*#%#���+����)

• I am afraid to go home.

(D���/������/�%%*��)

• They were unable to help her.

(#���+�-&���&��3�����'�-$*)

• I am willing to try.

(D���!4&����/����$:)

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• Your letter is difficult to read.

($�&��+��� ?�������)

• The race was exciting to watch.

(���.+��+�����!����!*����$:)

3.2 adj. + that - clause

��������

• I am sorry (that) I'm so late.

(D��+�A�����&��*�)

• I was sad that people had reacted in this way.

(D���(�*�������&����������.%%���)

• He was anxious that the passport was missing.

(�+�����/������#������@!���)

3.3 adj. + to - infinitive ����A�������* impersonal subject "It"

��������

• It' s safe to use the ladder.

(&���/�$��������*%��-$)

• It' s nice to have lots of friends.

($����&��#����&�� >)

• It' s difficult to keep awake all night.

(������!����������)

• It' s was very silly to make such a fuss.

(A��&������������ �> ���������)

• It' s easy to criticize.

(�������!��&)

����������� ������� 67

4.2 �����!������-7B�&!' (Kinds of Adjective)

��� ?(�#�@7)����=����������*����+�������& .%�������=� 6 �����

����> $�����

(1) ����&'��*�$�K�<� (Demonstrative adjectives) this (���),

that (����) ���+�����*�����&��6/�����& �'./��*�����&�����6/��/�� ���� this

book, this butter, this cat, that orange juice ��=�!*� ./��� ?(�#�@ these

(��/�����) those (��/������) ���+�����*�����&��6/��&�#& �' ���� these students,

those teachers ��=�!*�

(2) ����&'��*�*��9+��� ���%��/� :�� (Possessive adjective) �&��3)�

��� ?(�#�@�����:��%�����#��& (Pronoun) ��*+�������& (Noun) �#���.�$����&��=�

�*�+�� -$*.�� my, your, his, her, its, our, their ���� his uncle, her aunts,

their house, its tail ��=�!*�

(3) ����&'��*�*������ ��� �9+���! � (Interrogative adjectives)

��� �����.�$���3�& (question adjectives) 7)��-�*��*���A����3�& ���� which,

what, whose ��=�!*�

��������

• Which car do you like?

(� ?��%�3���-��)

• Whose book is this?

(�����=��������+�����)

• What style do you prefer?

(� ?��%.%%-��)

(4) ����&'��*�*��0���� ��� ��<� ��� (Distributive adjectives)

��� ��� ?(�#�@���+�������&�#���.�$�����+������&���+������� -$*.�� each, every,

either, neither, both

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 2100168

��������

• Each man knows what to do.

(.!�/�����%���!*�����-�)

• Every man had a weapon.

(� ���&���� ')

• I haven' t met either twin. (���� either of the twins)

(D��-&�-$*#%.�$���$����)���/�)

quantifier

• Neither shoe fits. (���� Neither of the shoes fits.)

(-&�&������*���:�$������-$*#�$�)

quantifier

• Both letters were from France. (���� Both of letters

were from France.)

($�&������ 2 D%�% ���&�������(������(�) quantifier

(5) ��&'��*�*��0������ & (Quantitative adjectives) ��� ��� ?(�#�@���+���

�������&����&����&�?&���*���#���-� ���� some, any, no, little, a little, few,

a few, many, much, two, twenty ��=�!*�

!�������

• They bought some honey.

(�+�7������9)��)

• We have some hot dogs and some bread.

(������ ��$��./+�&�L�)

• We don' t have any olives or butter, either.

(���-&�&��-��������� -&����/:�&����������)

����������� ������� 69

• We had no time to lose.

(���-&�&���/����./*�)

• There are no services on the motorway.

(-&�&����%�����%����$���)

• We have a little cake left.

(���&�+�&��*���/����$�$���)

• Tom has few friends.

(��&&��#����-&������)

• She doesn' t have many relatives.

(�'�&���!�#���*��-&�&�����)

(6) ����&'��*�*��0����&����& (Adjectives of quality) ��� ��� ?(�#�@���%��

� ?/���?+������& ��*���&�&��+�������&��������$�����

1 ���� (size) ���� small, big, long, short, large ��=�!*�

2 4��:7� (description, personality) ���� sharp, elegant, weak,

kind, helpful, pale, interesting ��=�!*�

3 ��� ���- (age) ���� old, new, ancient ��=�!*�

4 �#����� (shape) ���� triangular (3 ��/���&), hexagonal (6 ��/���&),

round, oval ��=�!*�

5 *� (color) ���� blue, red, purple, green ��=�!*�

6 0�4��!���� (source or origin) ���� Japanese, American, Italian,

Ramkhamhaeng ��=�!*�

7 ��*�- <��- (material) ���� plastic, wooden, woolen, gold, golden,

silk, silken, leaden, brick, stone ��=�!*�

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 2100170

8 ���D-���*��' �&8����/� (purpose) ��=��� gerund (V - ing)

�����&���*��=���� ?(�#�@ ���� walking stick (-&*��*�), bathing suit (� $�������), riding

horse (&*������%+��) ��=�!*�

9 �����!�������"���%����-7B�&!'�������$*����� ���� tennis shoes

(�����*��/��������), flower vase (.���$��-&*), eye glasses (.������!�),

picture frame (���%�:�) ��=�!*�

4.3 ��������4���6������-7B�&!' (Orders of Adjectives)

3*�����& (Noun) 3:�+���$*����� ?(�#�@�/�� > �� &��/����?�@��������

/�$�%��� ?(�#�@ $�����

(1) ����&�4��

(2) ���������*������=�� ?(�#�@��������������

(3) ��� ?(�#�@���&��#� Verb + ing %����!3 �����@ (Proposes)

(4) ��� ?(�#�@���&������D-��� (Material nouns)

(5) ��� ?(�#�@���&����$*��������6��0�4��!���� (Sources or origin)

(6) ��� ?(�#�@���&����&�&����������%*� (Colors)

(7) ��� ?(�#�@��*���&�&��%���#����� (Shapes)

(8) ��� ?(�#�@%����� ��� ���&����-��&� (Age)

(9) ��� ?(�#�@%���-74��:7� (Description and presonality)

(10) ��� ?(�#�@%������ (Size)

(11) ��� ?(�#�@%������ (Cardinal numbers)

(12) ��� ?(�#�@%����4������4�� (Time sequence indications)

(13) ��� ?(�#�@�������*������=��������� (Determiners)

(14) ��� ?(�#�@�������*������=���!�����#��������������� (Predeterminers)

����������� ������� 71

����������� (o

rder)

�������

�����

������

������

��

�����

���

�����

������

������

��

�� ��

�������� !����� ! �"���# ����#� ��

������

(deter-

(time

(cordinal

(size)

(description

(age)

(shapes)(colors)

(source)

�" ���

��$����

�� �"��$�

(noun)

(predeter-

miners)sequence)mumbers)

and

��%&��#

V+ing

�������� !

miners)

personality)

(�����)

(noun)

-her

-three

sm

all

beautiful

new

oval

blue

Portuguese

glass

-flow

er

vase

-those

Olym

pic

tw

o-

impressive

--

-Australian

plastic

--

souvenirs

as

ahistoric

--

valuable

ancient

--

Egyptian

--

-m

anuscript

-a

night

-m

edium

--

-pink

Thai

silk

--

dress

-a

--

sm

all

--

-green

--

--

insect

such

asixty’s

-huge

--

-red

Am

erican

--

-autom

obile

--

-a lot of

-horrible

--

--

-stinking

-fish

as

an

ancient

-big

--

square

--

metal

--

box

-a

sum

mer

-sm

all

lovely

--

green

Italian

-bathing

-suit

-the

--

-strong

--

black

--

riding

-horse

like

--

a lot of

big

worn-out

--

white

Am

erican

--

tennis

shoes

such

a-

-long

narrow

--

--

--

-passage

like

my

renaissance

--

nice

--

--

wooden

-picture

fram

e

-a

-pair

huge

--

triangle

--

gold

--

earrings

such

the

--

long

shiny

--

black

--

--

hair

as

an

--

-interesting

old

--

Italian

--

-m

ovie

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 2100172

Exercise 9

(���������� 9)

Put these words in the correct order.

(���������� ������������������)

1. tragic / old / American / an / movie

2. shiny / black / a pair of / shoes

3. boiled / three / bowls of / Chinese / rice

4. suit / male / cocktail / styled / the

5. tables / medium / wooden / rectangular / a dozen of

6. impressive / smile / lively / an / such

7. golden / shiny / long / such / a / hair / silky / and

8. indoor / as / an / game

9. great / wonderful / green / house / like / a

10. small / my / lovely / hairy / cat / like

����������� ������� 73

5. ����$���$�B:7' (Adverb) ��� ��+�������� (Verb) ./��� ?(�#�@

(Adjective) �#�����*��A��&����&�&%:�?@����+)��

5.1 �#��������$���$�B:7' (Form of Adverbs) ����������(�?@

&��:�.%%!���> $�����

(1) &������ ?(�#�@./*���$� "ly" /�����!����#�����*��=�����������(�?@

(Adverb)

��������

���-7B�&!' (Adjective) ����$���$�B:7' (Adverb)

brave bravely (������/*����)

quick quickly (�������$��4�)

rude rudely (��������%���)

extreme extremely (������:�� $)

(2) ��� ?(�#�@���4�!������� e %��!��./���#�4��&���"�� l ������ e

���04����$� y ����!����#�����*��=�����������(�?@ (Adverb)

��������

���-7B�&!' (Adjective) ����$���$�B:7' (Adverb)

able ably (�������&��3)

ample amply (�����&��#�)

capable capably (�������&��3)

gentle gently (���������A��)

simple simply (���������>)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 2100174

(3) ��� ?(�#�@���4�!������� y �����4���� y ��%� i 04����$� ly /�����!���

�#�����*��=�����������(�?@ (Adverb)

��������

���-7B�&!' (Adjective) ����$���$�B:7' (Adverb)

easy easily (���������$��)

lucky luckily (�����A��$�)

happy happily (�����&����&� +)

(4) ��� ?(�#�@%�����&�����=�����������(�?@��/�����:�

��������

���-7B�&!' (Adjective) ����$���$�B:7' (Adverb)

good well ($�)

(5) ����������(�?@ (Adverb) %�����"��������6���-7B�&!' (Adjective)

��������

���-7B�&!' (Adjective) ����$���$�B:7' (Adverb)

daily daily (������)

weekly weekly (������$��@)

monthly monthly (����$���)

yearly yearly (����_)

back back (�/�%)

much much (&��)

more more (&������)

little little (�/4��*��)

����������� ������� 75

5.2 ���$+������������(�?@ .%����=� 5 ���$ ���

(1) Adverbs of Manner ��%������� ���'�&�*��0��0��� � �����

��=�� � A$����-�*+*���/������� -$*.��

fast (�������4�) slowly (������*�>)

hard (���������) quietly (���������%>)

late (/���*�) quickly (�������$��4�)

how (�����-�) carefully (�������%��%)

(2) Adverbs of Place ��%������� ���'�&�*��0��! �*�� *������� �&�

��K�J ���+:OK� A$����-�*+*���/������� -$*.��

here (������) there (�������)

away (�������-�) near (��/*)

somewhere (����$�����)��) downstairs (����/���)

above (+*��%�) upstairs (����%�)

down (+*��/���) in (��)

around (��%>) on (%�)

�������- : ����/�������&��3����*������=�% #%� (Preposition) -$*$*��

3) Adverbs of Time ��%������� ���'�&�*��0��0��!O�� ���� A$�

���/��!��!������K�� -$*.��

today (������) yesterday (�&���������)

tonight (������) tomorrow (#�� ����)

last year (�_���./*�) last week (���$��@���./*�)

at once (A$������) now (�$������ +?���)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 2100176

(4) Adverbs of Frequency ��%������� ���'�& �*��0��0��!O��� �!��

:��� ���*� A$����-�*+*����*������ -$*.��

often (%��� >, ���:��&�) frequently (%���> 3��)

usually (��=���!�) generally (A$�����> -�)

sometime (%�������) seldom (���> �����)

rarely (-&�����) always (��&� ��=����)

���*����� !�.����+�� Adverb of Frequency ��4����

1 ���/�������4�� Verb to be ����?����&� Verb to be ���:����A��

����

• It is usually cold in winter.

(����(&����4�����*�����)

• She is always late in English class.

(�'�&���+*��*������������������� ����)

2 ���/�������4�� Verb to have ����?����&� Verb to have ���:����A��

����

• He has sometime tea instead of coffee.

(%��������+�$��&�����.�����$��&��.^)

• I have soldom visited my mother.

(D��-���� ?.&�-&�%������)

3 ����?����-&�&�������������:����A�� ��*���/��������$��0!� ����

• He always buys books at that shop.

(�+�&��7��������������*��������&�)

• She usually travels by train.

(�'�&���$�����A$��3-^��=����)

����������� ������� 77

(5) Adverbs *��#$�:� ���&'��*� (Adjective) ./��$���$�B:7'

(Adverb) $*�������� -$*.��

very (&��) too (&�� (����-�))

quite (&�� (���$���)) now (�$�������)

almost (����%) soon (��-&��*�, ��4�> ���)

only (�#���) certainly (�����.�����)

even (.&*) twice (���)

5.3 � ������0�*��0���� ���'�&� (Adverb comparison)

��������(�?@��&��3�����%����%��=�+������� (comparative) ./+���� $

(superlative) -$*�����$�����%��� ?(�#�@ (Adjective) ����������+���'��&$� (Positive)

A$���*�¡�$������ ���

(1) ��$� er *����6�������� (comparative) 04� est *����6����*-�

(superlative) ������������(�?@ (Adverb) ���&�#����@�$���

��������

����<����� �������� ����*-�

(Positive) (Comparative) (Superlative)

fast (��4�) faster (��4�����) fastest (��4����� $)

hard (���) harder (�������) hardest (������� $)

long (���) longer (�������) longest (������� $)

short (����) shorter (��������) shortest (�������� $)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 2100178

(2) ��4�����#��&�����=�+������� (comparative) ./+���� $ (superlative)

��������

����<����� �������� ����*-�

(Positive) (Comparative) (Superlative)

well ($�) better ($�����) best ($����� $)

badly (�/�) worse (�/�����) worst (�/����� $)

little (�/4��*��) less (�*������) least (�*������ $)

much (&��) more (&������) most (&������ $)

(3) ��$� more ��8����%��������� (comparative) ./ most ��8����%�����*-�

(superlative)

��������

����<����� �������� ����*-�

(Positive) (Comparative) (Superlative)

quickly more quickly most quickly

(�������4�) (�������4�����) (�������4����� $)

easily more easily most easily

(���������) (��������) (�������� $)

beautifully more beautifully most beautifully

(����������&) (������������) (������������ $)

sincerely more sincerely most sincerely

(���������) (������������) (������������� $)

����������� ������� 79

Exercise 10

(���������� 10)

Change the word in brankets into adverbs.

(����� ��� ���������� ����������!"#$)

1. We are welcomed (warm) ________ .

(�#�"&�#����#����#�������������)

2. My mother wakes up (early) ________ .

('�<�!��������������)

3. My cousin was (bad) ________ hurt by the car accident.

(9��*������"&�#����&�A4����A�������*�������#$���+)

4. Thai people are (most) ________ friendly.

('�"�������9��%?�������)

5. She smiled (pretty) ________ as she was walking on the catwalk.

(�-��*F!��������#���<�� ��&*��^����"%��!����&*�)

6. The coach hostess answered me rather (short) ________ .

(,��������#$���#+���'/$�!������������5)

7. Don' t walk (near) ________ the edge of the balcony!

(�����&*���6����#��� ��)

8. (Long) ________ ago, there were dinosaurs in Thailand.

(���!��6��! "&����#+��%#���Q"��)

9. They went (far) ________ than they expected.

(���"%"�6����� ����'�&���"��)

10. The (much) ________ you eat the (thick) ________ you' ll get.

(�*��'�<���!������"# '�<�4A������|F�!��������F�)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 2100180

6. ��6-&6! (Preposition) ��� ��!�����/����������� (Noun) ��8� *��&��

� (Pronoun) �#��������&A����%����������A����*&�����&!�����������

6.1 $��+:����0��0* (Kinds of preposition) ��% #%�.%�������=�

3 ���$ ���

(1) ��0��0*���+��� (One - word preposition) ��� ��% #%������=�

���$����> �#������$��� ���� in, on, at, abroad, about, of ��=�!*�

��������

• After breakfast, I go for a walk.

(�/������������*�./*� D�����-��$���/��)

• You learned a lot about English.

(� ?������������� �&��./*�)

• Pom came here with her brother yesterday.

(���&&�������#�*�&#������&���������)

(2) ��0��0* 2 �� (Two - word preposition) ��� ��% #%����

����%$*�� �� 2 �� ���� instead of (.�����), because of (��������, �#�����),

away from (��-�, -&����:) ��=�!*�

��������

• Toom did not come yesterday because of the heavy rain.

(!* &-&�-$*&��&����������#����!�����)

• You can have soft drink instead of coffee.

(� ?��&��3$��&�������$��&.����.^-$*)

• Chartchai will be away from his office for 4 weeks.

(��!����-&����:����������=���/� 4 ���$��@)

����������� ������� 81

(3) ��0��0* 3 �� (Three - word preposition) ��� �/� &��% #%�

���&�����%���./*�&����&�D#� ���� on account of (��������), on behalf of

(����&+��), by means of ($*����'�), as a consequence of (��=�9/&���) ��=�!*�

��������

• On the occasion of John's promotion, his colleque

organize him a party.

(��A���������@�-$*�/����!�.���� �#�������&���)��$����/����

D/����*)

• On the top of his car accident, his house was burned.

(������+����%� %�!���! ���3��!@./*� %*��+���+����3:�

-^-�&*���)

6.2 ���B*:����0��0* (Types of preposition) ��% #%���&��3.%�����

��=������!��� > -$* 6 ����� ���

(1) ��0��0*9+���� (Preposition of time) ��� ��% #%������*��������%

���%����/� -$*.�� in, on, at, from………to, until/till, for, within, after, before,

by, between, over, since, during, throughout

(2) ��0��0*0��! �*��������9����*�����" (Preposition of place) ���

��% #%������*��������%���%���3���������!�.����������: -$*.�� beneath, by, beside,

behind, in front of, above, over, below, near, under, next to, along side,

between, among, opposite, against, from, off, past, to, toward(s), through,

throughout

(3) ��0��0*9+�� � � (Preposition of manner) ��� ��% #%����

����*����.�$����������� -$*.�� by, in, on, with ���� by accident (A$�%������),

in this manner (��/���?���), with confidence ($*�����&&����), on sale (/$����)

��=�!*�

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 2100182

(4) ��0��0*9+��� ������ (Preposition of purpose) ���

��% #%��������*��������*�����&7)��.�$�3)� $&� ��&�� -$*.�� for ���� for peace

(�#������& ��%� +), for the good sake (�#�����A���@) ��=�!*�

(5) ��0��0*9+���=� (Preposition of means) ��� ��% #%��������*����%��

��'�����$�����!��� > -$*.�� by ���� by car (A$��3��!@), by bus (A$��3������),

by air (�������() ��=�!*�

(6) ��0��0*9+����� & (Preposition of measure) ��� ��% #%������

��*����%�����&�? -$*.�� by ���� by yard (��=��/�), by meter (��=��&!�) ��=�!*�

��6-&6!!�����!��6 ��������

on .�/��� %� ��� ? ��/� ��+? ����� �"���6��4� ���� ��� ������

�������� ./�3�����

��������

• He will come on Saturday.

(�+�&��������@)

• Shampoo is on the shelf.

(�������9&���:%�����)

in .�/��� �� +*���� ? &�3)� �"���6*D��!�� ��8�� (!��/�������!��6��) |�#

�} 04��"���6������4�"�����"�������������

��������

• She was born in June.

(�'����$���$���&�3 ����)

• Lemon is in the basket.

(&������:��!���*�)

����������� ������� 83

at .�/��� ��� 3)� ����/� �&�����/� �"���6��4���%�"���K����8��������

��6-��4�����4�������8���8���������6����0����*D��!��!��0�����

��������

• Toom will go to the party at 7 o'clock.

(!* &-�����/����!����)���� &)

• You can send the money order at the post office.

(� ?��&��3���'��?�!�-$*��������-���?��@)

under .�/��� �!* +*��/��� �"�6����0����

��������

• The grass grows under the tree.

(��*�+)���!*!*�-&*)

into .�/��� �+*�-��� ��: ���

with .�/��� ��% $*��

by .�/��� +*�� ��/* $*�� (by ��*��������%����$�����A$����#���

7)��-&�&�����! 3*�&���*��* on)

in front of .�/��� +*����*�

outside .�/��� +*����� ������

inside .�/��� +*���� �����

behind .�/��� +*���/��

until .�/��� ����� �������

since .�/��� ��%!���.!� ��*��%��/�

from .�/��� �� !���.!� ��*��%��/������3������4-$*

from … to .�/��� �� ... 3)� ������ ... 3)�

from … till .�/��� !���.!� ...3)�

during .�/��� ������ , ��������/�

before .�/��� ����

after .�/��� �/��

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 2100184

Exercise 11

(���������� 11)

Put the correct preposition in the blank.

(�������%&�''����������� *�������)

1. Thana is good ________ English.

(-������\�;�����R;)

2. ________ lunch he went to the movie.

(�6��A����������6��������"%&�����)

3. Toom knows a lot ________ cooking.

(���!�#���#�����#%#������#!��)

4. Engine is the important part ________ the car.

(�'#������+�%?����%#����/'�9���#$���+)

5. Everyone in my family has married ________ me.

(���'���'#��'#����������������!&�6�� ���������)

6. The Prime Minister is being questioned ________ his personal interest.

(����#�~!��# �/6��$��8��$�!���#����6%#�����+������)

7. The dolphin appeared ________ the waves.

(%6��6!���6����!�A��#�6��'6��)

8. Millions of people will be unemployed ________ economic and

political crisis all over Thailand.

(%#�����A/����6��6���'�A������ �����A���*�R���#<+����Q#;~�*A �6�

��#�!��� �%#���Q"��)

9. He was standing ________ the door when the thief jumped down

the windows.

(����/6������������%#����!����!��#��&&6�!������������)

10. Pom worked ________ Sunday at home.

(%G�!�/�����������*��+� �����)

����������� ������� 85

7. ��*��<�� (Conjunction) ��=��������*�����%�����&����%�� �/���%�/�./

��A����%��A�� �����'��.%�������=� 3 ���$ ���

7.1 ����= ��+���� (Coordinating conjunction) ��*�����&�����&�/���?

�$������ ���� �����&����&��%����& �����#��&��%�����#��& ���������%������� ./

��� ?(�#�@��%��� ?(�#�@ ��=�!*�

��*��<��������!��*���� /��0��

and .�/��� ./, ��%

��������

• Obb and Toom work in Distance Education Institute.

(�~�%��%!* &���������3�%�����()������-�/)

• This table is new and shiny.

(A!~!�������&�./��=������&)

• Pom talks and walks to school.

(���&� �-�./�$��-�A�������)

but .�/��� .!�

��������

• That house is old but strong.

(%*���/���������.!����.+4�.��)

• He complains but he goes with his mother.

(�+�%��.!��+��4-���%.&�)

or .�/��� ����

��������

• What would you like, coffee or tea?

(� ?!*������-� ��.^������)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 2100186

• You can sit here or in that room.

(� ?�����������������*�������4-$*)

7.2 ����= ���" (Correlative conjunction) ��*�����&�����&�/���?�$������

�����'����:�������� -$*.��

both.....and .�/��� ���� ..... ./

��������

• Both boys and girls learn English.

(�����$4�9*:���./�$4�9*:����������������� �)

• Idd is both pretty and clever.

(���$����������./D/�$)

• Suchart both works and studies in the university.

(� ��!����������./�������&�������/��)

either.....or .�/��� -&��������)���4����������)��

(��*�/������������$�������)��)

��������

• Either me or you should telephone to the director.

(-&�D���4� ?!*��A��(�#�@-�������9*:��������)

• You have to sell either the house or the car.

(� ?!*��+��-&�%*���4�3��!@)

• Dan begins either reading or writing English tomorrow.

(.$�����&-&������4�+����������� �#�� ����)

����������� ������� 87

neither.....nor .�/��� -&�������������

��������

• This man is neither rich nor clever.

(9*:������������-&����./-&�D/�$)

• Pan will neither live nor work in Bangkok.

(���-&�&�������:������������� ���#�)

Not only.....by also .�/��� -&��#���.............. .!� ............ $*��

��������

• Not only man, but also woman could be the prime

minister.

(-&�����D#�.!�9*:����������� 9*:�����4��&��3��=�������,&�!��-$*)

• Not only you, but also he has not read the book yet.

(-&�����#���.!�� ?�������� �+��4���-&�-$*����������������$������)

• I know not only Sumalee but also her family.

(D��-&��#����*:����%� &�/��������� D������*:�����%����+���'�$*��)

7.3 ����= ����������� (Subordinating conjunction) ����=����$����

�����/� &�������*���� ����A��7)�������&������& +���A�� (Main clause) ./

�� ��A�� (Subordinate clause)

��������

• She is so worried that she is going to die.

(�'���!�����/�������!��-$*)

• You can leave whenever you want.

(� ?-��&���-��4-$*!�&!*�����)

• Please watch my baggages while I purchase the ticket.

(����$:����¢� (�$�����) ��*9&$*��!�����9&-�7���!���)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 2100188

Exercise 12

(���������� 12)

Put the correct conjection in the blank.

(������+� ,� '����������� *�������)

1. I met Toom ________ Obb in the restaurant.

(����A����!���������#�������#)

2. They are talkative ________ they are friendly.

(�������,�&����%?�������)

3. You can enroll Mathemetic ________ English according to your choice.

('�<�!�#$6����� ���# ��'<*�Q��#+�#�\�;�����R;�4"&��6�����'�<A��6��)

4. Pom ate ________ fried chicken ________ french fries .

(%G�!�����F�"����&�6�!���#�����&)

5. ________ Liverpool ________ Manchester United will win.

("!�6*���#+,�6�4�!������#+��"���4'�������)

6. She is ________ ugly ________ silly.

(�-�"!���F�� F��#��6����)

7. He bought ________ a car ________ a washing machine.

(���"!��, �����8F�#$���+������8F��'#���8�����&���)

8. She has been very sad ________ her mother died.

(�-��Q#��!����F����'�<�!��-�� �)

9. You would pass the examination ________ you had worked harder.

('�<���A���"&�"%�6�� $���, ��������'�<�# �������|F�)

10. He went abroad ________ he had finished upper secondary level.

(���"%����%#���Q�6��A������# ��A�!�-�!Q|�;����%6��)

����������� ������� 89

8. ���-!�� (Interjections) ��� �������*.�$����3)����&�*:�)� 7)����A�������=�

��� ���&���������&����(����@ (Exclamation) ���:+*���/�� ��� ���.�$�3)����&?@

!��� > $�����

(1) ��� ������.�$����3)���������4��� (surprise)

• Ha! What!

(��!) (�-����!)

• What a dirty face you've got!

(��-&��*�� ?�������)

• Oh, what a beautiful present!

(A� +��+������������>)

• What beautiful hair she has!

(9&+���'�������>)

(2) ��� ������.�$������*��� (grief)

• Alas! The window is broken.

(�*� ��*�!���#��./*�)

• Oh! I feel sorry for your bad luck.

(A�~ 9&�������%���&A���*��+��� ?��� > )

(3) ��� ������.�$�����&�� (joy)

• Wow, what a fantastic goal!

(�*:  : ��!:� $��$)

• Hurrah! I' ve won the match.

(-�A� D����./*�)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 2100190

• Hurrah for you!

(���$���%� ?$*�������)

(4) ��� ������.�$�������� (frightened)

• Help! Accident!

(����$*��! ���$� %�!���! !)

• Mind out! There's a car coming.

(����! �3��/����)

• Ah! I got such a fright.

(A�*�! !���&$�/�)

(5) ��� ������.�$������ \6��� (pain)

• Ouch! I cut my finger.

(A�~�! &�$%�$����)

����������� ������� 91

Exercise 13

(���������� 13)

Use the appropriate exclamation for each situation.

(�*����%'� ���������+����+�� ���#$-��/�����)

1. ________ me! I forgot my watch.

(���A#*� ���6!���*�����!�)

2. ________ on your graduation.

(���&�'��!�*�& �����#A���#Q|�;����'�<&���)

3. ________ heaven! That explans all what I want.

(�##'+�#��%#& � �'�'/�-*������������ ����������#)

4. ________! I' ve forgotten my wallet.

(���A#*� ���6!����#��%�����'+!�)

5. ________! Thief! Thief!

(����&���! ��!�! ��!�!)

6. ________! What are you doing ?

(��� '�<�/6���/��"#���)

7. ________! You can go with us at last.

(��&A#*�5 ��� ��&'�<�4"%���,���#�"&�)

8. ________ for our team!

(������A��%?����� !�#�)

9. My ________! You' ve been here already.

(���A#*� '�<!�$|��6��)

10. ________! You' re stepping on my foot.

(���� '�<�/6����� �������!)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 2100192

������ 3 ��� (Phrase)

�4� (Phrase) ����/� &��!���.!������+)��-�7)��&����&�&��./��=���������%������)��

+����A�����&����&�&��-&��&%:�?@

�/� (Phrase) &� 5 ���$$�����

1. � ���� (Noun phrase) ��=��/� &��7)������*������=�����& (Noun) .!�&�

���@����%����> �����=�����+�������&����$*�� ���� a lovely child (�$4����������),

this place (�3�����.������), big dog (� ��+!������) ��=�!*�

��&�/� (Noun phrase) ����*����!���> ����A��-$*$�����

1.1 ��%����<�� (Subject) ������K�� ����/� &�������/� (Phrase)

�������*������=���'��+�������

��������

• The boy in white shirt is not my student.

(�$4�9*:������������������!��+��-&�������()���+��D��)

• The audience in the cinema use the emergency exit

when there is the fire.

(9*:�&��A����#��!�@��*��*������D ��D���&���-^-�&*)

• This institute provides only distance education.

(�3�%��.������%������D#�$*�����()������-�/)

1.2 ��%�������� (Direct object) ����/� &�������/� (Phrase) ����*����

��=����&!��+������&����� (Transitive verb)

��������

• Students are doing English examination.

(���()�����/����+*���%������������ �)

����������� ������� 93

• She brought the wall clock for repairing.

(�'���������!�$9���-�7��&)

• I bought a fountain pen at that department store.

(D��7���������&)�7)&����*�����#����*�.�����)��)

1.3 ��%�������� (Indirect object) ����/� &�������/� (Phrase) ����*����

��=����&���+������&����� (Transitive verb)

��������

• She gave her brother a present for his birthday.

(�'���*+��+���������$.���*�����+���'�)

• He always gives the street dogs something to eat.

(�+�&���������-���*�&���$��&�>)

• The teacher told the last coming student to come on time.

(��:%�������������&���� $�*����*&�!����/�)

1.4 ��%�*���*�6#�7'������<�� (Subject complement) ����/� &��

�����/� (phrase) �������*������=�������*��'��+����A��&����&�&%:�?@+)��

��������

• He became a political activist automatically.

(�+��/����=������/����-���������&���A$���!A�&�!�)

• This book is an intermediate English book.

(��������/�&�����=���������������� ��$�%�/��)

• Tsunami is a series of giant wave.

(�)��&�����/�������@������$+)���/���/��)

1.5 ��%�*���*�6#�7'������� (Object complement) ����/� &�������/�

(phrase) �������*������=�����!��������������K������������"��� ��$�����

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 2100194

��������

• We considered him the most good-looking man in

our office.

(���!�$�������+���=�����*�!�$����� $����������)

• The people elected him to be the new Prime Minister.

(�������/�����*�+���=�������,&�!������&�)

1.6 ��%��������6-&6! (Object of Prepositions) ����/� &�������/�

(phrase) �������*������=����&+��% #%�����A����������6-&6!

��������

• I'm looking for another pair of red shoes.

(D����/���������*���.$������:��)��)

• He intended to give that box of candy to all of the staff in

our office.

(�+�!�������/:����$�/�������&���*������������+�����)

• She threw a piece of stone at the glass window of

that shop.

(�'�+�*���*�����-������*�!���7)����=����+���*��+��+��)

1.7 !�����!������������������� (Appositive) �#�����*&����&�&����$��

����+)��

��������

• Cathaleeya, the star of that drama was announced to win

the Popular Price.

(���/���$�����/������������-$*��%�������(��*�������/

&����)

����������� ������� 95

• Dr. Taksin, our present Prime Minister is being forced to

be resign at the moment.

($�. �����? ������,&�!��+��������L %����/��3:��$$����*

/������!�.����)

• Miss Sirirat, the teacher of Distance Education

Institute is pretty and friendly.

(� ?������!�@ ��:+���3�%�����()������-�/������./��=�������)

1.8 ��%���$���$�B:7' (Adverb) �#�����*��A����$��./�&%:�?@+)��

��������

• Miss Busabong will teach Thai course next Sunday.

(� ?% �%��@�����������-��������!�@��*�)

• Miss Wasana will organize closing seminar in a few days.

(� ?������$��&&������%�/���:!������-&����������)

• Miss Wilai will make extra sheets for English in series.

(� ?��-/������������&������������ ���=�� $>)

�/� &�������/������=�����& (Noun) .�$�/���?�����+������&��������

�������� (Abstract noun phrase) ��=��/� &��7)������*������=�����& (Noun) A$�

��*��&��� ������� (Verb) ��� ?(�#�@ (Adjective) ����%������*��&����� ��A��

(Clause)

��������

• The passengers' departure.

(����$�����+��9*:A$����)

departure &�������� depart

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 2100196

• That woman's jealously.

(���&��D������+��9*:����)

jealously &���� ?(�#�@ jealous

• Her slow movement.

(�����/����-��������*�> +���'�)

slow movement &����� ��A�� (clause) She moved slowly.

�������&����*����!���> ��&�������&����> ��� ��=���'�� (Subject)

�����&%:�?@ (Compliment) ���& (Object) ���&+��% #%� (Object of preposition)

./+�����& (Appositive)

2. ���� ��� (Verb phrase) ��=��/� &�������/�7)������*���������+����A��

����%$*�� ������������!���> �/���� A$�&���������� (Auxiliary verb) ����*�

������/�� (Main verb) �#��������#��&���&�&����*��$������+)�� ���

2.1 ��������� (Auxiliary verb) ��������/�� (Main verb) �#��� 1 !��

��������

does see (��4����)

is seeing (��/����4�)

has seen (��4�./*�)

may see (����4�)

2.2 &���������� (Auxiliary verb) ��������/�� (Main verb) 2 !��

��������

may have gone (��-�./*�)

has been gone (-�./*�)

is being gone (��/��-�./*�)

����������� ������� 97

2.3 &���������� (Auxiliary verb) ��*�������/�� (Main verb) &������ 2 !��

��������

may have been walking (����/���$�����:./*�)

may have been walked (���$��-�./*�)

may be being walked (����/��3:�������*�$��)

may have been being walked (����/��3:�������*�$��./*�)

3. ��&'��*���� (Adjective phrase) ��=��/� &��7)������*������=���+�������&

(Adjective) ���� very noisy (�����:&��), so charming (&������@&��), quite

interesting (������&��) ��=�!*�

� ?(�#�@�/�&���� ?(�#�@����)����=�!����� (Head) ./��&���� ?(�#�@����

+���+*����*� (Premodifier) ����+���+*���/�� (Postmodifier) ����+�������+*����*�./

+*���/���4-$*

��������

• I am very happy.

(D��&����&� +&��)

• I am happy that you helped me.

(D��&����&� +���� ?����D��)

• I am very happy that you helped me.

(D��&����&� +&������ ?-$*����D��)

happy ��=�� ?(�#�@!����� (Head)

very ��=�� ?(�#�@���+���+*����*� (Premodifier)

that you helped me ��=���� ?(�#�@���+���+*���/�� (Postmodifier)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 2100198

� ?(�#�@�/� (Adjective Phase) ����*����+�����*���&�/���=������&%:�?@

+����'�� (Subject Complement) 3*���=������&%:�?@+�����& (Object Comple-

ment) +����/����&�/�

4. ���� ���'�&���� (Adverb phrase) ��=��/� &�������/�7)������*����+���

�����������������(�?@ (Adverb) ���� very loudly (�����$��&��), quite easy (����&��),

too early (��*�&������-�) ��=�!*�

��������(�?@�/�&�����������(�?@����)����=�!����� (Head) ./��&�

����������(�?@����+���+*����*� (Premodifier) ����+���+*���/�� (Postmodifier) ����

+�������+*����*�./+*���/���4-$*�����$�����%� ?(�#�@�/� (Adjective phase)

��������

• They talked so loudly.

(�+�� ������$��&��)

• They talked loudly about your mistake.

(�+�� ������$����������%�������� ?��9�$)

• They talked so loudly about your mistake.

(�+�� ������$��&����������%���������� ?��9�$)

loudly ��=���������(�?@ (Adverb phrase) +����/�� (Postmodifier)

��������(�?@�/� (Adverb Phrase) ����*����+������ ?(�#�@ (Adjective)

+���������� (Verb) +�������������(�?@ (Adverb) ./+�����A�� (Sentence)

5. 0��0*��� (Prepositional phrase) ��=��/� &�������/�7)��+)��!*�$*��% #%�

./!�&$*������& (Noun) ������A�� (Sentence) �#�����*��A��&����&�&%:�?@./

��$������+)��

����������� ������� 99

���� - across the road (+*�&3��)

- in the morning (!����*�)

- after having lunch (�/����%����������./*�)

- with whom do you go to (� ?-���%���)

% #%��/� (Prepositional phrase) ����*����+����/������& (Postmodifier of

nouns) ������=���������(�?@ (Adverb) +���+*����*�./+*���/����A��

��������

• I bought several books about English.

(D��7�����������/���/�&��������%�������� �)

• In my opinion, the prime minister should resign.

(!�&���&��$+��D�� ������,&�!�����/����)

• Before traveling to Chiangmai, she had made address about

a change for better health.

(��������$�����-��������&� �'�-$*%����������������/����.�/��#���

� +��#���$�����)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 21001100

Exercise 14

(���������� 14)

Choose the best phrase for each sentence.

(0��1����'����'��+%�� -��/��/2��)

1. The girl with (blue eyes, green eyes, black eyes) ________ is not

an European.

(����9*�� �! �� ________ "!����������#%)

2. He always calls (her wife, his wife, their children) ________ in

the evening.

(���!��A���#Q�,�+$|� ________ �������4�)

3. The institute will open (last week, this week, next week) ________ .

($����A��%�& ________ )

4. Mr. Tongchan, (the registrar of the institute, the registrar of a company,

the registrar of Tambon office) ________ , will annouce the test result

next Friday.

('�<���A���#+ ________ A�%#���Q�6�����Q��#+����)

5. No student will finish (this time, this way, this semester)

________ .

("!�! ���Q|�;�'�"��A�A� ________ )

����������� ������� 101

������ 4 ������ (Sentence)

��A��!�&�/��-�����?@��&��3.%�����!�&��!3 �����@+�������*-$*��=� 5 ���$

���

1. ��������� � (Affirmative or Statement or Dedication sentence)

��� ��A������"�������4����8������ ����*�� ����$���\�����L ��"��$���� ���� ����%

$*�� ��'�� (Subject) ./����� (Verb) 7)����&����& (Object) ��������+���

(Complement) $*���4-$*

���<�� + ��$�� + ����

Subject (Verb) (Object)

��������

Subject = S Verb = V Object = O Complement

• I sing.

• She cries.

• He writes a letter.

• They came every Sunday.

2. �������! � (Question sentence) ��=���A�������*D���&8���������

����6��9*:�����������$*�� ��A����3�&&� 4 ���$ ���

(1) �������! �*��:OK����+������� $��� (Yes - no question) ��=���A��

���!*�������!�%��� yes (���) ���� no (-&����) �������� ��A����3�&��������!*��

+)����A��$*������������&�����/��������A��%���/����=���A����3�&

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 21001102

��������

���K��6���4�� ���K����D��

• She is your teacher. • Is she your teacher?

(�'���=���:+��� ?) (�'���=���:+��� ?���&���)

• He likes you. • Does he like you?

(�+���%�'�) (�+���%�'�������/��)

• They buy air ticket. • Do they buy air ticket?

(�+�7���!����������%��) (�+�7���!����������%�����&���)

(2) �����*��:OK����+�����*����%���! � (Question word question)

��� ��A�����+)��!*�$*���������=���3�& -$*.�� what (�-�), when (�&���-�), where

(���-��), who (���), whom (3)�, .�����), whose (+�����), which (���-��/����-��),

why (��-&), how (�����-�)

���!�����3�&$*������/�������������!*��!�&$*����������� ����*� who

!�&$*�������.�* ./ whose !�&$*������& ���� which !�&$*������&�����=����&

���� ���������

��������

• What do you think?

(� ?��$�����-�)

• When will he come back?

(�+��/�%&��&���-�)

• Where should I ask the direction to the post office?

(D��3�&���-���������-���?��@-$*���-��)

• Who wants to go to the U.S.A.?

(���!*���$�����-�����(����,��&����)

����������� ������� 103

• Whom did you meet yesterday?

(� ?-�#%����&���������)

• Which one would you like?

(� ?��%���-��)

• Which is your car?

(�3���-����=�+��� ?)

• Why do we come here today?

(���������&���������-&)

• How can you pass the examination?

(� ?��&��3��%9���-$*�����-�)

(3) �������! �*����*� �+������0����� �����[��=*����%���! �

(Question Tags) ��=���A����3�&���&����*������#:$����%������ 7)��9*:3�&���%

��!�%���:./*� .!�!*�������������� A$�#:$��=���A��%���/������.//��*��$*��

���������./��'�� 3*���A����*���=���A��%���/��'��&$�/��*��$*���/������'

.!�3*���A����*���=���A�������' /��*��$*���/�%���/��

��������

• You are interested in English, aren' t you?

(� ?����������� ����&���)

• She doesn' t like to walk to school, does she?

(�'�-&���%�$��-�A����������&���)

• Sommai and Suchart can' t attend class today, can they?

(�&�&��./� ��!�&������������-&�-$*���&���)

• You should come and do the examination next week, shouldn' t

you?

(� ?!*��&�./�+*���%���$��@��*����&���)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 21001104

(4) �������! �900�+�"� (Reduced question) ��� �� �/�������A��

���-&��&%:�?@ ��4��#��� �����K����D��!��������������$��"��� (Yes-no question)

����&����*����������+��9*:���&����&������&�* ���������=�#��(�

��������

• O.K.? Are you O.K. ?

(��4�$*��&���, �%��$�&���)

• Any questions? Do you have any questions?

(����3�&�-�������/��, ������-�������/��)

• Anything else? Do you want anything else?

(����-����&���)

• Tea or coffee? Would you like tea or coffee?

($��&��������.^)

3. ������[��= (Negative sentence) �����A��%���/�����&��������/����&�

���&�&�������������'���:����A�� 7)����=�����������(�?@ (Adverb) ���� not,

never, hardly, scarcely, rarely ��=�!*� ���������#��&.�$���������' ���� no one,

nobody, none, no, nothing ��=�!*�

��������

• Nobody told me to go there on Sunday.

(-&�&����%����*D��-�����������������!�@)

• I don' t want to attend the class today.

(D��-&�����-�������/�������)

• This subject is not difficult for us.

(�������-&�����/������%#�����)

• Nothing is worrying, you will pass the examination.

(-&�!*������ � ?����%9���)

����������� ������� 105

4. ���������� (Imperative or Order sentence) ��=���A���������6�����!�

��8����������!�!�&���9*:����%�� !*��+)��!*�$*����������������� 1 ��&� 7)������=��:�

%���/�����������'�4-$*

��������

• Don' t walk on the loan!

(�*�&�$�������&)

• Enter your personal code.

(�����������!��+������)

• Sit down here!

(����!�����)

• Follow me!

(!�&D��&�)

5. �������* � (Exclamatory sentence) �����A������"�0*��������#*�

04�����7' ���� ����� $�� ��=�!*� ��*-$*������A���!4&�:�.//$�:�

(1) ���K���-!����\��#� +)��!*�$*���������=���3�& (Question word) how

(�����-�) ./ what (�-�) 3*�+)��!*�$*�� How !�&$*����� ?(�#�@ (Adjective) ����

����������(�?@ (Adverb) ./*�!�&$*����'�� (Subject) ./����� (Verb) 7)����

&�����+��� (Complement) $*���4-$* ������A�����+)��!*�$*�� What !�&$*����&�/�

(Noun phrase) ./*�!�&$*�� ��'�� (Subject) ./����� (Verb)

How +

adj.

+ Subject + Verb + Complement

adv.

What + Noun phrase + Subject + Verb

{ }

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 21001106

����

• How beautiful she is!

(�'���������-��������)

• How fluently he can speak English!

(�+�����#:$�������� ��/����-��������)

• What a healthy man he is!

(�+�������=���.+4�.���-��������)

• What a wonderful girl she is!

(�'�������=��$4�&��(���@�-���������)

(2) ��A��� ���/$�:� ��=���A�����!�$��'�� (Subject) ./����� (Verb)

��&��������+��� (Complement) ���

����

• How beautiful!

(������>)

• How fluently!

(#:$�/������>)

• What a healthy man!

(������=������.+4�.�����>)

• What a wonderful girl!

(������=��$4�&��(���@�-��������)

���.%��!�&�����+����A�� .%�������=� 3 ����� ���

1. ���K����������� (Simple sentence) �����A��'��&$�������A��

���&�$��� &�����&�#���������$��� %�������������� ����!3��A��

����������� ������� 107

��������

• The bird sings.

(���*���#/�)

• The mob moved down the street.

(�:�����/����-�!�&3��)

• It rained heavily in Bangkok.

(��!��������� ���#&�����)

��A�����&�$��� (Simple sentence) &���'��./������#���!���$���

����%$*�������'�� (Subject) ������������=���'��+����A�� ./���.�$�

(Predicate) ������������=������./����+�������>

������<�� �����$��

(Subject) (Predicate)

• The birds sing.

• The mob moved down the street.

• It rained heavily in Bangkok.

• He sent her bouquet of flowers.

2. ���K��������� (Compound sentence) �����A��9�&������A��

�������A�����&�$��������A��&���&���A$���*�����'�� (Conjunction) and, but,

or ��=�!�������& %������������ �����!3��A��

��������

• He is strong. Simple sentence

(�+���=���.+4�.��) (��A�����&�$���)

• He is silly. Simple sentence

(�+���=���A��) (��A�����&�$���)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 21001108

• He is strong but silly. Compound sentence

(�+���=���.+4�.��.!�A��) (��A�����&7*��)

• Chuan was a prime minister. Simple sentence

(�����=�������,&�!��) (��A�����&�$���)

• Banharn was a prime minister. Simple sentence

(%�������=�������,&�!��) (��A�����&�$���)

• Chuan and Banharn were prime ministers. Compound sentence

(���./%�������=�������,&�!��) (��A�����&7*��)

• You can have fried rice. Simple sentence

(� ?���+*��9�$-$*) (��A�����&�$���)

• You can have boiled rice. Simple sentence

(� ?���+*��!*&-$*) (��A�����&�$���)

• You can have fried rice or boiled rice. Compound sentence

(� ?��&��3�/������+*��9�$����+*��!*&�4-$*) (��A�����&7*��)

3. ���K��������� (Complex sentence) �����A��������$���������A��

�/������& +���A�� (Main clause) &���&��%��A������������ ��A�� (Subordinate

clause) 7)������&�����+����A�����:�����A���/�� (Main clause) ������A������

������ ��A�� (Subordinate clause) ��=�����&���&�+�����A���/�� 7)������A��

����&7*����&��� ��A���/����A��

��������

• The girl who went with you yesterday is my sister.

(�$4�9*:�������-���%� ?�&�������������*�����+��9&)

*Main clause ��� The girl is my sister.

*Subordinate clause ��� who went with you.

����������� ������� 109

• He runs very fast although he is old.

(�+�������4�&��.&*����+�.��./*�)

*Main clause ��� He runs very fast.

*Subordinate clause ��� He is old.

• You will fail unless you work hard.

(� ?��%!���������� ?+���)

*Main clause ��� You will fail.

*Subordinate clause ��� You work hard.

• She started the job after she finished the university.

(�'�����&������/���������%&�������/��./*�)

*Main clause ��� She started the job.

*Subordinate clause ��� She finished the university.

��-���K�� (Clause) �����A������������:����A������ ��&�������'��

(Subject) ����� (Verb) ./ ���& (Object) 7)���� ��A������=���A������-&��4-$*

�� ��A����=���A��-&����� (Dependent clause) ����*�����/*������& (Noun)

��� ?(�#�@ (Adjective) ��������������(�?@ (Adverb)

��-���K�� (Clause) .%�������=� 3 ���$ $�����

1. �����-���K�� (Noun clause) ����*�����/*����& (Noun) �����=���'��

(Subject) ������=����& (Object) +����A�� �����&$*�������'�� (Conjunction) that,

if/whether ./�����.�$���3�& (Question word) � �!����� what, who, whom,

when, where, which, why, whose, 04� how

��������

• The rice grows in Thailand is well known to all.

(+*������/:�������(-����=�����*:�����$�)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 21001110

• I know that he is an honest manager.

(D�����%����+���=�9*:�$������7�����!�@)

• They don' t know who will get the reward.

(�+�-&����%������-$*��%�����/)

• Nobody can answer whether he will resign or not.

(-&�&����!�%-$*����+�/��������-&�)

2. �-7��-���K�� (Adjective clause) ����*������&������ ?(�#�@ (Adjective)

���+�������&����A������A$�������:�/������&���&��+��� &�������&$*�������'��

(Conjunction) that ./�����.�$���3�& (Question word) � �!�� ��� what, who,

whom, when, where, which, why 04� how

��������

• I know the place where he works.

(D���*:���3���������+������)

• The singer whom/who you saw at the show is Tata Young.

(����*������ ?��������.�$���� ���� ���)

• Here is a brochure which tell you the detail about our

hotel.

(������������������&#��'@���%�����/����$��������%A��.�&

+�����)

• That is the house that I bought.

(������%*���/�����D��7���)

• Monday is the day when people rarely go to the department

store.

(�������@��=�������9*:��-&�����-��*�����#����*�)

����������� ������� 111

3. �$�B:7��-���K�� (Adverb clause) ����*������&�������������(�?@

(Adverb) ��� +�������� (Verb) ��� ?(�#�@ (Adjective) ���������(�?@ (Adverb) &�

9 ����� ���

3.1 ���'�& �������0����� (Adverb clause of time) &���"8�������

��*��<�� (Conjunction) �����������%��/� -$*.�� as, once, when, whenever, while,

now (that), after, before, immediately, since, till, until, as long as, so long as,

as soon as, no sooner than, hardly…when ������/���������K�� ������"� -4���

(comma) �������������-���K�� (Subordinate clause) 04����K���4�� (Main

clause)

��������

• I watch T.V. show till my mother came back.

(D������$:������A��@��A����(�@�� ?.&�D���/�%&�)

• When my father died, I was in Europe.

(!������ ?#��D������ D�����:���� A��)

• Since she has become the director, she looks better

and fresh.

(!���.!��'�-$*��=�9*:�������� �'�$:$�+)��./�$����)

• No sooner had I started the car than it started raining.

(D�����-&�-$*�!��@��3�/� ���4!�/�&�)

3.2 ���'�& �������0��! �*�� (Adverb clause of place) ��� ��"8���

������*��<�� (Conjunction) !����������6*D��!�� -$*.�� where, wherever,

anywhere (that), nowhere (that), every place (that), anyplace (that)

��������

• She lives where I used to live.

(�'����:����$�����%������D��������:)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 21001112

• You can go wherever you want.

(� ?��&��3-����-���4-$*���� ?!*�����)

• Put anywhere that you want.

(���&��-�*!��-���4-$*!�&�� ?)

• Everywhere (that) her husband goes, she goes.

(� �.��������&��'�-� �'�-�$*��)

3.3 ���'�& �������0���� �:�+9��� (Adverb clause of contrast)

��� ��"8���������*��<�� (Conjunction) !�0*���������0��� ��� though,

although, even though (.&*���)

��������

• We could not finish the text book although we studied

day and night.

(�������������������-&�% .&*���������������������./*�)

• Though he attended the class every time, he still fell

English examination.

(.&*����+��+*������� ������ �+��4�����%�������� �!�)

• Even though Toom doesn't like durian, she eats durian

coconut milk in every durian season.

(.&*���!* &-&���%� ����� .!��'����������� ������ ���*�� �����)

3.4 ���'�& �������0�� ���� (Adverb clause of cause) ��� ��"8���

����*��<�� (Conjunction) 6��*����- ��� because, since, as, now, whereas,

inasmuch as, as long as, so long as, on the ground (s) that

����������� ������� 113

��������

• She didn' t come yesterday because she had a car

accident.

(�'�-&�-$*&��&��������� �#���'�&�� %�!���! �3��!@)

• As it' s getting dark, I turn on the light of the car.

(�&���&������&&�$ D��)���|$-^�3)

• Since we' ve got a little money, we chose to buy a small

house.

(�����������&������*�� ���)��/���7���%*���/���/4�)

3.5 ���'�& �������0��,� (Adverb clause of result) ��� ��"8���

������*��<�� (Conjunction) 0*�����->4 ��� so…that, such (a)…that, so (that)

��������

• Pom was so tired that she slept in her chair.

(���&�������&����/�%���:%���*����)

• This is such a beautiful dress that Obb wants to buy

it today.

(� $�������&����~�%!*�����7���������)

• The government did so many wrong things that

people can not forgive her.

(��,%�/��9�$�/����������������*����-&�-$*)

3.6 ���'�& �������0�����!������ (Adverb clause of purpose)

��� ��"8�������*��<�� (Conjunction) !��6�����D-���*��' -$*.�� that (�#������),

in order that (�#������), so that (�#������), in the hope, ($*�����&�������) to the end that

(�#��� $&� ��&��������)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 21001114

��������

• He took your car, so you couldn' t go anywhere.

(�+�����3+��� ?-� � ?�/�-�-��-&�-$*)

• I will lend you a car so that you can use it wherever

you like.

(D����*� ?��&�3 � ?-$*��*�&���� ?!*�����)

• They decided to take motorcycle in order that they could

attend the meeting on time.

(#���+�!�$������*�3&��!��@-7�@ �#�����*-��+*���� &-$*���)

3.7 ���'�& �������9+�������?: (Adverb clause of condition) ��� �

�"8���������*��<�� (Conjunction) !��6����8���/� -$*.�� if, unless, even if, in case

(that), in the event (that), as long as, provided (that), suppose (that), on condition

that, supposing (that), so long as, if only, whether…or

��������

• If it rains, he will not join the mob.

(3*���!��+�-&�-����&� &� &)

• Even if the weather is very warm, the mob is still

be there.

(.&*�������(�*��&�� .!��:����4���� &� &������:)

• Unless the boss agrees to extend the contract, he

confirms to resign.

(.&*����*����!������� �+��4���������/����)

3.8 ���'�& �������0������&� � � (Adverb clause of manner)

��� ��"8���������*��<�� (Conjunction) !��6��4��:7� -$*.�� as if, as though,

as, as if

����������� ������� 115

��������

• She behaves as if she is the boss.

(�'���!����&�����%����'���=��*����)

• He talks about London as though he has been there

himself.

(�+�#:$3)�/��$����&�����%����+����-��������&�./*�)

• As you know, I have only a little house.

(��&������������ ?�*: D��&�.!�%*���/���/4�> �#����/���$���)

3.9 ���'�& �������0��� ������0�*��0 (Adverb clause of

comparision) ��� ��"8���������*��<�� (Conjunction) !��0*����������6�!��6

-$*.�� as...as, so...as, more…than, less…than, rather…than

��������

• Toom sings as beautifully as professional singer.

(!* &�*���#/��#����&�������*������#)

• Pom walked as if she were ill.

(���&�$����&�����%����U��)

• Suda is less beautifull than her mother.

(� $�����*������.&�+���'�)

• English examination is more difficult than Thai

examination.

(+*���%�������� ��������+*���%����-��)

• Rather than let her son go to prison, she would pay

his fine herself.

(�'���&���������%$������/�����*/:�!�$� �)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 21001116

Exercise 15

(���������� 15)

Change these sentences into question (Q) and negative (N)

sentences.

(0������ ��/2�����3� ������� ��/2�������-/�4��+,)

1. I’ ll meet you tonight.

(���A��A�'�<'�� F)

Q :_______________________________________________

N :_______________________________________________

2. He planted flowers of different kinds.

(���%6��&��"!��6����*&)

Q :_______________________________________________

N :_______________________________________________

3. She kept her secret very well.

(�-���4�'��!6�� (����-�) ���"��"&�& !��)

Q :_______________________________________________

N :_______________________________________________

4. They sang and played the guitar.

(���#����,6��6��6��� ���#+)

Q :_______________________________________________

N :_______________________________________________

5. He borrowed books from the library.

(����!�����A������!�&)

Q :_______________________________________________

N :_______________________________________________

����������� ������� 117

6. She can speak English.

(�-�,�&\�;�����R;"&�)

Q :_______________________________________________

N :_______________________________________________

7. The World Trade building had collapsed.

(�|���*6&+��#&,��6�!�)

Q :_______________________________________________

N :_______________________________________________

8. The boy is sneezing.

(�&4��������/6��A�!)

Q :_______________________________________________

N :_______________________________________________

9. His car runs very quickly.

(#$���+�������6��"&��#4�!��)

Q :_______________________________________________

N :_______________________________________________

10. Pom must invite Toom to her party.

(%G�!������*9���!"%����6 F������-�)

Q :_______________________________________________

N :_______________________________________________

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 21001118

������ 5 ��� (Tense)

��4 (Tense) ���������� �&������*-�����?@.!�!����������A�������%

��/��/����.!�!������ 7)��.%�������=�� -6����4 (Present Tense) ������4 (Past

Tense) 04��������4 (Future Tense) .!�/��/ (Tense) .����=���/����>

4 ��/ (4 Tenses) ��&./*���=� 12 ��/ (12 Tenses) ���

Time Tenses

Present Simple Tense

Present Time Present Continuous Tense

Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Past Simple Tense

Past Time Past Continuous Tense

Past Perfect Tense

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Future Simple Tense

Future Time Future Continuous Tense

Future Perfect Tense

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

!��-��'�%��3)� ��/ (Tense) .!�/���$$���/���&�./*�+*��!*������/����$

����������� ������� 119

1. PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE ��=���A�����.�$�3)�������!�!����$������

� -6�� &�A�����*��+����A�� $�����

K���*�������K��

���<�� ��$�� ������8�*�������

(Subject = S) ����� (Verb = V) (Object = O or Complement = C)

is, am, are

have, has ����

��������� 1 (s, es, -)

��������

"�$�������K��

%���/�� • I want it.

(Affirmative) • She wants it.

�����' • I do not want it.

(Negative) • She does not want it.

��3�& • Do you want it?

(Question) • Does she want it?

1.1 �¡����!�& -s ���� -es ����������

(1) ������ ���� �!� ���"#��"�:�� Present Simple Tense ��'��

��=�����&���#�@�������#��&% � ���� 3 ���#�@ (he, she, it) �!�& -s �+*�-��*��

������� ����> ����

get - gets live - lives

eat - eats speak - speaks

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 21001120

(2) 3*������!������4�!������� o, s, sh, ch, x, z ��*�!�& -es �+*�-�

�*������� !������ > ����

go - goes teach - teaches

do - does wash - washes

(3) 3*������!������4�!������� y 04����� y ��%�&���"�������4���� y

��%� i 04�� ���$� -es ����

study - studies carry - carries

hurry - hurries weary - wearies

(4) ������� be ./ have ��=������+����������!� ���� -&���!�

(irregular verbs) -&���=�!�&�¡��?�@���� 3 +*�$���/���&�./*�+*��!*� ����

be - is have - has

1.2 ��=�#$� Present Simple Tense

(1) �#���.�$�3)�������!�!����%��$*�� (to show habitual action) ����7��>

7��> ���:��=���� K�����$��������$�B:7'6��"�����#���� ���� everyday, every year,

every month, every hour, often, usually, always, daily, weekly, yearly,

annually, sometimes ./ regularly ��=�!*�

�7�&#�

���� �����

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

��! ���?@���$+)����=�������=������

����������� ������� 121

��������

• She sometimes does things because she wants to be diligent.

(%��������'��4������!��� > -��#���'�!*��������+���)

• The girls always stay at home on Monday nights to do

the housework.

(9*:����&�����:%*��������������@�#��������%*��)

• Mr. Cornway has meetings there once a month.

(���������@-���� &��������$���/�����)

• He often comes late to school.

(�+�&��&�A����������%��� >)

• They usually walk up this way.

(��!��+��$��+)��&�������)

• I drink a glass of milk everyday.

(D��$��&�&��)��.�*�� ����)

(2) �#����/���3)����&���A$�����> -� 7)����=����&������:��&� (to state a

general truth)

�7�&#�

���� �����

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

��! ���?@�����=�������:��&�

��������

• It often rains at this time.

(��!���������/����%���>)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 21001122

• Light moves faster than sound.

(.���$�������4����������)

• The earth rotates around the sun.

(A/��& ���%$������!�@)

• The sun gives us warmth.

($������!�@��*���&�%�� �.�����)

(3) �#���.�$�3)����������� ���$����������������0����� (To show future

action)

��������

• The plane arrives at Don Muang Airport at ten a.m.

(�������%��&�3)����&%��$���&���!�� 10 A&���*������.�����)

• He departs for London on Thursday morning.

(�+�����$�����-�/��$��!����*����# ���%$������.�����)

• Surin leaves by his car in the morning.

(� �����@����$�����A$��3��!@+���+���!����*������.�����)

(4) �&8���4����8��������8������!����%����� �#�����*9*: L�����9*:����!����!*���*��

��4������4���!�& �$���"���6!4�����8���8������6�����!�������*� ����/�������+���

.%%����������� Historic Present (To show historic present)

��������

• A witch points her finger to the child and says, "Die!"

(.&�&$�������+���'�-�����$4�./*�#:$��� �!������)

• Finally, a gunman shoots him dead on the spot.

(������ $ &������4-$*����+��!�������)

����������� ������� 123

(5) �&8��6��D���&#� �����&��<'��8�*$������*$����>�#!�����&��<'/���4�����8�

�����/� *

��������

• Aristotle says, "Human beings are rational animals."

(����A!�!�/�/���-�*��� "&� ��@��=���!�@���&���! 9/")

• A poet says, "Beauty is truth."

(���������)���/���-�*��� "���&��� ��� ���&���")

(6) �&8��6�����->4!�� ���$���������K��!�������� If - clause ��=����.�$�3)�

������-+%�������+��������� ���%� �$�������� (conditions of future possibility)

��������

• If you drink poison, you die.

(3*�� ?$��&��#�� � ?!*��!��)

• If you fail English, you have to enroll again.

(3*�� ?��%�������� �!� � ?!*��/���%���������&�$�������

��������)

�������- : �����!��4���� drink ./ die ��=������������� 1 ���.�$�3)�������-+

�����=���! 9/7)�����./�����.%%�����=����./!*�����$+)��.�� >

(7) ��*�� If - clause �&8��0*��D���8���/�6��������!����%�/�/��

��������

• If you help me do this work, I shall give you money.

(3*�� ?����9&������������ 9&��*����� ?)

• If he comes, I' II see him.

(3*��+�&� D��!*��-$*#%�+�)

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(8) ��*�� Passive form �#���.�$�3)����3:�����

��������

• Active form : They make it into a paste.

(#���+���&���/ (��=�.�����_��))

• Passive form : It is made into a paste.

(&��3:�����*��=�.�����_��)

• Active form : He sells them at $ 5 each.

(�+�+��&��$*���������/ 5 $�//��@)

• Passive form : They are sold at $ 5 each.

(#��&��3:�+�����������/ 5 $�//��@)

(9) ��* Present Simple Tense �4�� Here 04� There

��������

• Here comes the bride.

(�*������/��&����./*�)

• There goes the train.

(�3-^��/��-�A���-�)

• There goes your friends Surin.

(� �����@�#���+��� ?��/��-�A���-�)

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) TENSE ��=���A�����

.�$�3)�������������/���������:./�����/�#��&��� &������*��+����A�� $�����

K���*�������K��

���<�� ��$�� ������8�*�������

(Subject = S) (Verb = V) (Object = O or Complement = C)

is, am, are +

������!�& ing

����������� ������� 125

��������

"�$�������K��

%���/�� • They are running.

(Affrimative) • It is raining.

�����' • They are not singing.

(Negative) • She is not singing.

��3�& • Are they playing football?

(Question) • Is she singing a song?

2.1 �^� ����� - ing :� �*� �������

(1) ������$���4�!������� e �#�����)��!�� (single e) ������ e !$������ ./*�

)��!�& ing ����

have - having choose - choosing

write - writing come - coming

������ dye - dyeing

(2) �����!���$���4�!�������&���"�� 1 ��� (single consonant) �����

!���������&�������&����' (one - syllable) ./����&���"����*�� (vowel) �������

����&$��&���"������/�����!�������������04����$� ing ����

sit - sitting run - running

stop - stopping swim - swimming

3*������!������ ����&���"�����*-�!�����*�� 2 ��� /�������&$��&���"������

/� ����

look - looking wear - wearing

(3) �����!���$���&�&��������)��#����@ 4�!�������&���"���������04�����

&���"����*�������������&$��&���"��!�������/��������04����$� ing ����

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admit - admitting prefer - preferring

propel - propelling travel - travelling

3*������!��������/�����*���/������!��&����'*-�!��������$� ing �4� ����

listen - listening remember - remembering

(4) �����!���$���4�!������� ie ������ e !$��04���4���� i ��%� y 04�� ���$�

ing ����

die - dying lie - lying

tie - tying

(5) ��$���8�� L ���-&���=�-�!�&�¡��?�@$���/���&�./*�+*��!*� �����$� ing

/�������$ A$�-&�!*���������/����.�/��$ > ����

stand - standing

do - doing

2.2 ��=�#$� Present Continuous Tense

(1) �#���.�$�3)�������������/�����$+)����+?���#:$ (to show action

happening now)

+?#:$

�$�! ����!

����&!*� ��$���%

��������

• Surin is coming out of his house now.

(� �����@��/�����&���%*��+���+�!�����)

• He is now studying English.

(�+���/��()����������� ����:!�����)

����������� ������� 127

(2) �#���.�$�3)�������!�!�� ���$����������������4���� (to show

action in the near future) .!����-&�.�����&��������% Present Simple Tense ��+*� 3

+?#:$

�$�! ����!

��! ���?@������$+)��

��������

• We' re flying back to London tomorrow.

(���%���/�%/��$��#�� ����)

• I' m wearing it this evening.

(D����&&����4����)

• Supol is coming here next week.

(� #/&����������$��@��*�)

• We are going to see him next Monday.

(���-�#%�+��������@��*�)

(3) �#���.�$�3)�������!�!�����!����# ���8�6 ���%��$*�� 7)��&��3:�����

7�� > ���:%��� > ����%������������ $ (To express habitual action that is often

repeated)

��������

• She is always asking silly questions.

(�'�&��3�&��3�&A�� > %������������ $)

• He is always banging the door shut.

(�+�&���|$��!:$��A��&��&� >)

• They are always arguing with each other.

(#���+�&��A!*�3���������:��&�)

X

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 21001128

(4) ��*��%������������������������/��$��������:#�*�& > ���

��������

• She is reading a book and (is) singing a song.

(�'���/�������������./�*���#/�-�$*��)

• She is jogging along the road and (is) singing a song.

(�'���/���������� > -�!�&3��./ (��/��) -��*���#/�)

(5) ��*��%��������������)�������/��$��������: ./&�9*:�����������������)��

+)��&�A$�-&���$�L�&�����

��������

• She enters the room while I am reading a book.

(�'��+*�&����*����+?���D����/����������������:)

• My mother opens the door while I am watching T.V.

(� ?.&���|$��!:+?���9&��/��$:�������:)

(6) ��*���:�+�� Passive voice �&������!*�����.�$���*��4�����������

����> &�������)������% ��/��)������!����'��+����A��

��������

• Active Voice : Someone is cutting tree down.

(�������)����/��!�$!*�-&*/�)

• Passive Voice : The tree is being cut down.

(!*�-&*��/��3:�!�$)

• Active Voice : Someone is painting the house.

(���%������/������%*��)

• Passive Voice : The house is being painted.

(%*����/��3:�����)

����������� ������� 129

������ �

&��������%����������-&���*���:�+�� Continuous form (Verb to be +

V ing) -$*.��

1 Verb to be ���� is, am, are, was, were !��0*��D�4��:7�

(stative verbs)

3:� : He is handsome.

(�+��/��)

9�$ : He is being handsome.

2 ��$��6�������!!��0*��D� $�� (mind) ���� think, know, recognize,

understand, believe, desire, wish, love, realize, forget, dislike, hate ��=�!*�

��������

3:� : I remember him quite clearly.

(D����+�-$*$����$���)

9�$ : I am remembering him quite clearly.

3:� : They wish to go home now.

(#���+������/�%%*���$�������)

9�$ : They are wishing to go home now.

3:� : She thinks everybody likes her.

(�'���$���� �����%�'�)

9�$ : She is thinking everybody likes her.

3:� : We know them very well.

(����*:���+���=������$�)

9�$ : We are knowing them very well.

3:� : I love you.

(9&���� ?)

9�$ : I am loving you.

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3 ��$��!��0*��D�������#*�!�����*�!*��>�* (senses) ���� feel, see,

hear, taste, smell ��=�!*�

��������

3:� : I feel very warm.

(D���*:�)��%�� �+)��&��)

9�$ : I am feeling very warm.

3:� : I smell something burning.

(D��-$*�/����-�-�&*��������)

9�$ : I am smelling something burning.

3:� : I hear someone walking up the stairs.

(D��-$*����������)����/��+)��%��-$&�)

9�$ : I am hearing someone walking up the stairs.

3:� : The coffee tastes sweet.

(��.^����)

9�$ : The coffee is tasting sweet.

3:� : I see her walking in the garden.

(D����4��'���/���$�����:�����)

9�$ : I am seeing her walking in the garden.

4 ��$�� "to have" !������D� �����%�� ����� (possession) .�/��� "&�"

��������

3:� : She has a lot of money.

(�'�&���������&��)

9�$ : She is having a lot of money.

����������� ������� 131

3:� : We have a lot of homework to do.

(���&����%*�����!*����������)

9�$ : We are having a lot of homework to do.

3:� : She has a cold.

(�'���=����$)

9�$ : She is having a cold.

5 ��$��6�����!����%� Continuous form /��/�� ���� matter, consist,

possess, own, fit, belong, contain, see, suppose, owe, suit, concern, appear,

look, call ��=�!*�

��������

3:� : It seems that he dislikes that girl.

($:��&�������+�-&���%9*:����������)

9�$ : It is seeming that he dislikes that girl.

3:� : Fruit contains a good deal of vitamins.

(9/-&*����%$*����!�&������&��)

9�$ : Fruit is containing a good deal of vitamins.

3:� : He supposes that the news is true.

(�+��)����+���������=����)

9�$ : He is supposing that the news is true.

3:� : This book belongs to me.

(��������/�&�����=�+��D��)

9�$ : This book is belonging to me.

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3. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE ��=���A�����.�$�3)�������������

���$�!./�L %���������������: &�A�����*��+����A�� $�����

���<�� ��$�� ������8�*�������

(Subject = S) (Verb = V) (Object = O or Complement = C)

has, have + V3

(Past Participle)

��������

"�$�������K��

%���/�� • He has bought a car.

(Affirmative) • They have gone to school.

�����' • He has not (hasn't) bought a car.

(Negative) • They have not (haven't) gone to school.

��3�& • Has he bought a car?

(Question) • Have they gone to school?

3.1 ����� (Verbs) �����% Tense ��� �������'������*./*� �����������*��

�L�����*��%���()���-$*�4���������+�������*������������ 3 �#��&���������: 2 �#�� ���

(1) Regular verbs (��$�����$) �������#�����-&���=��L�����%���()���

�#�����()�����&��3����*��=������������� 3 (Past Participle) -$*A$�����!�& -ed

�+*�-�+*���*���������

��������

wash washed

dress dressed

want wanted

etc.

����������� ������� 133

(2) Irregular verbs (��$������$) ��=��������������&������/����.�/�.!�!���

�������!���$�&�����&��&�� �������*��=���������� 3 !*��$��������-�!�&�:�.%%

+��&��A$��D#�

��������

feel felt

go went

take took

etc.

3.2 �$<��"� Present Perfect Tense

(1) �&8��0*��D�������!�!��/����$������04��������04����������$�

�����8�������� �D�� -6����+?�����/��#:$3)����: A$���!�&��&������ for (.�$�����

���&���+����/�) ./ since (.�$����� $�$ $��)��+����/�) ����%���:����A��$*��

+?#:$

�$�! ����!

��$�����!��-����������!

��������

• My father has been ill for more than two weeks.

(� ?#��+��D��-$*�U��&���=���/����&������ 2 ����!�@./*�)

• I' ve lived here since 1979.

(9&-$*��(�����:������&�!���.!��_ 1979)

• I have waited for you since eight in the morning.

(9&-$*&����� ?!���.!� 8 A&���*�)

����&

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(2) �� Present Perfect Tense ��� �&6��������$�B:7'&���������[���#

���� already, frequently, recently, often, never, ever ��=�!*�

+?#:$

�$�! ����!

X

��! ���?@�#�������� $/�������/����#:$

��������

• I have already made up my mind what to do.

(9&-$*!�$����./*�������-�)

• They have often invited us to their house.

(#���+�&���������&�%*��+���+����:%��� >)

• He has never seen such an animal before.

(�+�-&������4���!�@��������&�����)

• Have you ever tried to cook it in another way?

(� ?���/���� ������$*����'�����%*��-�&)

(3) ��*��%��! ���?@��������������/����$������04�������� 0��/����#�����$����

��8����0����8�/��/��6��"��0��"�������$������8���� &��&������(�?@%����/���������:��

��A��

+?#:$

�$�! ����!

xxxx

��! ���?@�#�������� $/�������/����#:$

����������� ������� 135

��������

• I have visited Chiengmai many times.

(D��-$*-��������������&�&��/�������./*�)

• He has smoked three cigarettes so far today.

(!/�$�������+�-$*�:%% ����&�./*� 3 &��)

• Have you ever been there before?

(� ?���-��������&�����./*��������)

(4) �#���.�$�3)�������!��� L !��/��*���\ �*�\ *$��*�6#�7'/�04�� ��8����\�L

��� 7)����!�&��&������ "just" (�#���) ���:$*��

��������

• He has just come back from Canada.

(�+��#����/�%&���.���$�)

• He has just gone out.

(�+��#������-�)

• We have just returned from a trip.

(����#����/�%&�������$�����)

• Have you just finished your homework?

(� ?�#��������%*�����4����)

(5) �"��� Passive form �&8��0*�����������!����� L ��$���� ��*$������

��8�6-��4����/�����!�������<��������K�� (��'��+����A��3:�����)

��������

• The price of sugar has been reduced to sixty cents

a kilogramme.

(�������!�/���� -$*3:�/$/����/�� 60 �7�!@!�� 1 ��A/���&)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 21001136

+ Ving

• My bicycle has not been repaired yet.

(�3������+��9&���-&�-$*��%���7��&�/�)

• Somebody has been injured in the accident.

(%����-$*��%%�$�4%��� %�!���! )

4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTIONOUS TENSE ��=���A�����.�$�3)����

����7)�����$+)�����$�!./�������/���������:���L %�� &�A�����*��+����A�� $�����

���<�� ��$�� ������8�*�������

(Subject = S) (Verb = V) (Object = O or Complement = C)

has been

have been

��������

"�$�������K��

%���/�� • Your friend have been waiting for you since three

(Affirmative) o' clock.

�����' • Your friend have not been waiting for you since

(Negative) three o' clock.

��3�& • Have your friends been waiting for you since three

(Question) o' clock?

4.1 �$<��"� Present Perfect Continuous Tense

(1) ��*.�$�3)�������!�!������$�����8��� L /�������� ������./

$�����&��3)��L %�� A$���!�&��&������ since ��% for ���:$*��

����������� ������� 137

��������

• Mr. John has been working with Mr. White for many

years.

(�����@�-$*�����&���%���-��@��=���/�����/���_./*� (��

&�!/�$))

• He has been sleeping since he came back from

the office.

(�+�����/�%&�!���.!��+�-$*�/�%&����������� (�/�%!/�$))

• I have been living in this city since 1970.

(9&��(�����:���&������&�!���.!� 1970 (���:&�!/�$A$�!/�$-&�-$*

�*��-�-��))

(2) �&��������%����%��% Present Perfect Tense �����4�-$*��� Present

Perfect Continuous Tense ������������8��� (Continuity) ���������!���8�

���-���7'

Present Perfect Tense Present Perfect Continuous Tense

• I have read that book. • I have been reading this book since

three o'clock.

(9&-$*������������/�&����./*�) (9&������������/�&����&�!���.!�%��� 3 A&�

(+?����4����������:))

• They have walked over • They have been walking for more than

from that farm. an hour.

(�+�-$*�$��&���^��@&����) (�+��$��A$�-&�-$*�� $&���=���/�&��������)��

����A&�./*� (+?����4����$�����:))

• Have you slept well? • Have you been sleeping while I was out?

(� ?����/�%$�������/��) (� ?���������:���������/��!�����D�����-�

+*�����)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 21001138

(3) �����%�����%������� ���� ��������.�$�3)����#�!� (mind) ��������

.�$�3)����&�*:�)�+���������&9�� (senses), have = &� ./��������� > 7)���/���-�*��+*�

����+�� Present Continuous Tense -&���*�� Present Perfect Continuous Tense

.!���*�� Present Perfect Tense ��������

��������

3:� : We have know him for several years.

(����*:���+�&��/���_./*�)

9�$ : We have been knowing him for several years.

3:� : I have heard her practicing on the piano.

(D��-$*���������'����7*�&��_�A�)

9�$ : I have been hearing her practicing on the piano.

����������� ������� 139

Exercise 16

(���������� 16)

Use the correct form of verb in each sentence.

(0��*���������� -��/��/2�����������)

1. He (kiss) ________ his wife and says goodbye every morning.

(���A��\##��,#��!�6���6����5 ����)

2. Toom says, “I (write) ________ a letter to Obb now.”

(���!������ “����/6���� ��A&�!��$|��������� F)

3. The train (leave) ________ Bangkok Railway Station at 6.30 p.m.

everyday.

(#$"^���A�����6/�,���6� 6.30 �. ������)

4. He (sleep) ________ for an hour.

(����6��"%"&� 1 �����!��6��)

5. You (be) ________ a student of the institute since the 1 st semester of 2013.

('�<�%?����Q|�;����$������F����\�'�# ���#����%J 2556)

6. The mob (demonstrate) ________ to chase the prime minister for a month.

(�����"&����!��&*��������"6�����#�~!��# �%?���6� 1 �&���6��)

7. I (go) ________ to see you just a minute.

(���A�"%��'�<�& q��� F��6�)

8. There (be) ________ twelve months a year.

(%J��|��! 12 �&��)

9. Each tree (need) ________ water.

(���"!����6����������#�F/)

10. She (clean) ________ the house from 6 p.m. until now.

(�-��/'��!���&������F���� 6 �!�A�$|��& q��� F)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 21001140

5. PAST SIMPLE TENSE ��=���A�����.�$�3)����������������4-�./*�

���$�! &�A�����*��+����A�� $�����

���<�� ��$�� ������8�*�������

(Subject = S) (Verb = V) (Object = O or Complement = C)

V2

��������

"�$�������K��

%���/�� • I went there.

(Affirmative) • They worked here.

�����' • I did not go there.

(Negative) • They did not work here.

��3�& • Did you go there?

(Question) • Did they work here?

Passive • We were taken home.

Voice • Was the work had been done?

5.1 ��$�� (Verbs) �� Tense ��� ������+�������������()���!*��$�����

#���?�����"���$��"���!�� 2 ��*$� A$��D#������������������!� (Irregular Verbs)

�����������!� (Regular verbs) ����-&�&��L��� �#�����()�����&��3����*��=����������

��� 2 -$*A$�����!�& -ed

5.2 ��'���* Past simple Tense

(1) �#���.�$�3)���������������)��������$���-$*!��*�\ *$��*�6#�7'/�

04�������� ���$��� �����!��0*����4�������6��"�����# ���� ago, last week (month,

year), yesterday ��=�!*�

����������� ������� 141

+?#:$

�$�! ����!

��! ���?@���-$*���$+)��

��������

• Two weeks ago, Kate had an accident.

(������$��@���9���&� ���-$*���%� %�!���! )

• The train reached the station at two yesterday.

(�3-^-$*&�3)��3���!��%��� 2 A&��&���������)

• He came to look for you half an hour ago.

(�+�-$*&�!�&��� ?�&�����)������A&����./*�)

• Did you receive a letter from her last week?

(� ?-$*��%$�&�����'�������/���&������$��@���./*�)

• His mother died when he was twelve years old.

(� ?.&�+���+�!���&����+���� -$* 12 �_)

(2) �"���6���-���7'!������$����#��"�����4����� L ������ �� ������$�B:7'

����[���#���� ���� always, never, frequently, usually ��=�!*�

+?#:$

�$�! ����!

����& %

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 21001142

��������

• Jim always kept light on in the hall.

(�&&����|$-^���*��A3�����-�*��&� (��������$�!))

• He always finished his work when he was here.

(�+�&�������+���+����4��&��&����+����:������ (��������$�!))

• He never sucked his thumb, unlike many children.

(�+�-&����$:$����&���/� -&���&�����%�$4��/�� > �� (�����+*���4���

���$�!))

(3) ��*%��D���8���/�!����%�/�/��/���� If - cluase (Unlikely Type)

��������

• If I saw him, I would tell him the news.

(3*����9&#%�+� 9&���/��+��������*�+� L�./*�)

• You would pass if you worked hard enough.

(� ?����%9���./*� 3*����� ?!�����/���������*&��#�)

• If I had money, I would make a long journey around

the world.

(3*����9&&����� 9&���$�����-���%A/�)

(4) �"� Past Simple Tense 0!�!�� Present Simple Tense ��8����4����

���K�� �� Direct Speech ����%� Indirect Speech

��������

Direct Speech : She said, "I understand what he means."

(�'�#:$��� "D���+*������+��&�����&��������-�")

Indirect Speech : She said that she understood what he meant.

(�'�#:$����'��+*������+��&�����&��������-�)

����������� ������� 143

Direct Speech : I asked him, "Is it worked by electricity?"

(D��3�&�+���� "&�������$*��-^ ���������-&�")

Indirect Speech : I asked him whether it was worked by

electricity.

(D��3�&�+����&�������$*��-^ ���������-&�)

6. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE ��=���A�����.�$�3)�������������/��

�������:���$�! &�A�����*��+����A�� $�����

���<�� ��$�� ������8�*�������

(Subject = S) (Verb = V) (Object = O or Complement = C)

was, were + ing

��������

"�$�������K��

%���/�� • She was singing.

(Affirmative) • We were working.

�����' • She was not (wasn't) singing.

(Negative) • We were not (weren't) working.

��3�& • Was she singing?

(Question) • Were we working?

Passive • The work was being done

Vioce

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 21001144

6.1 �$<��"� Past Continuous Tense

(1) ��*.�$�3)�������!�!����4����$���������� (A$���!�&��&���.�$�

��/��% -�*$*��)

+?#:$

�$�! ����!

��! ���?@��/��$��������:

��������

• They were eating dinner at half past seven.

(�+���/������������4��&�����/� 19.30 �. (���$�!))

• It was raining heavily that afternoon.

(����/��!������������!��%���������� (���$�!))

• At 8 o' clock he was having breakfast.

(��/� 8 A&� �+���/������������*����: (���$�!))

(2) ��*.�$�3)�������!�!���*�������!����$��������4��������� A$���!�

&��&������ "while" ����%���:����A��$*��

��������

• While he was working, we were sleeping.

(+?����+���/������� ����4��/������/�% (���$�!))

• While they were playing football, I was studying in my

room.

(+?���#���+���/���/�� !%�/ 9&�4��/����������:���*�� (���$�!))

• Was she listening while we were talking?

(�'���/�� L����:������/��+?���#�������/��#:$� ���� (���$�!))

����������� ������� 145

(3) ������!������������$�������7�!��������!���������������4��

����$����: ����"� Past Continuous Tense �&8������D���������8��� (continuity)

������-���7'��8�������!� ���7�!�� Past Simple Tense �"��&8��0*��D����-���7'

��8�������!�!���*�\ *$��*�6#�7'/�04�� (completed action)

+?#:$

�$�! ����!

��! ���?@��/��$��������: ��! ���?@��)��-$*���$+)��

��������

• While I was riding to school, I saw an accident.

(+?���9&��/��+��������-�A������� 9&-$*��4�� %�!���! )

• He was working in Bangkok when his father died.

(�+���/����������:���� ���#� �&���� ?#��+���+�!��)

(4) �#���.�$�3)�������!�!����%��$*�������� (Past habitual action) ��!�

&��&�����������(�?@ (Adverbs) ��������:$*�� ���� always, never, often ��=�!*�

��������

• They were often quarrelling with each other.

(#���+�&����/��%�.�*�������:%��� >)

• He was always working in the garden when we went to

look for him.

(�+�&����/����������:�������&��&������-����+�)

• She was complaining about the weather.

(�'���/��%��3)�������$�� ������()

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 21001146

(5) ��$�������!!��0*��D�*��& $�� (mind) ������#*�!�����*�!*��>�*

(senses), have = &�, ./��������� > ���&���������:�����&�*:�)��������� ��+*�����+��

Present Continuous Tense ������"��� Past Continuous Tense /��/�������"�

Past Simple Tense

��������

3:� : He seemed anxious to go out.

($:��&����+���!������*�������-�)

9�$ : He was seeming anxious to go out.

3:� : As he walked along, he suddenly remembered

something.

(+?����+��$��-����� ����$�+��4�%������+)��&�-$*)

9�$ : As he walked along, he suddenly was remembering

something.

3:� : We noticed that he was wearing spectacles.

(��������!��4�����+���&.���)

9�$ : We were noticing that he was wearing spectacles.

7. PAST PERFECT TENSE ��=���A�����.�$�3)�����������$�!������4����

-�./*�A$��&%:�?@ &�A�����*��+����A�� $�����

���<�� ��$�� ������8�*�������

(Subject = S) (Verb = V) (Object = O or Complement = C)

had + V3

(past participle)

����������� ������� 147

��������

"�$�������K��

%���/�� • It had gone.

(Affirmative) • We had eaten it.

�����' • It had not (hadn't) gone.

(Negative) • We had not eaten it.

��3�& • Had it gone?

(Question) • Had we eaten it?

��'���* Past Perfect Tense

(1) �#���.�$�3)�������!�*�������!����$������������&������ .!��������

������! ���?@�������)�����$+)�������������������! ���?@����������)�� ������!���8�

���-���7'!����$���������"� Past Perfect Tense *���������!���8����-���7'!����$����

������4���"� Past Simple Tense

+?#:$

�$�! ����!

��! ���?@���$���� ��! ���?@���$�/��

Past Perfect Tense ��* Past Simple Tense

��������

• After she had washed the dishes, she listened to the

radio.

(�/��������'�/*�������4./*� �'��4��|$���� L� (/*�������� ��|$

���� L�����/��))

⌧ ⌧

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 21001148

• When the alarm rang, Kate had already had a bath.

(�&�������������?$��+)�� �����%������4./*� (��%������4����

����������?$��+)��&�����/��))

• When he had written the letter, he read it again.

(�&����+��+���$�&�����4./*� �+�-$*����&������������)�� (�+�������

�������/��))

• I went to bed after I had finished my homework.

(D��-�����/������������%*�����4./*� (�����%*�����4����

./*�)�-����))

(2) �#���.�$�3)��������-$*����-�./*����$�! ��!�&��&������.�$���/������

���:$*��

��������

• By two o' clock, we had completed our work.

(����%��� 2 A&� ��������+��������4./*�)

• By the time the sun was down, we had already reached the

village.

(���&�3)��&�:%*������#�����!�@!�$��)

(3) �"��� Indirect or Reported Speech �����* Past Perfect Tense

.�������* Present Perfect Tense ./ Past Simple Tense

��������

Direct Speech : He said. "I have offered her twenty dollars

for it."

(�+�#:$��� "9&��*�����'������%$�//��@�����%��������)

Indirect Speech : He said that he had offered her twenty

dollars for it.

(�+�#:$��� �+���*�����'������%$�//��@�����%��������)

����������� ������� 149

Direct Speech : "I saw it with my own eyes," she said.

("D����4�&����%!�" �'�%��)

Indirect Speech : She said that she had seen it with her

own eyes.

(�'�%������'���4�&����%!��'����)

(4) ��* Past Perfect Tense �� If - clause (Conditional sentences)

�&8��6��D�������%�/�/��/��

��������

• You might have been killed if you had stood under that tree.

(� ?��!��-�./*� 3*����� ?������:�!*!*�-&*!*�����)

• If they had warned him, he wouldn't have gone there at all.

(3*����#���+�!���!����+�-�* �+���-&�-$*-��������.��)

(5) ��*���#���� Passive Voice �#���.�$�3)����3:�����

��������

• He had been warned not to be near that deserted house.

(�+�3:�!���!���-&���*�+*�-���/*%*���*���/������)

• She said that she had been told to leave it there.

(�'��/�������'�3:�%����*����&��-�*�������)

8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE ��=���A�����.�$�3)��������

7)������&�����$�!��=�����/���)�� &�A�����*��+����A�� $�����

���<�� ��$�� ������8�*�������

(Subject = S) (Verb = V) (Object = O or Complement = C)

had been + Ving

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 21001150

��������

"�$�������K��

%���/�� • I had been working.

(Affirmative) • They had been working.

�����' • I had not (hadn't ) been working.

(Negative) • They had not been working.

��3�& • Had he been working?

(Question) • Had they been working?

8.1 �$<��"� Past Perfect Continuous Tense

(1) ��'������* Past Perfect Continuous Tense ��=�-���������$������

��% Past Perfect Tense .!� Past Perfect Continuous Tense ���� ��������8������

���������8��� (Continuity) ������-���7'��8�������!�

��������

• It had been raining the whole morning.

(��!�/�&�!/�$������*� (-&�&��� $))

• We had been waiting for nearly half an hour before the

bus came.

(��������&���=���/�����%��)������A&������3������&�)

• Had she been crying? Her eyes looked swollen.

(�'�������*��-�*���:���� $:!��'�%�&�����)

(2) �"��� Indirect Speech 0!� Present Perfect Continuous Tense

7)�����:���:� Direct Speech

����������� ������� 151

��������

Direct Speech : She said, "I have been watching you for

sometimes."

(�'�#:$��� "D��&���'�&����#��&������$���")

Indirect Speech : She said that she had been watching me

for sometimes.

(�'�#:$����'�&��D��&����#��&���./*�)

Direct Speech : “What have you been doing the whole

morning?” he asked me.

("� ?���-����:!/�$������*�" �+�3�&D��)

Indirect Speech : He asked me what I had been doing the

whole morning.

(�+�3�&D�����D�����-����:!����*�)

(3) ��$�������!!��0*��D�*��& $�� (mind) ������#*�!�����*�!*��>�*

(senses), have = �� 04��$�$���8�� L !������[���#��������#*�!�����*�! ��&���*��

Past Perfect Continuous Tense -&�-$* .!���&��3�"�/���� Past Perfect Tense ��������

��������

3:� : We had known each other for many years.

(����*:�����&��/���_./*�)

9�$ : We had been knowing each other for many years.

3:� : I had disliked them even in those days.

(D��-&���%��*�#���+�&�!������./*�)

9�$ : I had been disliking them even it those days.

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 21001152

Exercise 17

(���������� 17)

Use the correct form of verb in each sentence.

(0��*���������� -��/��/2�����������)

1. He (stop) ________ drinking three years ago.

(����6*�&�!�#�!� 3 %J�6��)

2. Idd and her father (watch) ________ TV at home at that time.

(�*�&�6�,������-��/6��&���#��Q�+����� ������������F�)

3. She said that she (work) ________ in Bangkok.

(�-��������-��/6���/������#����,�)

4. Nipa (learn) ________ ballet in Russia.

(�*\��# ����6�6�+� �%#���Q#��8 �)

5. I (get) ________ no promotion last year.

(���"!�"&�#����#������F��!��%J� ��6��)

6. The department store (open) ________ before you went there.

(����##,*�'���%�&����� �'�<A�"%$|�)

7. This time last year, I (tour) ________ in Pai.

(��6�� F�!��%J��������/6��"%�� ���� ��!��%��)

8. Nooch (drive) ________ her new car that night before the accident happened.

(����/6�����#$'����!���'���F������ �A���*&�����*����)

9. Amnarch (search) ________ a job for several weeks when he finally

got the post of a cameraman.

(�/��A������/�����6���%&��+A���� ��&����4"&��/������/��������6���)

10. I (talk) ________ with Pom at noon yesterday.

(����/6��'�����%G�!����� ����!������ F)

����������� ������� 153

+ V (infinitive

without to){ }

9. FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE ��=���A�����.�$�3)�������������$���

����!���������������! &�A�����*��+����A�� $�����

��'�� ����� ���&��������+�������>

(Subject) (Verb) (Object or other complement)

shall (I, we)

will

��������

"�$�������K��

%���/�� • We shall ask him.

(Affirmative) • He will bring it.

�����' • We shall not ask him.

(Negative) • He will not bring it.

��3�& • Shall we ask him?

(Question) • Will he bring it?

�#������� shall 04� will

A$���!�������� shall ./ will ���.�$�����!��/����A�� ���&��*�+���

.%%����� shall ./ will ��=� "ll" ����A��%���/�� (Affirmative sentence) ./

��=� "shan' t" ���� "won' t" ����A�������'./��3�& $�����

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 21001154

�#����$ �#���� ��D��

(Affirmative) (Negative) (Question)

I shall (will) I' ll I shan' t Shan' t I, Shall I

(I won' t) Won' t I, Will I

We shall, (will) We' ll We shan' t Shan' t we, Shall we

(We won' t) Won' t we, Will we

You will You' ll You won' t Will you

Won' t you

He will He' ll He won' t Will he

Won' t he

She will She' ll She won' t Will she

Won' t she

It will It' ll It won' t Will it

Won' t it

They will They' ll They won' t Will they

Won' t they

9.1 �$<�����"� Future Simple Tense

(1) �#���.�$���������������)��������$�������� ��� �!���8������� �!�

��8���$����������� K�����$��� �����!��0*����4�����������#���� ���� tomorrow,

next week, soon, later ��=�!*�

+?#:$

�$�! ����!

��$������$��! ���?@���+)��

����������� ������� 155

��������

• I shall return in half an hour.

(9&�/�%&��������/���)������A&�)

• She will go abroad next week.

(�'�-�!�������(�����$��@��*�)

• Surin will be sixteen next month.

(� �����@&���� 16 �_���$�����*�)

(2) will/shall -&���&��3��*��%��������:� Continuous form -$* (&��/���-�*��

+*�����+�� Present Continuous Tense)

��������

• It will be improper for her to go there alone.

($:��&���-&���&������%�'����-��������A$�/�#���#������$���)

• I shall be there this evening.

(D��-����������4����)

• He won' t know if you don't tell him.

(�+�-&�&�����*:-$*�/�3*����� ?-&�%���+�)

(3) ��*���:�+�� Passive Voice �#���.�$�3)���������'��+����A����=�

9*:3:�����

��������

• You will be punished for disobeying the law.

(� ?3:�/�A��,�����-&����%�!�!�&�¡�&��)

• We shall not be found out if we hide here.

(-&�&����&�#%�������3*�������7������:������)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 21001156

9.2 �4������"� "To be going to" �� Future Simple Tense

(1) �"� to be going to �#���.�$�3)�������!�!��/��D#����0>�/��04��

./��������������$+)��������!�����/*

��������

• I am going to write a letter to him tonight.

(9&�+���$�&��-����+�������)

• She is going to teach us English.

(�'������������ �.�����)

• Are we going to tell him when he asks us?

(���%���+��&����+�3�&���-�&)

• When are you going to return my book?

(�&���-���� ?3)�����������+��9&������)

(2) �"� to be going to �#���.�$�3)�������#*�!��0�������������6

������!����>�#&#�

��������

• Look out! That tree is going to fall.

(���� !*�-&*!*�������/��/*&/�&�)

• Help! I' m going to drown!

(����$*�� 9&��/��&���)

• The cow looks very ill. I think it' s going to die.

(���$:�U��&�� 9&��$���&����/��!��)

(3) "to be going to" /���$���"���6��$�� go 04� come ./-&��$���"� to

be going to ��6 go �����

����������� ������� 157

+ V ing{ }

��������

3:� : Are they coming this afternoon?

(#���+�&�%����������)

9�$ : Are they going to come this afternoon?

3:� : He is going to Populand soon.

(�+�-����%�:./�$@��-&��*����)

9�$ : He is going to go to Populand soon.

3:� : She is coming to visit him.

(�'�&������&�+�)

9�$ : She is going to come to visit him.

10. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE ��=���A�����.�$�3)�������������$���

��/������������������! &�A�����*��+����A�� $�����

���<�� ��$�� ������8�*�������

(Subject = S) (Verb = V) (Object = O or Complement = C)

shall be

will be

��������

"�$�������K��

%���/�� • I shall be going.

(Affirmative) • He will be waiting.

�����' • I shall not be going.

(Negative) • He will not be waiting.

��3�& • Will they be going?

(Question) • Will she be waiting?

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 21001158

10.1 �$<��"� Future Continuous Tense

(1) �#���.�$�3)��������������!������$+)�����3�����?@������! ���?@

'��&$����� > -� A$�-&�&�������.9�&�����

��������

• He will be working on Tuesday. He is off on Monday.

(�+�!*������������������ �+��� $����������@)

• The bus will not be passing by our house, we have to

get off here.

(�3������-&�9���+*��%*��+����� ���!*��/�������)

(2) Future Continuous Tense ��&��3��&���*�#���.�$�3)�������!�

!�� ���$������4�����4�����������������.����� A$���!�&����6-��4����!��6

0�����

+?#:$

�$�! ����!

��! ���?@���$+)�������!��������

��������

• At four o' clock tomorrow, we shall be happily swimming

at the seaside.

(4 A&�#�� ���� �������/�����������/������� �����)

• We shall be sleeping by time you return.

(�������/��������:!������ ?�/�%&�)

• Will it be snowing when they arrive in London?

(��&���!����:������/�� �&���#���+�-�3)�/��$��)

xxxxx

����������� ������� 159

+ V3

(Past Participle)

�������- �����!��4�-$*��� Future Continuous Tense .�$�3)���! ���?@����

������������/��$�����-������!�������� (Continuity) ������! 7)��

Future Simple Tense -&�&�/���?���������� .&*���.�$�3)���! ���?@

������$+)��������!��&�������4!�&

11. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE �&��3)���A�����.�$�3)��������

7)����$��������4./*�������! &�A�����*��+����A�� $�����

���<�� ��$�� ������8�*�������

(Subject = S) (Verb = V) (Object = O or Complement = C)

Shall have,

will be

��������

"�$�������K��

%���/�� • I shall have worked.

(Affirmative) • He will have finished it.

�����' • I shall not have worked.

(Negative) • He will not have finished it.

��3�& • Shall I have worked?

(Question) • Will he have finished it ?

11.1 �$<��"� Future Perfect Tense

(1) ��*%��3)�������!�!�� ��*�\ *$��*�6#�7'�������!�&������/��������$-�*

�����.����� A$���!�&��&�����������������%��/��% -�*

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 21001160

��������

• She will have been taught to cook by the time she leaves

the institution.

(�'�-$*��%��������'������ ��������������'�������3�%��)

• By the end of the day, everything will have been packed.

(�&�������� $������ � �����3:�%�� /���%���-�*�&$./*�)

• The first group of students will have been tested by the

time the next group arrives.

(���()����/� &.��3:��$��%��������/� &!��-�&�3)�)

(2) ��*%��3)�������!�!��/����$����������04�� 0�����/���*�\ *$��4�������$�

���/� �D� -�*-�*$���������

��������

• By next term, all of us will have learned how to appreciate

good literature.

(������()�����*� #����������&$-$*������*:3)���'�������

����*7�%7)����������?���&���$�)

• By next month, I shall have finished at Mahidol University.

(�$�����*� D���������%��&�������/��&��$/./*�)

���()��������!#%��� Future Perfect Tense &��&���% #%� "by" �����

���:$*��%��� > 7)��&����&�&��������%����� before .�/��� "����"

12. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE ��=���A�����.�$�3)����

����7)����$����������!��������������! &�A�����*����A�� $�����

����������� ������� 161

+ Ving{ }

���<�� ��$�� ������8�*�������

(Subject = S) (Verb = V) (Object = O or Complement = C)

shall have been,

Will have been

��������

"�$�������K��

%���/�� • I shall have been working.

(Affirmative) • He will have been studying.

�����' • I shall not have been working.

(Negative) • He will not have been studying.

��3�& • Shall I have been working?

(Question) • Will he have been working?

12.1 ��'���* �����% Future Perfect Continuous Tense ��� &���'������*��

.%%�$��������% Future Perfect Tense .!�&� $!���������:��$��)��!����� Future Perfect

Continuous Tense .�$�3)����&!�������� (continuity) +���������������! ���?@

������! A$���!�&��&�% #%� "by" 7)��.�/��� "�&���" ���:����A���������

��������

• By next month, I shall have been graduating from Mahidol

University.

(�$�����*� 9&����/��%���()�����&�������/��&��$/)

• By next term, all of us will have been finishing our literature

course.

(������()�����*� #����������&$�4��%���()����/���:!�

���?�$�)

����������� ��� (Tense) ����� ������������� ���������������!"#��������

��!��� ��� (Tense) ����� $���%���&�������� (Structure) ���'*� *�+,$�

����������!�� 3 ����

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 21001162

Exercise 18

(���������� 18)

Use the correct form of verb in each sentence.

(���������� �������������������)

1. My dog (bite) ________ you if you disturb it.

(����������A���&'�<$��'�<�/���!��#/'�9)

2. He believes you (lend) ________ him money.

(����������'�<A��������!��*�)

3. She (go) ________ to live in Cholburi when she retires.

(�-�A�"%�����6��# $����; �<�6��)

4. Korn has been engaged to Lak and he (go) ________ to marry her.

(�#�!�F����6��;<+�6�� �6�����/6��A������������-�)

5. I (see) ________ a movie at the cineplex tomorrow evening at this

time.

(���'��/6��&���������� �8*�*�,6'8+ ,#���� F������4�����6�� F)

6. This time next Sunday, she (sunbathe) ________ on the beautiful

beach of Phuket.

(������*��+����������6�� F �-�'�A��/6������&&�����������&�������!���

\���4�)

����������� ������� 163

7. When John goes back to England next week, he (live) ________

in Thailand for 6 years.

(�!��A��+��6��%#���Q����R;���%&��+���� �4�������������"&�������%#���Q"��

!�'#� 6 %J�6��)

8. A rat (kill) ________ by his cat if he comes out when the cat is at

its hole.

(���A�����$���!�������������$��!�����!����� ��!������#�#����)

9. He (capture) ________ by the police if the police sees him at that

moment.

(���'�A�$���/#�AA��$���/#�A��4�����������F�)

10. My sister (telephone) ________ for half an hour by the time I get back.

(������������'�A��/6��,�&��#Q�,�+"%"&�'#|�������!��6�� ���� �����6��"%)

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������ 6 �����������!"

������()����+*��#���,���������� ����������� (Word) �����!���> �/�

(Phrase) ��A�� (Sentence) ./��/ (Tense) ./*� ���()����4��&��3������������� �

-$*�����&������'���#����+)�� A$����������������*�������� ����� ������()����+*��

�/��-�����?@��������%�� �/� �:���A��./��/ ���()����4��&��3 L� #:$ ����

./�+���-$*$� A$�+��� ����������������()���!*�����%���

1. !*���*:��!��#�����./�� (Alphabet & Vowel) ���&����!�� �-�%*��

2. !*���+*�����#����@ (Syllable) ����-�

3. !*���+*������� (Word) �����������%+��#�����./��7)��&����&�&��

./&���'������*�����/����'� &��������!���> 8 ���$ ��� ����& (Noun) �����#��&

(Pronoun) ������� (Verb) ��� ?(�#�@ (Adjective) ����������(�?@ (Adverb) ��% #%�

(Preposition) �����'�� (Conjunction) ./��� ��� (Interjection) 7)����.!�/�����

$���/�������&�����-���&�����=��/� (Phrase) �� ��A�� (Clause) ./��A��

(Sentence) !��-�

4. !*���+*������/� (Phrase) ����/� &�����&���&������ 1 ��+)��-� �/�&����&�&��

7)��-&�-$*����&����&%:�?@ .!�����*����!���> +����A����*��$������+)�� &� 4 ����� ���

��&�/� (Noun phrase) ������/� (Verb phrase) � ?(�#�@�/� (Adjective phrase)

./��������(�?@�/� (Adverb phrase)

5. !*���+*������� ��A�� (Clause) �����������%+����A�����&7*��

(Complex sentence) 7)������=���A������&%:�?@�������%$*����'�� (Subject)

./����� (Verb) 7)����&����& (Object) ����-&��4-$* .!�-&�-$*&����&�&���&%:�?@��!��

+��&����� &� 3 ����� ��� ��&�� ��A�� (Noun clause) � ?�� ��A�� (Adjective

clause) ./���(�?�� ��A�� (Adverb clause)

����������� ������� 165

6. !*���+*�������A�� (Sentence) �����������%+���� (Word) �����!���>

�/� (Phrase) ./�� ��A�� (Clause) ������$�������)�������/���������&��� 3*�

.%��!�&��!3 �����@+�������*.%�������=� 5 ���$ ��� ��A��%���/�� (Affirmative

or Statement or Dedication sentence) ��A����3�& (Question sentence)

��A�������' (Negative sentence) ��A�������� (Imperative or Order sentence)

./��A��� ��� (Exclamatory sentence) 3*�.%��!�&/���?�����*.%����=�

3 ����� ��� ��A�����&�$���������A��'��&$���������!3��A�� (Simple sentence)

��A�����&��&������A��9�&����������!��A�� (Compound sentence) ./

��A�����&7*�������������A�� (Complex sentence)

7. !*���+*����������*� (Paragraph) �&��3)���A���/��> ��A��&���&���

�#���%�����������������$�������)��7)���������*���)��> &�����&��������%�������$��������)��

�#����������$�����������

8. !*���+*�������������� (Story) �&��3)������*��/��> �����*�&���&��� �#���

%����*���%3)������������������%�������$��������)���#����������$��� �����������)��> ��

����%$*���/�������*� .!�/�����*�&������������������#�����./��*���/����$��������%

�������$������ 7)������/������������������=����:�+�����&����� (Essay) %����&

(Article) +��� (News) ���������� (Short story) ����� (Tale) �:�.%%�$�:�.%%��)���4-$*

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 21001166

��8������ (Story)

������� (Paragraph)

���K�� (Sentence)

�4� (Phrase)

�� (Word)

&����' (Syllable)

&���"��04�*�� (Alphabet & Vowel)

&�-����%&���.������&�������/���

$������ ����������������*���()�����&��3�������-$*�+*��������()���!*���*:��*����

./���&�&��+��������A�� �*:�����A��������=���A��������$ ���:����/ (Tense)

�$ 3*����()�����&��3�������@�/������%����!*����-$* �4������*���()�����&��3�������

�������� �-$*�+*������+)�� A$��D#�������������� ������()�����&��3�+*����A��

.!�/��A�� 7)��.!�/��A���������������� $���������� (Verb) ���()���!*�����������

��*#% 7)���������%��-$*�������������������$+)���&����$ A$�$:����/ (Tense) ��'��

+����A����=����#��&% � ��������-���=����#�@����#�:#�@ �:���A��%���:�-&�&�

��'�� ���� ��A�������� ��=�!*� ��'����=�9*:���� (Active voice) ����9*:3:�����

(Passive voice) ������()�����&��3�������@A�����*��+����A��./�+*�����&�&��

-$* ���()����4�+*���������+��.!�/�����*�7)���/���-�*./*��������)�������*�&�����&

��������%�������$��������)���#����������$��� ��A���������.!�/�����*����:�����A��.��

��A��� $�*��������A���/��+�������*� ./��������.!�/����������&+��������&��

���:��������*�.��./�����*�� $�*��+�������� ����*�+��� ����&��������:�����*�.��

�����*�!��> -���=��#������/����$./�����*�� $�*��&����&������*������ $

����������� ������� 167

�&������()���()��������������&�/�&������4./*� /����*���&�*:���-$*������������&

�/�&���-�()�������������������*()����������!���> ���������-$*�+*����$�� ����+)��

��8������!���/�����

��������� $

������*������ $

%���

�� ���������

+���������������

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���������

/��� ��������� /, 2545. 99 Tips of Better English Grammar. ��&.: #�&#@$�

����%~ ��@.

________, 2546. English Usage & Grammar : �4������"�04�/�����7'

��:�����|: (���6��-����� &$�&'�����!�� 6). ��&.: %���������%~ ��@ ���$.

�&%:�?@ % ��(���, 2531. Modern Compact English. ��&.: �����#�&#@.&4� ���$.

�3�%�����()������-�/, 2548. "-���������!��/�4�����$"���:�����|: ���*

�� 20 (EN 20) ����6��<��B�:�������. ��&.: A��#�&#@� � ���#/�$#�*��

Janya In-ong, 2545. MODERN ENGLISH GRAMMAR In the 21st Century

(PERFECT EDITION) /�����7'����|:*������� ��B����:!�� 21 (56�6

*�6#�7'066). ��&.: %����� $���&/�&�� ���$.

Adrian Doff Christopher Jones, 1994. Language in Use Intermediate

Classroom Book. Cambridge University Press, England.

Brian Abbs & Ingrid Freebrain, 2000. Blueprint, intermediate, Student’s Book.

Thai Watana Panich/Longman, Bangkok.

Jan Bell & Roger Gower; Matters, 1996. Pre Intermediate, Student’s Book.

Longman, England.

Jan Bell & Roger Gower, Matters, 1998. Intermediate, Student’s Book.

Longman, England.

www.educationline.net/english

www.huntra.sit.ac.th/faculty

www.ru.ac.th

www.thai.nte/on-izq

www.thaigoodview.com/library

www.yahoo.com

����������� ������� 169

Key

(���������� )

Exercise 1

1. smoking 6. examination

2. singer 7. admission

3. assistant, assistance 8. arrival

4. servant, service 9. pleasure

5. employer, employee 10. European

Exercise 2

1. The (�#������D#������=�.&���+��)

2. an (�#��.!�/����*��&�#�������$���./����&���!�&&���=�����&�����%-$*���:�

���#�@

3. The (�#������D#������=��3�������$���:��*�%*��+��� ?)

4. A (�#����=����%��+*�&:/����> -� ./��=�����&�����%-$*���:����#�@)

5. a (�#������*�����&�����%-&�-$*.!�&�/���?+����������*�)

6. The (�#������D#������=�#�����!�@-&�������������)

7. the (�#������D#������=����������_+���_���)

8. The (�#������D#������=������.�*��%���)

9. the (�#������D#����A!~!���������������)

10. - (-&�&�������*���&�#�� wood ��=�����&�����%-&�-$*)

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 21001170

Exercise 3

1. There are English classes this afternoon.

(3*�����&���!�&&���=�#�:#�@!*����/���� is ��=� are $*��)

2. He will buy cars next month.

3. She buys 2 kilos of mango.

4. They' re good news for me.

(3*�����&���!�&&���=�#�:#�@��/������'��./�������*���:���:�#�:#�@$*��)

5. Mother goes with her children.

6. Mice run though a hole in the house.

(!*����/�����������*���:���:�#�:#�@$*��)

7. A thief stole knives in the kitchen.

8. I put my feet in the water.

9. Can you bring me two bottles of mineral water?

10. I have two pairs of sun glasses.

Exercise 4

1. him 6. it

2. she 7. It

3. they 8. me

4. He 9. it

5. me 10. them

Exercise 5

1. Whose 4. When

2. How 5. What

3. What 6. Why

����������� ������� 171

7. Where 9. Which

8. Where 10. Whom

Exercise 6

1. what 6. whose

2. where 7. which

3. when 8. that

4. who 9. what

5. whom 10. where

Exercise 7

1. those 6. Each one

2. that 7. this

3. That 8. one another

4. each other 9. These

5. each other' s 10. that

Exercise 8

1. to smoke 6. Be

2. Dancing 7. start

3. to visit 8. is

4. leaves 9. had

5. had 10. Did

������������������� ������ ��������������� �!������ "� 21001172

Exercise 9

1. an old tragic American movie

2. a pair of shiny black shoes

3. three bowls of Chinese boiled rice

4. the male cooktail styled suit

5. a dozen of medium rectangular wooden tables

6. such an lively impressive smile

7. such a shiny and silky golden long hair.

8. as an indoor game.

9. like a wonderful great green house

10. like my small lovely hairy cat.

Exercise 10

1. warmly 6. shortly

2. early 7. near

3. badly 8. Long

4. mostly 9. further

5. prettily 10. more, thicker

Exercise 11

1. at 6. regarding

2. After 7. from beneath

3. about 8. due to

4. of 9. in front of

5. except 10. on

����������� ������� 173

Exercise 12

1. and 6. neither, nor

2. but 7. not only, but also

3. or 8. since

4. both, and 9. if only

5. Either, or 10. after

Exercise 13

1. Dear 6. Hey

2. Congratulation 7. Great

3. Good 8. Hurrah

4. Damn 9. Goodness

5. Help 10. Ouch

Exercise 14

1. black eyes 4. registrar of the institute

2. his wife 5. this semester

3. next week

Exercise 15

1. Q : Will you meet me tonight?

(Shall I meet you tonight?)

N : I won' t (will not) meet you tonight.

( I shan' t (shall not) meet you tonight.

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2. Q : Did he plant flowers of different kinds?

N : He didn' t (did not) plant flowers of different kinds.

3. Q : Did she keep her secret very well?

N : She didn' t (did not) keep her secret very well.

4. Q : Did they sing and play the guitar?

N : They didn' t (did not) sing and play the guitar.

5. Q : Did he borrow books from the library?

N : He didn' t (did not) borrow books from the library.

6. Q : Can she speak English?

N : She can' t (cannot) speak English.

7. Q : Had the World Trade building collapsed?

N : The World Trade building hadn' t (had not) collapsed.

8. Q : Is the boy sneezing?

N : The boy isn' t (is not) sneezing.

9. Q : Does his car run very quickly?

N : His car doesn' t (does not) run very quickly.

10. Q : Must Pom invite Toom to her party?

N : Pom nustn' t (must not) invite Toom to her party.

Exercise 16

1. kisses 6. have been demonstrating

2. am writing (' m writing) 7. am going (' m going)

3. leaves 8. are

4. has been sleeping 9. needs

5. have been (' ve been) 10. has been cleaning

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Exercise 17

1. stopped 6. had been opened

2. were watching 7. was touring

3. was working 8. had been driving

4. learned 9. had been searching

5. had got 10. was talking

Exercise 18

1. will bite 6. will be sunbathing

2. will lend 7. will have lived

3. is going 8. will be killed

4. is going 9. will have been capturing

5. shall be seeing 10. will have been telephoning

(will be seeing)

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